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OECD Ülkelerinin Rekabet Performansının Entropi Tabanlı GİA Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 1214 - 1230, 03.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1343883

Öz

Endeksler doğrudan ölçülemeyen fakat sonuçları işletme ve ülkeler için kritik öneme sahip çok boyutlu olguları ölçülebilir hale getiren araçlardır. Endekslerin ürettiği veriler stratejik karar birimlerine önemli ipuçları sağlamaktadır. Ülkeler arası rekabet gücü endeksleri stratejik amaçlara daha etkin ulaşmak için özellikle kaynak tahsisi kararları açısından değerli göstergelerdir. Ülkeler arası rekabet gücü kıyaslamaları daha isabetli sonuçlara ulaşmak amacıyla benzer ülke grupları arasında karşılaştırılarak incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin de dâhil olduğu OECD ülkelerinin Küresel Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Endeksi performansları değerlendirilmiştir. OECD ülkelerinin Solability tarafından hesaplanan 2022 yılı KSRE performans puanları ham veri olarak alınmış, önce entropi yöntemiyle alt endeksler ağırlıklandırılmış daha sonra Gri İlişkisel Analiz yöntemiyle ülkelerin KSRE puanları derecelendirilerek sıralanmıştır. Sürdürülebilir Rekabetçilik Performansı üzerinde en etkili endeksler Sosyal Sermaye Endeksi ve Doğal Sermaye Endeksi; en düşük etkiye sahip endeks ise Yönetişim Endeksi olmuştur. OECD ülkeleri arasında İsveç, İzlanda ve İsviçre en iyi sürdürülebilir rekabetçilik performansına sahip ülke olmuştur. Meksika OECD ülkeleri içinde son sırada yer alırken Türkiye sondan ikinci olmuştur. Sürdürülebilir rekabetçilik performansının yükseltilmesi için Sosyal Sermaye Endeksi ve Doğal Sermaye Endeksi boyutlarına yapılacak yatırımlar daha etkili olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • ALKAHTANI, Nasser Saad, SULPHEY, MM, DELANY, Kevin ve ADOW, Anas Hamad Elneel (2021), ''Do Psychological and Sociological Capitals Predict Employee Engagement'', Management Science Letters, S.11(3), ss.823-832.
  • ALMOS, Krisztina E. Lengyel (2022), ''Does Sustainable Competitiveness Lead to Better Life?'', Perspectivas: Revista Científica de la Universidad de Belgrano, S.5(2), ss.62-97.
  • AY TÜRKMEN, Mevhibe ve AYNAOĞLU, Yeliz (2017), ''Küresel Rekabet Endeksi Göstergelerinin Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi Üzerindeki Etkisi'', Business and Management Studies: An International Journal, S.5(4), ss.257-282.
  • BAKIRTAŞ, İbrahim ve BAKIRTAŞ, Hülya (2008), ''Firmaların Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Üstünlüğünün Bir Kaynağı Olarak Temel Yetenek: Genel Bir Değerlendirme'', Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.19, ss.101-119.
  • BARNEY, Jay (1991), ''Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage'', Journal of Management, S.17(1), ss.99-120.
  • BERGSTEINER, Harald ve AVERY, Gayle C. (2019), ''Misleading Country Rankings Perpetuate Destructive Business Practices'', Journal of Business Ethics, S.159(3), ss.863-881.
  • BRUNDTLAND, Gro Harlem (1987), “Our Common Future—Call for Action”, Environmental Conservation, S.14(4), ss.291-294.
  • CHAN, Joseph ve TONG, Thomas (2007), ''Multi-Criteria Material Selections and end-of-life Product Strategy: Grey Relational Analysis Approach'', Materials & Design, S.28(5), ss.1539-1546.
  • ÇİVİ, Emin (2001), ''Rekabet Gücü: Literatür Araştırması'', Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, S.8(2), ss.21-38.
  • DALY, Herman E. (1994), ''Operationalising Sustainable Development by Investing in Natural Capital'', Investing in Natural Capital (Ed. AnnMari Jansson, Monica Hammer, Carl Folke, Robert Costanza), Island Press, Washington D.C. (US), ss.22-38.
  • DUDÁŞ, Tomaş ve CIBUĽA, Adam (2018), ''The Changing Methodology of the Global Competitiveness Index and its Impact on Slovakia'', Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, S.8(2), ss.50-53.
