CHILDHOOD PROTECTIVE EXPERIENCES SCALE (CPES): ASSESSING PROTECTIVE FACTORS AGAINST CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

Yıl 2023, Cilt: - Sayı: 68, 128 - 155, 29.10.2023

Öznur Bayar Türkan Doğan

https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1292407

Öz

This study aims to develop and test the initial psychometrics of the retrospective Childhood Protective Experiences Scale (CPES). For this aim, four study group was reached (n=894). Participants were non-clinical young adult college students in Türkiye (Age range=18-27). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-33), Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale (BCES), and Socio-demographic Information Form were used as measures. Content validity, face validity, construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory Factor Analysis), and criterion-related validity were used for evidence of the validity of the CPES. Cronbach's Alpha, Stratified Alpha, and McDonald’s Omega were calculated for reliability. The results suggested that the three-factor solution of CPES has an acceptable level of validity and reliability. This construct was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and model-data fit was observed. Significant positive correlations were found between CPES and BCEs. CPES and CTQ-33 and its factors had significant negative correlations. The CPES may be useful in retrospective studies to understand the protective factors related to positive outcomes after child abuse and neglect.

Anahtar Kelimeler

childhood benevolent experiences, child maltreatment, retrospective, scale development, validity and reliability study

ÇOCUKLUK DÖNEMİ KORUYUCU YAŞANTILAR ÖLÇEĞİ (ÇD-KYÖ): ÇOCUK İSTİSMARI VE İHMALİNDE KORUYUCU FAKTÖRLERİN ÖLÇÜLMESİ*

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı retrospektif Çocukluk Dönemi Koruyucu Yaşantılar Ölçeği’nin (ÇD-KYÖ) geliştirilmesi ve ilk psikometrik özelliklerinin test edilmesidir. Bu amaçla dört çalışma grubuna ulaşılmıştır (n=894). Katılımcılar Türkiye’de klinik olmayan genç yetişkin üniversite öğrencileridir (Yaş aralığı=18-27). Ölçme araçları olarak ÇD-KYÖ, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği (CTQ-33), Çocukluk Çağı Olumlu Yaşantılar Ölçeği (ÇÇOYÖ) ve Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. ÇD-KYÖ’nün geçerlik kanıtları için kapsam geçerliği, görünüş geçerliği, yapı geçerliği (açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi) ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik kullanılmıştır. Güvenirlik için Cronbach Alfa, Mcdonald Omega ve Tabakalı alfa katsayıları hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, üç faktörlü yapıdaki ÇD-KYÖ’den elde edilen verilerin yeterli düzeyde geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu yapı doğrulayıcı faktör analiz ile incelenmiş ve model-veri uyumunun sağlandığı gözlenmiştir. ÇD-KYÖ ile ÇÇOYÖ arasında pozitif korelasyon bulunmuştur. ÇD-KYÖ ile CTQ-33 ve faktörleri arasında ise negatif yönlü korelasyonlar bulunmuştur. ÇD-KYÖ, çocuk istismarı ve ihmali sonrası olumlu çıktılarla ilişkili koruyucu faktörlerin araştırıldığı retrospektif çalışmalarda kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

çocukluk dönemi olumlu yaşantıları, retrospektif, ölçek geliştirme, çocuğa yönelik kötü muamele, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması

