Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Critical Peace Studies and International Peace Architecture: A Historical Analysis of International Peace

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 44, 309 - 329, 30.06.2023

Öz

Peace is one of the few concepts in the discipline of International Relations (IR) that has yet to be conceptualized within a grand theoretical context. That theoretical flaw has hampered the potential of peace studies to provide long-term and structural knowledge of its origins by diverting from the IR’s structural analytical capability and historical information. However, critical contributions to IR theory offer novel theoretical and conceptual studies that define peace as a historical function of the international order in to address the problem and integrate peace studies with IR. Based on these relatively recent theoretical developments, this article evaluates the historical evolution of international peace. The primary purpose of this study is to provide a historical analysis of international peace in the context of contemporary contributions such as critical peace studies and the international peace architecture developed to address limitations in both IR and peace studies. This article, which aims to enlighten on the contributions of the critical approach to the conceptualization of peace, also provides an adaptation of this perspective to international peace, which has been pursued in different theoretical traditions but has not been investigated in peace studies.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, E., Barnett, M., ve Smith: (2002). Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bellamy, A. (2004). The Next Stage’in Peace Operations Theory? International Peacekeeping 11(1), 17-38.
  • Blainey, G. (1973). The Causes of War. New York: The Free Press.
  • Bräuchler, B. (2018). The Cultural Turn in Peace Research: Prospects and Challenges. Peacebuilding, 6(1), 17- 33.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Houndmills: Macmillan.
  • Chandler, D. C. (2006). Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. London: Pluto.
  • Costantini, I., ve Hanau Santini, R. (2022). Power Mediators and the ‘Illiberal Peace’ Momentum: Ending Wars in Libya and Syria. Third World Quarterly, 43(1), 131-147. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1995711
  • Deutsch, K. W., ve Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406. doi:10.2307/2009578
  • Doyle, M. W. (2005). Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 463-466. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051798
  • Duursma, A. (2014). A Current Literature Review of International Mediation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25(1), 81-98. doi:10.1108/IJCMA-02-2012-0020
  • Evangelista, M. (2005). Peace Studies: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
  • Gaddis, J. L. (1992). International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. International Security, 17(3), 5- 58. doi:10.2307/2539129
  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. doi:10.1177/002234336900600301
  • Gleditsch, N. P., Nordkvelle, J., ve Strand, H. (2014). Peace Research–Just the Study of War? Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 145-158. doi:10.1177/0022343313514074
  • Groff, L. (2018). What is Peace, How Have Our Concepts of Peace Evolved, and What is A Holistic Vision of Peace for The Twenty-First Century? C. P. Peterson, W. M. Knoblauch, & M. Loadenthal (Ed.), The Routledge History of World Peace Since 1750 içinde, (ss. 429-447). New York: Routledge.
  • Heathershaw, J. (2008). Unpacking the Liberal Peace: The Dividing and Merging of Peacebuilding Discourses. Millennium, 36(3), 597-621. doi:10.1177/03058298080360031101
  • Hellmüller: (2022). Peacemaking in a Shifting World Order: A Macro-Level Analysis of UN Mediation in Syria. Review of International Studies, 48(3), 543 - 559. doi:10.1017/S026021052200016X
  • Hellmüller, S., Pring, J., ve P Richmond, O. (2020). How Norms Matter in Mediation: An Introduction. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(4), 345-363. doi:10.1111/spsr.12425