  • DURAN, Zafer (2022), ''Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkelerde İnovasyon Performansının CRITIC Tabanlı GİA Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi'', Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, S.5(1), ss.150-162.
  • FRONE, Dumitru Florin ve FRONE, Simona (2015), ''Resource-Efficiency Objectives and Issues for a Green Economy'', Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, S.15(3), ss.133-138.
  • GEDİK, Yasemin (2020), ''Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Çevresel Boyutlarla Sürdürülebilirlik ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma'', Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, S.3(3), ss.196-215.
  • HERCIU, Mihaela ve OGREAN, Claudia (2014), ''An Overview on European Union Sustainable Competitiveness'', Procedia Economics and Finance, S.16, ss.651-656.
  • HUSSEN, Ahmed (2004), Principles of Environmental Economics: An Integrated Economic and Ecological Approach, Routledge Publisher, New York (US).
  • IŞIK, Nihat ve KILINÇ, Efe Can (2012), ''İnovasyon-Güdümlü Kalkınma: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme'', Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, S.1(1), ss.31-68.
  • JANKOVIĆ-MILIĆ, Vesna ve JOVANOVIĆ, Sonja (2019), ''The Effects of Applying Statistical Methods in Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index Creation'', TEME: Casopis Za Društvene Nauke, S.43(3), ss.807-826.
  • JULONG, Deng (1989), ''Introduction to Grey System Theory'', The Journal of Grey System, S.1(1), ss.1-24.
  • KANNAN, Gopika ve AULBUR, Wilfried G. (2004), ''Intellectual Capital: Measurement Effectiveness'', Journal of İntellectual Capital, S.5(3), ss.389-413.
  • KILIÇLI, Yasin (2022), ''Entelektüel Sermaye Bileşenlerinin Rekabet Avantajı Üzerindeki Etkisi'', İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, S.7(18), ss.226-245.
  • KISEĽÁKOVÁ, Dana, ŠOFRANKOVÁ, Beata, ČABINOVÁ, Veronika ve ONUFEROVÁ, Erika (2018), ''Competitiveness and Sustainable Growth Analysis of the EU Countries with the Use of Global Indexes’ Methodology'', Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, S.5(3), ss.581-599.
  • KOÇAK, Akın (2012), ''Sürdürülebilir Rekabet için Pazarlamayı Yeniden Düşünmek'', Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S.2(2), ss.61-84.
  • KÖSE, Erkan (2020), ''Gri İlişki Analizi ile Toplu Taşıma Aracı Seçimi'', Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri: MS Excel Çözümlü Uygulamalar (Ed. Mehmet Kabak, Yetkin Çınar), Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara, ss.233-245.
  • KRUGMAN, Paul (1994), ''Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession'', Foreign Affairs, S.73(2), ss.28-44.
  • KUM, Hakan (1999), ''Rekabet Gücünü Belirleyen Faktörler: Yeni Yaklaşımlar'', Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S.14, ss.165-178.
  • KUO, Yiyo, YANG, Taho ve HUANG, Guan-Wei (2008), ''The Use of Grey Relational Analysis in Solving Multiple Attribute Decision-making Problems'', Computers and Industrial Engineering, S.55(1), ss.80-93.
  • LI, Xiangxin, WANG, Kongsen, LIU, Liwen, XIN, Jing, YANG, Hongrui ve GAO, Chengyao (2011), ''Application of the Entropy Weight and TOPSIS Method in Safety Evaluation of Coal Mines'', Procedia Engineering, S.26, ss.2085-2091.
  • LIU, Sifeng ve LIN, Yi (2010), “Introduction to Grey Systems Theory”, Grey Systems: Theory and Applications (Ed. Sifeng Liu, Yi Lin), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, ss.1-18.
  • LOTFI, Farhad Hosseinzadeh ve FALLAHNEJAD, Rıza (2010), ''Imprecise Shannon’s Entropy and Multi Attribute Decision Making'', Entropy, S.12(1), ss.53-62.
  • MATE, Domician, NOVOTNY, Adam ve KOVACS, Sandor (2022), ''Deep Ranking Analysis by Power Eigenvectors (DRAPE): Linking Sustainability and National Competitiveness'', Journal of Competitiveness, S.14(1), ss.80-99.
