ESTIMATING THE HARDNESS AND ABRASION PROPERTIES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS FROM CERCHAR INDENTATION DEPTH (CID

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 205 - 220, 01.03.2024

Ahmet Teymen

https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1340820

Öz

The most known and applied method for determining the abrasivity of rocks is the Cerchar Abrasivity Index (CAI). Properties of rocks such as abrasive mineral content, density, strength, and degree of cementation are the main factors affecting abrasivity, and these parameters likewise control their hardness properties. In this study, the average scratch depth formed on the rock surface after the CAI test was determined and it was investigated whether this calculated new parameter had the properties to represent the rock. Measurements were taken from four points along the scratch line formed on the surface with the help of a comparator and the average value was defined as the Cerchar Indentation Depth (CID). Measurements have shown that igneous rocks have CID values in the range of 0.01 mm-0.68 mm. Apart from the CID parameter, nine different properties (hardness, abrasivity, and physical) of fifty igneous rocks were tested. Statistically significant results were obtained by establishing relationships between CID and other rock mechanics tests. In CAI tests, it has been shown that CID measurements can be determined very sensitively if well-leveled core samples with parallel lower and upper surfaces are used. It has been determined that the CID value is directly related to the investigated rock properties and can be used as very useful experimental data in estimation studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cerchar indentation depth, Cerchar abrasivity index, Abrasion, Hardness, Regression

Kaynakça

• ISRM “Suggested methods for determining hardness and abrasiveness of rocks,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics Abstracts, 1978, vol. 15, p. 89–97.
• ASTM D7625-10 “Standard test method for laboratory determination of abrasiveness of rock using the CERCHAR Method” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010.
• S.T. Johnson, and R.J. Fowell, “Compressive strength is not enough (Assessing pick wear for drag tool-equipped machines),” In Proc. 27th US Symp Rock Mechanics, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA, 1986, pp. 23-25.
• H. Çopur, and Ş. Eskikaya, “ELI Eynez Bölgesi M2 marnının fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin mekanize kazı bakımından incelenmesi,” In Proc. Türkiye 8. Kömür Kongresi, TMMOB Maden Mühendisleri Odası Yayını, Zonguldak, Türkiye, Mayıs 1992, pp. 4-8. (in Turkish)
• S.L. Al-Ameen and M.D. Waller, “The influence of rock strength and abrasive mineral content on the Cerchar abrasive index,” Engineering Geology, vol. 36, p. 293-301, 1994. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90010-8
• R. Plinninger, H. Kasling and K. Thuro, “Wear prediction in hardrock excavation using the Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI)” in: Schubert, editor. Proc. EUROCK 2004 and 5rd Geomechanics Colloquium VGE. Germany: Essen, 2004, pp- 599–604.
• O. Yaralı, and N.A. Akçın, “Kayaçların Cerchar sertlik indeks değerleri ile dayanım özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi,” In Proc. Türkiye 19. Uluslararası Madencilik Kongresi ve Fuarı, IMCET2005. İzmir, Türkiye, Haziran 2005, pp. 9-12. (in Turkish)
• A.E. Tercan and Y. Ozcelik, “Canonical ridge correlation of mechanical and engineering index properties,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 58-65, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.04.002
• J. Mateus, N. Saavedra, Z.C. Carrillo, and D. Mateus, “Correlation development between indentation parameters and unaxial compressive strength for Colombian sandstones,” CT&F-Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro, vol. 3, no. 3, p. 125-136, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.29047/01225383.481
• D. Tumac, N. Bilgin, C. Feridunoglu, and H. Ergin, “Estimation of rock cuttability from shore hardness and compressive strength properties,” Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, vol. 40, no. 5, p. 477-490, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0108-5
• S. Kahraman, M. Alber, M. Fener and O. Gunaydin, “The usability of Cerchar abrasivity index for the prediction of UCS and E of Misis Fault Breccia: Regression and artificial neural networks analysis,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 37, p. 8750–8756, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.06.039
• A. H. Deliormanli, “Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI) and its relation to strength and abrasion test methods for marble stones,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 30, p. 16-21, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.023
• N. Dipova, “Bir tünel güzergâhındaki zayıf kireçtaşlarının aşınma ve dayanım özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırılması,” Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 23-34, 2012 (in Turkish)
• A. Boutrid, S. Bensehamdi, and R. Chaib, “Investigation into Brinell hardness test applied to rocks,” World Journal of Engineering, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 367-380, 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.10.4.367
• O. Yaralı, “Kayaçların mekanik özelliklerinin Cerchar aşınma indeksine olan etkilerinin araştırılması,” Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 218-229, 2016 (in Turkish)
• A. Teymen, “The usability of Cerchar abrasivity index for the estimation of mechanical rock properties,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 128, no. 104258, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104258
• ISRM “Suggested method for determining the abrasivity of rock by the Cerchar abrasivity test” R. Ulusay (edt.), The ISRM Suggested Method for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 2007-2014, Springer, USA, 101-106p., 2015.
• ISRM “The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 1974–2006” R. Ulusay and J.A. Hudson (eds.), Suggested Methods Prepared by the Commission on Testing Methods, International Society for Rock Mechanics, Compilation Arranged by the ISRM Turkish National Group, Kozan Ofset, Ankara, Turkey, 628p., 2007.
• ASTM E10-01 “Standard test methods for Brinell Hardness of metallic materials” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1995.
• ASTM E92-82 “Standard test methods for Vickers Hardness of metallic materials” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003.
• TS EN 14157, “Aşınma direncinin tayini – Böhme“ Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2005.
• ISRM “Rock characterization, testing and monitoring – Commission on standardization laboratory and field results” Suggested methods for determining hardness and abrasiveness of rocks, Pergamon, Oxford, p. 102-103, Part 4, 1981.
• SPSS Inc. SPSS regression models (version 17.0). Available from: http://www.spss.com.
• B. Tiryaki, “Application of artificial neural networks for predicting the cuttability of rocks by drag tools,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 273-280, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.04.008
• S. Choi, Introductory Statistics in Science. New Jersey:, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1978.
• A. Teymen and E.C. Mengüç, “Comparative evaluation of different statistical tools for the prediction of uniaxial compressive strength of rocks,” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 30, no. 8, p. 785-797, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2020.06.008