  • Howard, L. M., ve Stark, A. (2017). How Civil Wars End: The International System, Norms, and the Role of External Actors. International security, 42(3), 127-171. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00305
  • Jabri, V. (1995). Agency, Structure, and the Question of Power in Conflict Resolution. Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations, 9(2), 53-70. doi:10.1080/13600829508443086
  • Jabri, V., ve Richmond, O. P. (2021). Critical Theory and the Politics of Peace. O. P. Richmond & G. Visoka (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Peacebuilding, Statebuilding, and Peace Formation içinde (ss. 91-106). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jervis, R. (1988). War and Misperception. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 675-700. doi:10.2307/204820
  • Jutila, M., Pehkonen, S., ve Väyrynen, T. (2008). Resuscitating a Discipline: An Agenda for Critical Peace Research. Millennium, 36(3), 623-640. doi:10.1177/0305829808036003120
  • Kagan, K. (1997). The Myth of the European Concert: The Realist‐Institutionalist Debate and Great Power Behavior in the Eastern Question, 1821–41. Security Studies, 7(2), 1-57. doi:10.1080/09636419708429341
  • Kant, I. (1915). Perpetual Peace, a Philosophical Essay. London: G. Allen & Unwin ltd.
  • Kastner, P. (2020). Glocal Peace Mediators as Norm Translators. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(4), 364- 383. doi:10.1111/spsr.12423
  • Kivimaki, T. (2016). Paradigms of Peace: A Pragmatist Introduction to the Contribution to Peace of Paradigms of Social Science. London: Imperial College Press.
  • Krause, K., ve Jütersonke, O. (2005). Peace, Security and Development in Post-Conflict Environments. Security Dialogue, 36(4), 447-462. doi:10.1177/0967010605060449
  • Little, R. (2007). The Balance of Power and Great Power Management. R. Little & J. Williams (Ed.), The Anarchical Society in A Globalized World içinde (ss. 97-120). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010). No War, No Peace: Why So Many Peace Processes Fail to Deliver Peace. International Politics, 47(2), 145-162. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.4
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2014). Everyday Peace: Bottom-up and Local Agency in Conflict-Affected Societies. Security dialogue, 45(6), 548-564. doi:10.1177/0967010614550899
  • Mac Ginty, R., ve Richmond, O. P. (2013). The Local Turn In Peace Building: A Critical Agenda For Peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
  • Martín, F. E. (2005). Critical Analysis of the Concept of Peace in International Relations. Peace Research, 37(2), 45-59.
  • Mateos, Ò., ve Rodríguez, A. I. (2021). Understanding Peace, Conflict and Security Through Alternative Narratives. Tripodos(51), 9-11. doi:10.51698/tripodos.2021.51
  • Miller, B. (2005). When and How Regions Become Peaceful: Potential Theoretical Pathways to Peace. International Studies Review, 7(2), 229-267. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2005.00482.x
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1947). Scientific Man vs. Power Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Northedge, F., ve Donelan, M. (1971). International Disputes: The Political Aspects. London: Europa Publications.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign policy(80), 153-171.
  • Oneal, J. R. (2013). From Realism to the Liberal Peace: Twenty Years of Research on the Causes of War. G. Lundestad (Ed.), International Relations Since the End of the Cold War: New and Old Dimensions içinde (ss. 42-62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Paris, R. (2006). Bringing the Leviathan Back in: Classical versus Contemporary Studies of the Liberal Peace. International Studies Review, 8(3), 425-440. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2006.00601.x
  • Patomäki, H. (2001). The Challenge of Critical Theories: Peace Research at the Start of the New Century. Journal of Peace Research, 38(6), 723-737. doi:10.1177/0022343301038006005
  • Pugh, M. (2005). The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective. International Journal of Peace Studies, 10(2), 23-42.