  • MEULEMAN, Louis (2008), Public Management and the Metagovernance of Hierarchies, Networks and Markets, Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin.
  • MISHCHUK, Halyna, BILAN, Yuriy, ANDRONICEANU, Armenia ve KROL, Vita (2023), “Social Capital: Evaluating its Roles in Competitiveness and Ensuring Human Development”, Journal of Competitiveness, S.15(2), ss.1-17.
  • NGUYEN, Uzun Thanh, AN, Jake, NGO, Liem Vietnam ve HAU, Le Neguyen (2020), ''Transforming Social Capital into Performance Via Entrepreneurial Orientation'', Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), S.28(4), ss.209-217.
  • OKAN GÖKTEN, Pınar (2019), ''Doğal Sermayeye Dayalı Yönetim Yaklaşımında Biyoçeşitlilik Muhasebesinin Rolü: Normatif Bir Araştırma'', İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, S.11(1), ss.674-686.
  • OVALI, Serap (2014), ''Küresel Rekabet Gücü Açısından Türkiye’nin Konumu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme'', Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, S.(13), ss.17-36.
  • ÖNSEL, Şule, ÜLENGİN, Füsun, ULUSOY, Gündüz, AKTAŞ, Emel, KABAK, Özgür ve TOPCU, Y. İlker (2008), ''A New Perspective on the Competitiveness of Nations'', Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, S.42(4), ss.221-246.
  • ÖZBAĞ, Gönül Kaya (2016), ''Rekabet Avantajı Yaratmada İki Temel Yaklaşım. Kaynak Tabanlı ve Endüstri Tabanlı Yönetim Modeli'', Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, S.88, ss.888-899.
  • PORTER, Michael E. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press, New York (US).
  • PORTER, Michael E. (1990), ''New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage'', Planning Review, S.18(3), ss.4-14.
  • PORTER, Michael E., KETELS, Christian ve DELGADO, Mercedes (2007), ''The Microeconomic Foundations of Prosperity: Findings from the Business Competitiveness Index'', The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008, 2007 World Economic Forum, Dalian (Chine).
  • PUTNAM, Robert D. (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, New York (US).
  • SALIMOVA, Tatiana A., BIRYUKOVA, Lyudmila I., SHILKINA, Alvina T. ve KHAKHALEVA, Elena V. (2018), ''Towards a Methodology of Sustainable Competitiveness of Organization'', International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, S.9(11), ss.161-172.
  • SAVIĆ, Nebojša (2008), Competitiveness of Serbian Economy, Transition, Achieving EU and Linked Topics, Kopaonik Business Forum 2008, Society of Economists of Serbia Publisher, Belgrade.
  • SCHWAB, Klaus ve ZAHIDI, Saadia (2020), How Countries Are Performing on the Road to Recovery, The Global Competitiveness Report Special Edition 2020, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2023).
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  • SOFRANKOVA, Beata, KISELAKOVA, Dana, CABINOVA, Veronika ve ONUFEROVA, Erika (2018), ''The Importance of Research and Development Spending In The Context of Global Competitiveness and the Innovation Potential of the V4 Countries”, Journal of Eastern Europe Research in Business & Economics, S.2018, ss.1-13.
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  • ÜLENGİN, Füsun, ÖNSEL, Şule ve KARAATA, Selçuk (2012), Türkiye’nin Küresel Rekabet Düzeyi 2012-2013, TÜSİAD-Sabancı Üniversitesi Rekabet Forumu (REF) ve Sektörel Dernekler Federasyonu (SEDEFED) Yayını, İstanbul.
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Evaluation of Competitive Performance of OECD Countries by Entropy-Based GRA Method

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 1214 - 1230, 03.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1343883

Öz

Indexes are tools that make measurable multidimensional phenomena that cannot be measured directly, but whose results are of critical importance for businesses and countries. The data produced by indexes provide important clues to strategic decision-making units. Inter-country competitiveness indexes are valuable indicators for achieving strategic objectives more effectively, especially in terms of resource allocation decisions. Crosscountry competitiveness comparisons are analyzed by comparing similar country groups in order to reach more accurate results. In this study, the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index performances of OECD countries, including Turkey, are evaluated. The GSCI performance scores of OECD countries for the year 2022 calculated by Solability are taken as raw data, first the sub-indexes are weighted using the entropy method, and then the GSCI scores of the countries are ranked using the GIA method. The most influential indexes on Sustainable Competitiveness Performance are Social Capital Index and Natural Capital Index, while the index with the lowest impact is Governance Index. Among OECD countries, Sweden, Iceland and Switzerland have the best sustainable competitiveness performance. Mexico ranked last among OECD countries, while Turkey ranked second to last. Investments in the Social Capital Index and Natural Capital Index dimensions will be more effective in improving sustainable competitiveness performance.

