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Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun Zamansal Kapsamı (II): “Uluslararası Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalarda” İnsancıl Hukukun Uygulanmaya Başlaması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 223 - 239, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.1083038

Öz

Uluslararası insancıl hukukun zamansal kapsamını saptamak bu kuralların çatışma süresince uygulanabilmesi açısından son derece önemlidir. Uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışmalara ilişkin uluslararası insancıl hukuk kurallarının uygulanmaya başlama anının belirlenmesi, uluslararası silahlı çatışmalara ilişkin olarak belirlenmesinden çok daha zordur. Çünkü bir devletin ülkesi içinde meydana gelen şiddet durumunun uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışma olarak sınıflandırılması ve uluslararası insancıl hukuk kurallarının bu çatışmalara ne zaman uygulanmaya başlayacağı konusu yoruma açıktır. Zira iç karışıklık ancak belli bir eşiğe ulaştığında uluslararası insancıl hukuk kuralları bu çatışmalara uygulanacağından, bunun tespiti her zaman kolay olmamaktadır. Bu makalede uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silahlı çatışmalara yönelik uluslararası insancıl hukuk kurallarının uygulanabilmesi açısından uluslararası olmayan silahlı çatışmanın başlangıç anının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akande D, ‘Afghanistan accedes to Additional Protocols to Geneva Conventions: Will AP II govern the conflict in Afghanistan?’, (EJIL: Talk Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 30 Haziran 2009) <https://www.ejiltalk.org/afghanistan-accedes-to-additional-protocols/> Erişim tarihi 07 Temmuz 2021.
  • Akande D, ‘Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts’ in Elizabeth Wilmshurst (ed.), International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (Oxford University Press iBooks 2012) 163-261.
  • Akkutay Aİ, ‘Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda İç Silahlı Çatışmaların Uluslararasılaşması’ (2016) 65(1) Ankara Üniversştesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-61.
  • Aksar Y, Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk II, (Genişletilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 6. Baskı, Seçkin 2021)
  • Aydın Okur D, ‘DAEŞ’e Karşı Suriye’de Yapılan Operasyonların Meşruiyeti Bakımından ‘İsteksiz ya da Aciz Devlet’ Teorisi’, (2015) 14(2) İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 39-65.
  • Batur Yamaner M, Öktem AE, Kurtdarcan B ve Uzun MC, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, (Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları 42)
  • Bellal A, The War Report, Armed Conflict 2018 (Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, April 2019)
  • Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) ‘Mapping Militant Organisations: Syria’ (Stanford University) <http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria> Erişim tarihi 10 Mayıs 2021.
  • Crawford E, ‘The Temporal and Geographic Reach of International Humanitarian Law’ in Ben Saul and Dapo Akande (eds.) Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law, (Oxford University Press 2020) 57-76.
  • Dagher S, ‘A Complicated Ally: Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria’ (The Wall Street Journal, 12 November 2014) <https://www.wsj.com/articles/kurds-fight-islamic-state-to-claim-a-piece-of-syria-1415843557> Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2021.
  • Duffy H, ‘Trials and Tribulations: Co-Applicability of IHL and Human Rights in an Age of Adjudicatio’ in Ziv Bohrer, Janina Dill and Helen Duffy, Law Applicable to Armed Conflict (Cambridge University Press 2020) 15-105.
  • Erkiner HH, Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu, (XII Levha 2010)
  • Gill T, ‘Classifying the Conflict in Syria’, (2016) 92 International Law Studies, 353-380.
  • Grignon J, ‘The Beginning of Application of International Humanitarian Law: A Discussion of a few Challenges’ (2014) 96(893) International Review of the Red Cross, 139-162.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), ‘How is the Term ‘Armed Conflict’ Defined in International Humanitarian Law?’ (Opinion Paper, March 2008)
  • Jinks D, ‘The Temporal Scope Of Applicatıon Of International Humanitarian Law In Contemporary Conflicts’ (Harvard Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Bacground Paper prepared for the Informal High-Level Expert Meeting on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge, 27–29 January 2003) <https://hhi.harvard.edu/publications/temporal-scope-application-international-humanitarian-law> Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2021.
  • Kuran S ve Gür H, ‘Devlet-Dışı Aktörlere Karşı Meşru Müdafaada “İsteksiz veya Âciz Doktrini: Suriye ve DAEŞ Örneği’ (2017) 23(1) MÜHF Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 57-88.
  • Melzer N and Kuster E, International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction (ICRC November 2019)
  • Murray D, Akande D, Garraway C, Hampson F, Lubell N and Wilmshurst E, Practitoners’ Guide to Human Rights Law in Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press 2016)
  • Pictet JS, Commentary on the III Geneva Convention on Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (ICRC 1960)
  • Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar M, ‘Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi’nin Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalarda Faaliyetlerine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme: Taraflara Hizmetlerini Teklif Etme Hakkı’ (2021) 27(1) MÜHF Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 48-63.
  • Tütüncü AN, İnsancıl Hukuka Giriş, (2. Baskı, Beta 2012)
  • United Kingdom (UK) Ministry of Defence (ed.), The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press 2004)
  • Vite S, ‘Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law: Legal Concepts and Actual Situations’ (2009) 91(873) International Review of the Red Cross, 69-94.
  • 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent (8-10 December 2015), International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts Report (Geneva, October 2015)
  • Commentary on the First Geneva Convention: Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 2nd Edition, 2016. <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/full/GCI-commentary> Erişim tarihi 22 Temmuz 2021.
  • Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, Vol. II Section B. 122-123. <https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Dipl-Conf-1949-Final_Vol-2-B.pdf > Erişim tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021.
  • International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Report Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004, 25 January 2005.
  • International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, Judgment (Trial Chamber I), (ICTR-96-3), ICTR, 6 December 1999.
  • Juan Carlos Abella v Argentina, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, (Case No. 11.137), 18 November 1997.
  • Prosecutor Ljube Boškoski and Johan Tarčulovski Judgment, Trial Chamber II, (IT- 04-82-T), ICTY, 10 July 2008.
  • Prosecutor Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj, Lahi Brahimaj, Judgment, Trial Chamber II, (IT-04-84bis-T), ICTY, 29 November 2012.
  • Prosecutor v Fatmir Limaj, Haradin Bala, and Isak Musliu, Judgment, Trial Chamber, (IT-03-66-T), ICTY, 30 November 2005.
  • Prosecutor v. Dusco Tadić, Decision On The Defence Motion For Interlocutory Appeal On Jurisdiction, (Appeals Chamber Decision), ICTY, 2 October 1995.
  • Prosecutor v. Dusco Tadić, Judgement, Trial Chamber, (IT-94-1-T), ICTY, 7 May 1997.
  • Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977, Commentary of 1987. <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Treaty.xsp?documentId=AA0C5BCBAB5C4A85C12563CD002D6D09&action=openDocument> Erişim tarihi 20 Ağustos 2021.
  • The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, (ICC-01/04-01/077), ICC, 7 March 2014.
  • The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, (ICC-01/05-01/0821), ICC, 21 March 2016.
  • The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, (ICC-01/04-01/06), ICC, 14 March 2012.