  • Pugh, M. (2013). The Problem-Solving and Critical Paradigms. R. M. Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding (ss. 28-41). London: Routledge.
  • Rampton, D., ve Nadarajah: (2017). A Long View of Liberal Peace and Its Crisis. European Journal of International Relations, 23(2), 441-465. doi:10.1177/1354066116649029
  • Randazzo, E. (2016). The Paradoxes of the ‘Everyday’: Scrutinising the Local Turn in Peace Building. Third World Quarterly, 37(8), 1351-1370. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1120154
  • Rasmussen, M. V. (2003). The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace. London: Palgrave.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2001a). A Genealogy of Peacemaking: The Creation and Re-Creation of Order. Alternatives, 26(3), 317-348. doi:10.1177/030437540102600304
  • Richmond, O. P. (2001b). Maintaining Order, Making Peace. London: Palgrave.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2005). The Transformation of Peace. London: Springer.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2006). Patterns of Peace. Global Society, 20(4), 367-394. doi:10.1080/13600820600929705
  • Richmond, O. P. (2016). Peace in International Relations Theory. The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Assroaches to Peace içinde (ss. 57-68). London: Springer.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2019). Peace in International Relations. New York: Routledge.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2021). The Evolution of the International Peace Architecture. European Journal Of International Security, 6(4), 379-400.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2022). The Grand Design: The Evolution of the International Peace Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1760). Abstract of Monsieur the Abbé de Saint-Pierre’s Plan for Perpetual Peace. The plan for Perpetual Peace, on the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics içinde, (ss. 27-49). Hanover: Dartmouth College Press.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1917). A Lasting Peace Through the Federation of Europe and the State of War. London: Constable and Company.
  • Sagan: D., Waltz, K., ve Betts, R. K. (2007). A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster? Journal of International Affairs, 60(2), 135-150.
  • Sagan: D., ve Waltz, K. N. (2010). Is Nuclear Zero the Best Option? The National Interest, 24 Ağustos 2010(109), 88-96. https://nationalinterest.org/greatdebate/no-3951
  • Spector, C. (2013). Who is the Author of the Abstract of Monsieur l’abbe´ de Saint-Pierre’s ‘Plan for Perpetual Peace’? From Saint-Pierre to Rousseau. History of European Ideas, 39(3), 371-393. doi:10.1080/01916599.2012.714631
  • Subedi, D. (2022). Rethinking Peacebuilding in the Age of Populism. Peace Review, 33(4), 495-505. doi:10.1080/10402659.2021.2043009
  • Van Iterson Scholten, G. (2014). The Meanings of Peace A Conceptual Model of Different Concepts of Peace in Academic Literature. Paper presented at the Past, present and future of peace research, Groningen, Netherlands.
  • Vuković: (2020). Peace Mediators as Norm Entrepreneurs: The EU's Norm Diffusion Strategy in Montenegro's Referendum on Independence. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(4), 449-467. doi:10.1111/spsr.12424
  • Waltz, K. (1959). Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Waltz, K., ve Quester, G. H. (1982). Uluslararası Ilişkiler Kuramı ve Dünya Siyasal Sistemi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi.
  • Ware, A., Ware, V.-A., ve Kelly, L. M. (2022). Strengthening Everyday Peace Formation After Ethnic Cleansing: Operationalising a Framework in Myanmar’s Rohingya Conflict. Third World Quarterly, 43(2), 289-308. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.2022469
  • Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425. doi:10.1017/S0020818300027764
  • Wright, Q. (1942). A Study of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Zarakol, A. (2011). After Defeat: How the East Learned to Live with the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zaum, D. (2012). Beyond the "Liberal Peace". Global Governance, 18(1), 121-132. doi:10.1163/19426720-01801010