Kaynakça

  • ALKAHTANI, Nasser Saad, SULPHEY, MM, DELANY, Kevin ve ADOW, Anas Hamad Elneel (2021), ''Do Psychological and Sociological Capitals Predict Employee Engagement'', Management Science Letters, S.11(3), ss.823-832.
  • ALMOS, Krisztina E. Lengyel (2022), ''Does Sustainable Competitiveness Lead to Better Life?'', Perspectivas: Revista Científica de la Universidad de Belgrano, S.5(2), ss.62-97.
  • AY TÜRKMEN, Mevhibe ve AYNAOĞLU, Yeliz (2017), ''Küresel Rekabet Endeksi Göstergelerinin Küresel İnovasyon Endeksi Üzerindeki Etkisi'', Business and Management Studies: An International Journal, S.5(4), ss.257-282.
  • BAKIRTAŞ, İbrahim ve BAKIRTAŞ, Hülya (2008), ''Firmaların Sürdürülebilir Rekabet Üstünlüğünün Bir Kaynağı Olarak Temel Yetenek: Genel Bir Değerlendirme'', Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.19, ss.101-119.
  • BARNEY, Jay (1991), ''Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage'', Journal of Management, S.17(1), ss.99-120.
  • BERGSTEINER, Harald ve AVERY, Gayle C. (2019), ''Misleading Country Rankings Perpetuate Destructive Business Practices'', Journal of Business Ethics, S.159(3), ss.863-881.
  • BRUNDTLAND, Gro Harlem (1987), “Our Common Future—Call for Action”, Environmental Conservation, S.14(4), ss.291-294.
  • CHAN, Joseph ve TONG, Thomas (2007), ''Multi-Criteria Material Selections and end-of-life Product Strategy: Grey Relational Analysis Approach'', Materials & Design, S.28(5), ss.1539-1546.
  • ÇİVİ, Emin (2001), ''Rekabet Gücü: Literatür Araştırması'', Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, S.8(2), ss.21-38.
  • DALY, Herman E. (1994), ''Operationalising Sustainable Development by Investing in Natural Capital'', Investing in Natural Capital (Ed. AnnMari Jansson, Monica Hammer, Carl Folke, Robert Costanza), Island Press, Washington D.C. (US), ss.22-38.
  • DUDÁŞ, Tomaş ve CIBUĽA, Adam (2018), ''The Changing Methodology of the Global Competitiveness Index and its Impact on Slovakia'', Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, S.8(2), ss.50-53.
  • DURAN, Zafer (2022), ''Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkelerde İnovasyon Performansının CRITIC Tabanlı GİA Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi'', Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, S.5(1), ss.150-162.
  • FRONE, Dumitru Florin ve FRONE, Simona (2015), ''Resource-Efficiency Objectives and Issues for a Green Economy'', Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, S.15(3), ss.133-138.
  • GEDİK, Yasemin (2020), ''Sosyal, Ekonomik ve Çevresel Boyutlarla Sürdürülebilirlik ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma'', Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, S.3(3), ss.196-215.
  • HERCIU, Mihaela ve OGREAN, Claudia (2014), ''An Overview on European Union Sustainable Competitiveness'', Procedia Economics and Finance, S.16, ss.651-656.
  • HUSSEN, Ahmed (2004), Principles of Environmental Economics: An Integrated Economic and Ecological Approach, Routledge Publisher, New York (US).
  • IŞIK, Nihat ve KILINÇ, Efe Can (2012), ''İnovasyon-Güdümlü Kalkınma: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri ve Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme'', Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, S.1(1), ss.31-68.
  • JANKOVIĆ-MILIĆ, Vesna ve JOVANOVIĆ, Sonja (2019), ''The Effects of Applying Statistical Methods in Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index Creation'', TEME: Casopis Za Društvene Nauke, S.43(3), ss.807-826.