The Temporal Scope of International Humanitarian Law (II): The Beginning Of Implementation Of International Humanitarian Law In "Non-International Armed Conflicts"

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1, 223 - 239, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.1083038

Öz

Temporal scope of international humanitarian law is of crucial importance to determine exactly when this body of law starts to apply in an armed conflict. It is much more difficult to determine the starting point of application of humanitarian law regarding non-international armed conflicts than international armed conflicts. Thus, there is an ongoing debate on whether or not an internal disturbance can be classified as a non-international armed conflict and the fact that when humanitarian law begins to apply in these conflicts. When intensity of the internal disturbance exceeds a certain threshold, it is acknowledged that humanitarian law can be applied to these conflicts, however it is not always straightforward to identify where an internal disturbance ends and when a non-international armed conflict starts. Therefore, this article investigates when the rules of international humanitarian law begin to apply in case of non-international armed conflicts.

Kaynakça

  • Akande D, ‘Afghanistan accedes to Additional Protocols to Geneva Conventions: Will AP II govern the conflict in Afghanistan?’, (EJIL: Talk Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 30 Haziran 2009) <https://www.ejiltalk.org/afghanistan-accedes-to-additional-protocols/> Erişim tarihi 07 Temmuz 2021.
  • Akande D, ‘Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts’ in Elizabeth Wilmshurst (ed.), International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (Oxford University Press iBooks 2012) 163-261.
  • Akkutay Aİ, ‘Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda İç Silahlı Çatışmaların Uluslararasılaşması’ (2016) 65(1) Ankara Üniversştesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1-61.
  • Aksar Y, Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk II, (Genişletilmiş ve Güncellenmiş 6. Baskı, Seçkin 2021)
  • Aydın Okur D, ‘DAEŞ’e Karşı Suriye’de Yapılan Operasyonların Meşruiyeti Bakımından ‘İsteksiz ya da Aciz Devlet’ Teorisi’, (2015) 14(2) İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 39-65.
  • Batur Yamaner M, Öktem AE, Kurtdarcan B ve Uzun MC, 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, (Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları 42)
  • Bellal A, The War Report, Armed Conflict 2018 (Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, April 2019)
  • Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) ‘Mapping Militant Organisations: Syria’ (Stanford University) <http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/maps/view/syria> Erişim tarihi 10 Mayıs 2021.
  • Crawford E, ‘The Temporal and Geographic Reach of International Humanitarian Law’ in Ben Saul and Dapo Akande (eds.) Oxford Guide to International Humanitarian Law, (Oxford University Press 2020) 57-76.
  • Dagher S, ‘A Complicated Ally: Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria’ (The Wall Street Journal, 12 November 2014) <https://www.wsj.com/articles/kurds-fight-islamic-state-to-claim-a-piece-of-syria-1415843557> Erişim tarihi 10 Temmuz 2021.
  • Duffy H, ‘Trials and Tribulations: Co-Applicability of IHL and Human Rights in an Age of Adjudicatio’ in Ziv Bohrer, Janina Dill and Helen Duffy, Law Applicable to Armed Conflict (Cambridge University Press 2020) 15-105.
  • Erkiner HH, Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu, (XII Levha 2010)
  • Gill T, ‘Classifying the Conflict in Syria’, (2016) 92 International Law Studies, 353-380.
  • Grignon J, ‘The Beginning of Application of International Humanitarian Law: A Discussion of a few Challenges’ (2014) 96(893) International Review of the Red Cross, 139-162.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), ‘How is the Term ‘Armed Conflict’ Defined in International Humanitarian Law?’ (Opinion Paper, March 2008)