Kaynakça

• Afifi, T. O., & MacMillan, H. L. (2011). Resilience following child maltreatment: A review of protective factors. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 266-272.
• Baiden, P., Tarshis, S., Antwi-Boasiako, K., & den Dunnen, W. (2016). Examining the independent protective effect of subjective well-being on severe psychological distress among Canadian adults with a history of child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 58, 129-140.
• Bayar, Ö. (2022). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmalinin çocuk üzerindeki etkileri. İçinde N. Koçtürk & B. Ulukol (Ed.). Çocuk ihmali ve istismarı: Temel bilgiler (ss. 105-126). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
• Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 18(1), 6.
• Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136.
• Bethell, C., Jones, J., Gombojav, N., Linkenbach, J., & Sege, R. (2019). Positive childhood experiences and adult mental and relational health in a statewide sample: Associations across adverse childhood experiences levels. JAMA pediatrics, 173(11), e193007-e193007.
• Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). The Guilford. Caruana, E. J., Roman, M., Hernández-Sánchez, J., & Solli, P. (2015). Longitudinal studies. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(11), E537.
• Chang, Y., Yoon, S., Maguire-Jack, K., & Lee, J. (2022). Family-, school-, and neighborhood-level predictors of resilience for adolescents with a history of maltreatment. Children, 10(1), 1.
• Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2016). Child maltreatment and developmental psychopathology: A multilevel -perspective. Developmental psychopathology, 1-56.
• Crandall, A., Miller, J. R., Cheung, A., Novilla, L. K., Glade, R., Novilla, M. L. B., ... & Hanson, C. L. (2019). ACEs and counter-ACEs: How positive and negative childhood experiences influence adult health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104089.
• Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd edition). Sage publications.
• Crouch, E., Radcliff, E., Strompolis, M., & Srivastav, A. (2019). Safe, stable, and nurtured: Protective factors against poor physical and mental health outcomes following exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 12(2), 165-173.
• Çiçek, İ., & Çeri, V. (2021). Olumlu Çocukluk Yaşantıları Ölçeği: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Humanistic Perspective, 3(3), 643-659.
• Doğan, T., & Aydın, F. T. (2020). The Development of the Positive Childhood Experiences Scale. HAYEF: Journal of Education, 17(1), 1-21.
• Dong, C., Xu, R., & Xu, L. (2021). Relationship of childhood trauma, psychological resilience, and family resilience among undergraduate nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(2), 852-859.
• DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child abuse & neglect, 31(3), 255-274.
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
• George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Pearson.
• Günay Oge, R., Pehlivan, F. Z., & Işıklı, S. (2020b). Validity and reliability of the Benevolent Childhood Experiences (BCEs) Scale in Turkish. Düşünen Adam, 33(2), 146-154.
• Hartanto, A., Yong, J. C., Lee, S. T., Ng, W. Q., & Tong, E. M. (2020). Putting adversity in perspective: Purpose in life moderates the link between childhood emotional abuse and neglect and adulthood depressive symptoms. Journal of Mental Health, 29(4), 473-482.
• Hildyard, K. L. ve Wolfe, D. A. (2002). Child neglect: Developmental issues and outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6-7), 679-695.
• Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., & Kress, H. (2016). Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics, 137(3).
• Hogarty, K. Y., Hines, C. V., Kromrey, J. D., Ferron, J. M., & Mumford, K. R. (2005). The quality of factor solutions in exploratory factor analysis: The influence of sample size, communality, and overdetermination. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65(2), 202-226.
• Hong, F., Tarullo, A. R., Mercurio, A. E., Liu, S., Cai, Q., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2018). Childhood maltreatment and perceived stress in young adults: The role of emotion regulation strategies, self-efficacy, and resilience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 136–146.
• Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve?. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51-62.
• Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second generation little jiffy. Psychometrika, 35, 401–415.
• Kılıç, A. F. (2022). Değişkenlerin kategori sayısı ve dağılımın korelasyon katsayılarına etkisi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 23(1), 50-80. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.890104
• Kılıç, A. F., & Doğan, N. (2021). Comparison of confirmatory factor analysis estimation methods on mixed-format data. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.782351
• Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups. Bmj, 311(7000), 299-302.
• Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principle and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford.
• Koçtürk, N. (2020). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve çocuk istismarı ve ihmali. Ö. Haskan Avcı (Ed.). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlikte güncel konular içinde (s. 357-392). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Koyuncu, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2019). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanımı: Bir doküman incelemesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44(198), 361-388.