  • JULONG, Deng (1989), ''Introduction to Grey System Theory'', The Journal of Grey System, S.1(1), ss.1-24.
  • KANNAN, Gopika ve AULBUR, Wilfried G. (2004), ''Intellectual Capital: Measurement Effectiveness'', Journal of İntellectual Capital, S.5(3), ss.389-413.
  • KILIÇLI, Yasin (2022), ''Entelektüel Sermaye Bileşenlerinin Rekabet Avantajı Üzerindeki Etkisi'', İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, S.7(18), ss.226-245.
  • KISEĽÁKOVÁ, Dana, ŠOFRANKOVÁ, Beata, ČABINOVÁ, Veronika ve ONUFEROVÁ, Erika (2018), ''Competitiveness and Sustainable Growth Analysis of the EU Countries with the Use of Global Indexes’ Methodology'', Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, S.5(3), ss.581-599.
  • KOÇAK, Akın (2012), ''Sürdürülebilir Rekabet için Pazarlamayı Yeniden Düşünmek'', Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S.2(2), ss.61-84.
  • KÖSE, Erkan (2020), ''Gri İlişki Analizi ile Toplu Taşıma Aracı Seçimi'', Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri: MS Excel Çözümlü Uygulamalar (Ed. Mehmet Kabak, Yetkin Çınar), Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara, ss.233-245.
  • KRUGMAN, Paul (1994), ''Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession'', Foreign Affairs, S.73(2), ss.28-44.
  • KUM, Hakan (1999), ''Rekabet Gücünü Belirleyen Faktörler: Yeni Yaklaşımlar'', Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S.14, ss.165-178.
  • KUO, Yiyo, YANG, Taho ve HUANG, Guan-Wei (2008), ''The Use of Grey Relational Analysis in Solving Multiple Attribute Decision-making Problems'', Computers and Industrial Engineering, S.55(1), ss.80-93.
  • LI, Xiangxin, WANG, Kongsen, LIU, Liwen, XIN, Jing, YANG, Hongrui ve GAO, Chengyao (2011), ''Application of the Entropy Weight and TOPSIS Method in Safety Evaluation of Coal Mines'', Procedia Engineering, S.26, ss.2085-2091.
  • LIU, Sifeng ve LIN, Yi (2010), “Introduction to Grey Systems Theory”, Grey Systems: Theory and Applications (Ed. Sifeng Liu, Yi Lin), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, ss.1-18.
  • LOTFI, Farhad Hosseinzadeh ve FALLAHNEJAD, Rıza (2010), ''Imprecise Shannon’s Entropy and Multi Attribute Decision Making'', Entropy, S.12(1), ss.53-62.
  • MATE, Domician, NOVOTNY, Adam ve KOVACS, Sandor (2022), ''Deep Ranking Analysis by Power Eigenvectors (DRAPE): Linking Sustainability and National Competitiveness'', Journal of Competitiveness, S.14(1), ss.80-99.
  • MEULEMAN, Louis (2008), Public Management and the Metagovernance of Hierarchies, Networks and Markets, Springer Science and Business Media, Berlin.
  • MISHCHUK, Halyna, BILAN, Yuriy, ANDRONICEANU, Armenia ve KROL, Vita (2023), “Social Capital: Evaluating its Roles in Competitiveness and Ensuring Human Development”, Journal of Competitiveness, S.15(2), ss.1-17.
  • NGUYEN, Uzun Thanh, AN, Jake, NGO, Liem Vietnam ve HAU, Le Neguyen (2020), ''Transforming Social Capital into Performance Via Entrepreneurial Orientation'', Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), S.28(4), ss.209-217.
  • OKAN GÖKTEN, Pınar (2019), ''Doğal Sermayeye Dayalı Yönetim Yaklaşımında Biyoçeşitlilik Muhasebesinin Rolü: Normatif Bir Araştırma'', İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, S.11(1), ss.674-686.
  • OVALI, Serap (2014), ''Küresel Rekabet Gücü Açısından Türkiye’nin Konumu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme'', Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, S.(13), ss.17-36.
  • ÖNSEL, Şule, ÜLENGİN, Füsun, ULUSOY, Gündüz, AKTAŞ, Emel, KABAK, Özgür ve TOPCU, Y. İlker (2008), ''A New Perspective on the Competitiveness of Nations'', Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, S.42(4), ss.221-246.