  • Jinks D, ‘The Temporal Scope Of Applicatıon Of International Humanitarian Law In Contemporary Conflicts’ (Harvard Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Bacground Paper prepared for the Informal High-Level Expert Meeting on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge, 27–29 January 2003) <https://hhi.harvard.edu/publications/temporal-scope-application-international-humanitarian-law> Erişim tarihi 10 Ağustos 2021.
  • Kuran S ve Gür H, ‘Devlet-Dışı Aktörlere Karşı Meşru Müdafaada “İsteksiz veya Âciz Doktrini: Suriye ve DAEŞ Örneği’ (2017) 23(1) MÜHF Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 57-88.
  • Melzer N and Kuster E, International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction (ICRC November 2019)
  • Murray D, Akande D, Garraway C, Hampson F, Lubell N and Wilmshurst E, Practitoners’ Guide to Human Rights Law in Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press 2016)
  • Pictet JS, Commentary on the III Geneva Convention on Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (ICRC 1960)
  • Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar M, ‘Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi’nin Uluslararası Nitelikte Olmayan Silahlı Çatışmalarda Faaliyetlerine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme: Taraflara Hizmetlerini Teklif Etme Hakkı’ (2021) 27(1) MÜHF Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 48-63.
  • Tütüncü AN, İnsancıl Hukuka Giriş, (2. Baskı, Beta 2012)
  • United Kingdom (UK) Ministry of Defence (ed.), The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict (Oxford University Press 2004)
  • Vite S, ‘Typology of Armed Conflicts in International Humanitarian Law: Legal Concepts and Actual Situations’ (2009) 91(873) International Review of the Red Cross, 69-94.
  • 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent (8-10 December 2015), International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts Report (Geneva, October 2015)
  • Commentary on the First Geneva Convention: Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 2nd Edition, 2016. <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/full/GCI-commentary> Erişim tarihi 22 Temmuz 2021.
  • Final Record of the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949, Vol. II Section B. 122-123. <https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Dipl-Conf-1949-Final_Vol-2-B.pdf > Erişim tarihi 31 Temmuz 2021.
  • International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, Report Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004, 25 January 2005.
  • International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, Judgment (Trial Chamber I), (ICTR-96-3), ICTR, 6 December 1999.
  • Juan Carlos Abella v Argentina, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, (Case No. 11.137), 18 November 1997.
  • Prosecutor Ljube Boškoski and Johan Tarčulovski Judgment, Trial Chamber II, (IT- 04-82-T), ICTY, 10 July 2008.
  • Prosecutor Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj, Lahi Brahimaj, Judgment, Trial Chamber II, (IT-04-84bis-T), ICTY, 29 November 2012.
  • Prosecutor v Fatmir Limaj, Haradin Bala, and Isak Musliu, Judgment, Trial Chamber, (IT-03-66-T), ICTY, 30 November 2005.
  • Prosecutor v. Dusco Tadić, Decision On The Defence Motion For Interlocutory Appeal On Jurisdiction, (Appeals Chamber Decision), ICTY, 2 October 1995.
  • Prosecutor v. Dusco Tadić, Judgement, Trial Chamber, (IT-94-1-T), ICTY, 7 May 1997.
  • Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977, Commentary of 1987. <https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Treaty.xsp?documentId=AA0C5BCBAB5C4A85C12563CD002D6D09&action=openDocument> Erişim tarihi 20 Ağustos 2021.
  • The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, (ICC-01/04-01/077), ICC, 7 March 2014.
  • The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Trial Chamber III, (ICC-01/05-01/0821), ICC, 21 March 2016.
  • The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, (ICC-01/04-01/06), ICC, 14 March 2012.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hande Gür 0000-0002-3066-6343

Meltem Sarıbeyoğlu Skalar 0000-0002-6534-503X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

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