Eleştirel Barış Çalışmaları ve Uluslararası Barış Mimarisi: Uluslararası Barışın Tarihsel Bir Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 44, 309 - 329, 30.06.2023

Öz

Barış, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) disiplininde henüz geniş bir teorik bağlamda kavramsallaştırılmamış az sayıdaki kavramlardan biridir. Bu durum barış çalışmalarını Uİ’nin yapısal analiz kapasitesinden ve tarihsel bilgilendirmesinden uzak bırakmış ve uluslararası barışın kökenlerine ilişkin uzun erimli ve yapısal bilgi oluşturma kapasitesini kısıtlamıştır. Ancak Uİ teorisine yapılan eleştirel katkılar ve barışı uluslararası düzenin tarihsel bir unsuru olarak tanımlayan güncel yapısal analiz literatürü bu problemi çözmek ve barış çalışmalarını Uİ ile bütünleştirmek için araştırılması ve takip edilmesi gereken yeni teorik ve kavramsal çalışmalar sunmaktadır. Bu makale söz konusu nispeten yeni teorik gelişmelere dayanarak uluslararası barışın tarihsel gelişimini değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmanın ana amacı Uİ ve barış çalışmalarında karşılaşılan kısıtlamaları aşmak için geliştirilen eleştirel barış çalışmaları ve uluslararası barış mimarisi gibi güncel yaklaşımlar bağlamında uluslararası barışın tarihsel analizine katkı sağlamaktır. Eleştirel perspektifin barış kavramsallaştırması üzerindeki etkisini aydınlatmayı amaçlayan bu makalede söz konusu alternatif ve yenilikçi katkıların kapsayıcı bir değerlendirmesinin yanı sıra farklı teorik geleneklerde sürdürülen ancak barış çalışmaları nezdinde keşfedilmemiş olan bu perspektifin uluslararası barışa yönelik bir uyarlaması sunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, E., Barnett, M., ve Smith: (2002). Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bellamy, A. (2004). The Next Stage’in Peace Operations Theory? International Peacekeeping 11(1), 17-38.
  • Blainey, G. (1973). The Causes of War. New York: The Free Press.
  • Bräuchler, B. (2018). The Cultural Turn in Peace Research: Prospects and Challenges. Peacebuilding, 6(1), 17- 33.
  • Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Houndmills: Macmillan.
  • Chandler, D. C. (2006). Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. London: Pluto.
  • Costantini, I., ve Hanau Santini, R. (2022). Power Mediators and the ‘Illiberal Peace’ Momentum: Ending Wars in Libya and Syria. Third World Quarterly, 43(1), 131-147. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1995711
  • Deutsch, K. W., ve Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406. doi:10.2307/2009578
  • Doyle, M. W. (2005). Three Pillars of the Liberal Peace. American Political Science Review, 99(3), 463-466. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051798
  • Duursma, A. (2014). A Current Literature Review of International Mediation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25(1), 81-98. doi:10.1108/IJCMA-02-2012-0020
  • Evangelista, M. (2005). Peace Studies: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
  • Gaddis, J. L. (1992). International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War. International Security, 17(3), 5- 58. doi:10.2307/2539129
  • Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. doi:10.1177/002234336900600301
  • Gleditsch, N. P., Nordkvelle, J., ve Strand, H. (2014). Peace Research–Just the Study of War? Journal of Peace Research, 51(2), 145-158. doi:10.1177/0022343313514074
  • Groff, L. (2018). What is Peace, How Have Our Concepts of Peace Evolved, and What is A Holistic Vision of Peace for The Twenty-First Century? C. P. Peterson, W. M. Knoblauch, & M. Loadenthal (Ed.), The Routledge History of World Peace Since 1750 içinde, (ss. 429-447). New York: Routledge.
  • Heathershaw, J. (2008). Unpacking the Liberal Peace: The Dividing and Merging of Peacebuilding Discourses. Millennium, 36(3), 597-621. doi:10.1177/03058298080360031101
  • Hellmüller: (2022). Peacemaking in a Shifting World Order: A Macro-Level Analysis of UN Mediation in Syria. Review of International Studies, 48(3), 543 - 559. doi:10.1017/S026021052200016X
  • Hellmüller, S., Pring, J., ve P Richmond, O. (2020). How Norms Matter in Mediation: An Introduction. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(4), 345-363. doi:10.1111/spsr.12425
  • Howard, L. M., ve Stark, A. (2017). How Civil Wars End: The International System, Norms, and the Role of External Actors. International security, 42(3), 127-171. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00305