  • ÖZBAĞ, Gönül Kaya (2016), ''Rekabet Avantajı Yaratmada İki Temel Yaklaşım. Kaynak Tabanlı ve Endüstri Tabanlı Yönetim Modeli'', Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, S.88, ss.888-899.
  • PORTER, Michael E. (1985), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press, New York (US).
  • PORTER, Michael E. (1990), ''New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage'', Planning Review, S.18(3), ss.4-14.
  • PORTER, Michael E., KETELS, Christian ve DELGADO, Mercedes (2007), ''The Microeconomic Foundations of Prosperity: Findings from the Business Competitiveness Index'', The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008, 2007 World Economic Forum, Dalian (Chine).
  • PUTNAM, Robert D. (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Simon and Schuster Paperbacks, New York (US).
  • SALIMOVA, Tatiana A., BIRYUKOVA, Lyudmila I., SHILKINA, Alvina T. ve KHAKHALEVA, Elena V. (2018), ''Towards a Methodology of Sustainable Competitiveness of Organization'', International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, S.9(11), ss.161-172.
  • SAVIĆ, Nebojša (2008), Competitiveness of Serbian Economy, Transition, Achieving EU and Linked Topics, Kopaonik Business Forum 2008, Society of Economists of Serbia Publisher, Belgrade.
  • SCHWAB, Klaus ve ZAHIDI, Saadia (2020), How Countries Are Performing on the Road to Recovery, The Global Competitiveness Report Special Edition 2020, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2020.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2023).
  • SCOTT, Bruce R. ve LODGE, George C. (1985), ''US Competitiveness in the World Economy'', The International Executive, S.27(1), ss.26-26.
  • SEVİÇİN, Ahmet (2009), ''An Investigation on ‘Sustainable Competitive Advantage’ Concept'', Zonguldak Karaelmas Unıversity Journal of Social, S.5(10), ss.171-185.
  • SOFRANKOVA, Beata, KISELAKOVA, Dana, CABINOVA, Veronika ve ONUFEROVA, Erika (2018), ''The Importance of Research and Development Spending In The Context of Global Competitiveness and the Innovation Potential of the V4 Countries”, Journal of Eastern Europe Research in Business & Economics, S.2018, ss.1-13.
  • SOLABILITY (2012), The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, State of the World Report 2011, https://solability.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Global-Competetiveness-Report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2023).
  • SOLABILITY (2014), The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index 2014, State of the World Report 2013, https://solability.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/The-Sustainable-Competitiveness-Index-2014.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2023).
  • SOLABILITY (2021), The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index 2020, State of the World Report 2020, https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/downloads (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2023).
  • SOLABILITY (2022), The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, State of the World Report 2021, 10th Edition, https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/downloads (Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2023).
  • SOLABILITY (2023), The Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, State of the World Report 2023, 12th Edition, https://solability.com/the-global-sustainable-competitiveness-index/the-index/downloads (Erişim Tarihi: 21.07.2023).
  • ÜLENGİN, Füsun, ÖNSEL, Şule ve KARAATA, Selçuk (2012), Türkiye’nin Küresel Rekabet Düzeyi 2012-2013, TÜSİAD-Sabancı Üniversitesi Rekabet Forumu (REF) ve Sektörel Dernekler Federasyonu (SEDEFED) Yayını, İstanbul.
  • WU, Jie, SUN, Jiasen, LIANG, Liang ve ZHA, Yingchun (2011), ''Determination of Weights for Ultimate Cross Efficiency Using Shannon Entropy'', Expert Systems with Applications, S.38(5), ss.5162-5165.
  • YILMAZ, Zeki ve İNCEKAŞ, Ezgi (2018), ''Türkiye’de İnovasyon ve Bölgesel Kalkınma'', Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S.2(1), ss.154-169.
  • ZHANG, Hong, GU, Chao-Lin, GU, Lu-wen ve ZHANG, Yan (2011), ''The Evaluation of Tourism Destination Competitiveness by TOPSIS & Information Entropy–A Case in the Yangtze River Delta of China'', Tourism Management, S.32(2), ss.443-451.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Pazarlama
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fikret Işık 0000-0002-5471-5381

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Işık, F. (2024). OECD Ülkelerinin Rekabet Performansının Entropi Tabanlı GİA Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 6(4), 1214-1230. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1343883