• Lagdon, S., Ross, J., Robinson, M., Contractor, A. A., Charak, R., & Armour, C. (2021). Assessing the mediating role of social support in childhood maltreatment and psychopathology among college students in Northern Ireland. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(3-4), NP2112-2136NP.
• Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2013). Why rotate my data using Promin? Technical Report. Department of Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona.
• MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84–99.
• Maguire-Jack, K., & Showalter, K. (2016). The protective effect of neighborhood social cohesion in child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 29-37.
• Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519–530.
• Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. Guilford Publications.
• McGloin, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2001). Resilience among abused and neglected children grown up. Development and Psychopathology, 13(4), 1021-1038.
• Mulaik, S.A., James, L. R., Alstine, J.V., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C.D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 10, 430–445.
• Muthen, B., & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171–189.
• Narayan, A. J., Rivera, L. M., Bernstein, R. E., Harris, W. W., & Lieberman, A. F. (2018). Positive childhood experiences predict less psychopathology and stress in pregnant women with childhood adversity: A pilot study of the benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 78, 19-30.
• Narayan, A. J., Merrick, J. S., Lane, A. S., & Larson, M. D. (2023). A multisystem, dimensional interplay of assets versus adversities: revised benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs) in the context of childhood maltreatment, threat, and deprivation. Development and Psychopathology, 1-20.
• Oh, A., Han, M., Choi, Y., Lau, S., & Shum, M. S. (2019). Exploring relationship among child maltreatment experience in childhood and behavior problems as young adults: Role of social support among college students in Hong Kong. International Social Work, 62(2), 1011-1024.
• Özsoy, G., ve Çelikkaleli, Ö. (2021). Çocukluk dönemi ihmal ve istismar yaşantısının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerindeki etkisinde ebeveyn duygusal erişilebilirliğinin aracılık rolü. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 58, 312-333.
• Powell, K. M., Rahm-Knigge, R. L., & Conner, B. T. (2021). Resilience protective factors checklist (RPFC): Buffering childhood adversity and promoting positive outcomes. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1437-1461.
• Rigdon, E. E. (1996). CFI versus RMSEA: A comparison of two fit indexes for structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(4), 369-379.
• Runyan, D., Wattam, C., Ikeda, R., Hassan F, & Ramiro, L. (2002). Child abuse and neglect by parents and caregivers. E. Krug, L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi ve R. Lozano (Ed.). In World Report on Violence and Health (pp. 59–86). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
• Savalei, V. & Rhemtulla, M. (2013). The performance of robust test statistics with categorical data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 66(2), 201-223.
• Schaefer, L. M., Howell, K. H., Schwartz, L. E., Bottomley, J. S., & Crossnine, C. B. (2018). A concurrent examination of protective factors associated with resilience and posttraumatic growth following childhood victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 85, 17-27.
• Schuck, A. M., & Widom, C. S. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated children grown up: The influence of neighborhood. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(1), 78-87.
• Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898.
• Şar, V., Necef, I., Mutluer, T., Fatih, P., & Türk-Kurtça, T. (2021). A revised and expanded version of the Turkish Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-33): Overprotection-overcontrol as additional factor. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 22(1), 35-51.
• Şar, V., Özturk, E., & İkikardeş, E. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of childhood trauma questionnaire. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054-1063.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
• Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological methods, 16(2), 209-220.
• Üstüner Top, F., & Çam, H. H. (2021). Childhood maltreatment among university students in Turkey: prevalence, demographic factors, and health-related quality of life consequences. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(5), 543-554.
• Uysal, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2022). Çok değişkenli normallik: Testler ne kadar doğru ne kadar güçlü? İçinde F. Nayır & Ş. Poyrazlı (Ed.), Eğitim Bilimlerinde Güncel Araştırmalar. Anı.
• Velicer, W. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321-327.
• Wu, Q., Chi, P., Lin, X., & Du, H. (2018). Child maltreatment and adult depressive symptoms: Roles of self-compassion and gratitude. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 62-69.
• Yoon, S. (2022). Understanding family risk and protective factors that shape child development. Children, 9(9), 1344.
• Yoon, S., Howell, K., Dillard, R., Shockley McCarthy, K., Rae Napier, T., & Pei, F. (2021). Resilience following child maltreatment: Definitional considerations and developmental variations. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(3), 541-559.
• Yule, K., Houston, J., & Grych, J. (2019). Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22, 406-431.