  • Jabri, V. (1995). Agency, Structure, and the Question of Power in Conflict Resolution. Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations, 9(2), 53-70. doi:10.1080/13600829508443086
  • Jabri, V., ve Richmond, O. P. (2021). Critical Theory and the Politics of Peace. O. P. Richmond & G. Visoka (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Peacebuilding, Statebuilding, and Peace Formation içinde (ss. 91-106). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Jervis, R. (1988). War and Misperception. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 675-700. doi:10.2307/204820
  • Jutila, M., Pehkonen, S., ve Väyrynen, T. (2008). Resuscitating a Discipline: An Agenda for Critical Peace Research. Millennium, 36(3), 623-640. doi:10.1177/0305829808036003120
  • Kagan, K. (1997). The Myth of the European Concert: The Realist‐Institutionalist Debate and Great Power Behavior in the Eastern Question, 1821–41. Security Studies, 7(2), 1-57. doi:10.1080/09636419708429341
  • Kant, I. (1915). Perpetual Peace, a Philosophical Essay. London: G. Allen & Unwin ltd.
  • Kastner, P. (2020). Glocal Peace Mediators as Norm Translators. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(4), 364- 383. doi:10.1111/spsr.12423
  • Kivimaki, T. (2016). Paradigms of Peace: A Pragmatist Introduction to the Contribution to Peace of Paradigms of Social Science. London: Imperial College Press.
  • Krause, K., ve Jütersonke, O. (2005). Peace, Security and Development in Post-Conflict Environments. Security Dialogue, 36(4), 447-462. doi:10.1177/0967010605060449
  • Little, R. (2007). The Balance of Power and Great Power Management. R. Little & J. Williams (Ed.), The Anarchical Society in A Globalized World içinde (ss. 97-120). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010). No War, No Peace: Why So Many Peace Processes Fail to Deliver Peace. International Politics, 47(2), 145-162. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.4
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2014). Everyday Peace: Bottom-up and Local Agency in Conflict-Affected Societies. Security dialogue, 45(6), 548-564. doi:10.1177/0967010614550899
  • Mac Ginty, R., ve Richmond, O. P. (2013). The Local Turn In Peace Building: A Critical Agenda For Peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763-783. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.800750
  • Martín, F. E. (2005). Critical Analysis of the Concept of Peace in International Relations. Peace Research, 37(2), 45-59.
  • Mateos, Ò., ve Rodríguez, A. I. (2021). Understanding Peace, Conflict and Security Through Alternative Narratives. Tripodos(51), 9-11. doi:10.51698/tripodos.2021.51
  • Miller, B. (2005). When and How Regions Become Peaceful: Potential Theoretical Pathways to Peace. International Studies Review, 7(2), 229-267. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2005.00482.x
  • Morgenthau, H. J. (1947). Scientific Man vs. Power Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Northedge, F., ve Donelan, M. (1971). International Disputes: The Political Aspects. London: Europa Publications.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign policy(80), 153-171.
  • Oneal, J. R. (2013). From Realism to the Liberal Peace: Twenty Years of Research on the Causes of War. G. Lundestad (Ed.), International Relations Since the End of the Cold War: New and Old Dimensions içinde (ss. 42-62). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Paris, R. (2006). Bringing the Leviathan Back in: Classical versus Contemporary Studies of the Liberal Peace. International Studies Review, 8(3), 425-440. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2006.00601.x
  • Patomäki, H. (2001). The Challenge of Critical Theories: Peace Research at the Start of the New Century. Journal of Peace Research, 38(6), 723-737. doi:10.1177/0022343301038006005
  • Pugh, M. (2005). The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective. International Journal of Peace Studies, 10(2), 23-42.
  • Pugh, M. (2013). The Problem-Solving and Critical Paradigms. R. M. Ginty (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Peacebuilding (ss. 28-41). London: Routledge.
  • Rampton, D., ve Nadarajah: (2017). A Long View of Liberal Peace and Its Crisis. European Journal of International Relations, 23(2), 441-465. doi:10.1177/1354066116649029
  • Randazzo, E. (2016). The Paradoxes of the ‘Everyday’: Scrutinising the Local Turn in Peace Building. Third World Quarterly, 37(8), 1351-1370. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1120154
  • Rasmussen, M. V. (2003). The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace. London: Palgrave.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2001a). A Genealogy of Peacemaking: The Creation and Re-Creation of Order. Alternatives, 26(3), 317-348. doi:10.1177/030437540102600304
  • Richmond, O. P. (2001b). Maintaining Order, Making Peace. London: Palgrave.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2005). The Transformation of Peace. London: Springer.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2006). Patterns of Peace. Global Society, 20(4), 367-394. doi:10.1080/13600820600929705
  • Richmond, O. P. (2016). Peace in International Relations Theory. The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Assroaches to Peace içinde (ss. 57-68). London: Springer.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2019). Peace in International Relations. New York: Routledge.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2021). The Evolution of the International Peace Architecture. European Journal Of International Security, 6(4), 379-400.
  • Richmond, O. P. (2022). The Grand Design: The Evolution of the International Peace Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1760). Abstract of Monsieur the Abbé de Saint-Pierre’s Plan for Perpetual Peace. The plan for Perpetual Peace, on the Government of Poland, and Other Writings on History and Politics içinde, (ss. 27-49). Hanover: Dartmouth College Press.
  • Rousseau, J.-J. (1917). A Lasting Peace Through the Federation of Europe and the State of War. London: Constable and Company.
  • Sagan: D., Waltz, K., ve Betts, R. K. (2007). A Nuclear Iran: Promoting Stability or Courting Disaster? Journal of International Affairs, 60(2), 135-150.
  • Sagan: D., ve Waltz, K. N. (2010). Is Nuclear Zero the Best Option? The National Interest, 24 Ağustos 2010(109), 88-96. https://nationalinterest.org/greatdebate/no-3951
  • Spector, C. (2013). Who is the Author of the Abstract of Monsieur l’abbe´ de Saint-Pierre’s ‘Plan for Perpetual Peace’? From Saint-Pierre to Rousseau. History of European Ideas, 39(3), 371-393. doi:10.1080/01916599.2012.714631
  • Subedi, D. (2022). Rethinking Peacebuilding in the Age of Populism. Peace Review, 33(4), 495-505. doi:10.1080/10402659.2021.2043009
  • Van Iterson Scholten, G. (2014). The Meanings of Peace A Conceptual Model of Different Concepts of Peace in Academic Literature. Paper presented at the Past, present and future of peace research, Groningen, Netherlands.
  • Vuković: (2020). Peace Mediators as Norm Entrepreneurs: The EU's Norm Diffusion Strategy in Montenegro's Referendum on Independence. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(4), 449-467. doi:10.1111/spsr.12424
  • Waltz, K. (1959). Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Waltz, K., ve Quester, G. H. (1982). Uluslararası Ilişkiler Kuramı ve Dünya Siyasal Sistemi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi.
  • Ware, A., Ware, V.-A., ve Kelly, L. M. (2022). Strengthening Everyday Peace Formation After Ethnic Cleansing: Operationalising a Framework in Myanmar’s Rohingya Conflict. Third World Quarterly, 43(2), 289-308. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.2022469
  • Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391-425. doi:10.1017/S0020818300027764
  • Wright, Q. (1942). A Study of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Zarakol, A. (2011). After Defeat: How the East Learned to Live with the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zaum, D. (2012). Beyond the "Liberal Peace". Global Governance, 18(1), 121-132. doi:10.1163/19426720-01801010
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cavit Emre Aytekin 0000-0003-4229-9381

Mehmet Akif Okur 0000-0001-5095-6113

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 44

Kaynak Göster

APA Aytekin, C. E., & Okur, M. A. (2023). Eleştirel Barış Çalışmaları ve Uluslararası Barış Mimarisi: Uluslararası Barışın Tarihsel Bir Analizi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(44), 309-329.

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