Chemical Characteristics and Biotechnological Potentials of Mumio

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 187 - 195, 22.12.2023

Anarkhan Abylaeva Yilmaz Kaya

https://doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1327332

Öz

Mumio is a valuable substance that ranges in color from pale brown to blackish-brown and is obtained from rock layers in various mountain ranges worldwide, particularly in the Tien Shan ranges of Kyrgyzstan. It is also a natural chemical found largely in the Himalayas, created over ages by the progressive degradation of particular plants by bacteria. Mumio is essentially a nutraceutical product with considerable human health advantages. To fully appreciate the predicted impact of mumio use in the medical area, particularly in neurological sciences, more research at both the fundamental biology level and through well-designed clinical trials is required. This involves a thorough examination of the various organic and inorganic elements that contribute to Mumio's therapeutic efficacy.The paper also dives into the results of Mumio's comprehensive biological and biotechnological analyses. These scientific research have revealed the mechanisms of action of this natural chemical and confirmed its medicinal claims. The article seeks to offer a full review of Mumio by merging traditional medicine knowledge, chemical analysis, and scientific assessments, stressing its relevance in traditional medicine and its potential for life science activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mumio, Therapeutic value, Traditional medicine

Kaynakça

• Acharya, S. B., Frotan, M. H., Goel, R. K., Tripathi, S. K., Das P. K. (1998). Pharmacological actions of shilajit. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 26(10), 775-777.
• Aiello, A., Fattorusso, E., Menna, M., Vitalone, R., Schröder, H. C., Müller, W. E.(2011). Mumijo traditional medicine: fossil deposits from antarctica (chemical composition and beneficial bioactivity). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 738131. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nen072
• Amitava, D., Soma, D., Brian, R., Mithun, S., Muruganandam, V., Gayle, G., & Sashwati, R. (2016). The Human Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome in Response to Oral Shilajit Supplementation. J Med Food, 19 (7), 701–709. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.0010
• Azizi, S., Kheirandiah, R., Azari, O., & Torabi, N. (2018). Potential pharmaceutic effect of Shilajit (mumie) on experimental osteoarthritis in rat. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 27, 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2662-0
• Behrman, S. and Martin, R. (2013). Modern Concepts in Pancreatic Surgery, An Issue of Surgical Clinics, E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences. eBook ISBN: 9781455773626.
• Bhattacharya, S.K., Sen, A. P. Ghosal, S. (1995). Effects of Shilajit on biogenic free radicals. Phytotherapy Research 9(1), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090113
• Cagno, V., Donalisio, M., Civra, A., Cagliero, C., Rubiolo, P., Lembo, D. (2015). In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Properties of Shilajit and Investigation of its Mechanisms of Action. J Ethnopharmacol:166:129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.019.
• Carrasco-Gallardo, C., Guzman, L., & Maccioni, R. B, (2012). Shilajit: A natural phytocomplex with potential precognitive activity. Internat. J. Alzheimers Dis, 2012,674142. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/674142.
• Chavda, N., Riddhi, R., Hitesh, S (2022). An Overview Of Historical Background Of Ethnobotany And Indigenous Culture Of India. İnternational Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 10(4):738-751
• Chopra, N. R., Chopra, I. C., Handa, L. K., Kapoor, K. D. (1958). In Indigenous Drugs of India. Calcutta, India: U.N. Dhar & Sons.
• Choudhary, S. P., Singh, A.K., Dwivedi, K. N. (2016). Medicinal properties of Shilajit – A review. Indian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2(1), 103-106.
• Choudhury, H., Pandey, M., Hua, C. K., Mun, C. S., Jing, J. K., Kong, L., Ern, L. Y., Ashraf, N. A., Kit, S. W., Yee, T.S., Pichika, M. R., Gorain, B., Kesharwani, P. (2017). An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 8(3):361-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012.
• Cornejo, A., Jiménez, J.M., Caballero, L., Melo, F., Maccioni, R. B. (2011). Fulvic acid inhibits aggregation and promotes disassembly of tau fibrils associated with alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 27(1):143–153. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-110623
• Ding, R., Zhao, M., Fan, J., Hu, X., Wang, M., Zhong, S., Gu, R(2020). Mechanisms of generation and exudation of Tibetan medicine Shilajit (Zhaxun). Chin Med 15:65. doi: 10.1186/s13020-020-00343-9.
• Doosti, F., Dashti, S., Tabatabai, S. M., Hosseinzadeh, H. (2013). Traditional Chinese and Indian medicine in the treatment of opioid-dependence: a review. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3(3):205-15.
• Garedew, A., Fiest, M., Schmolz, E., Lamprecht, I. (2004). Thermal analysis of mumiyo, the legendary folk remedy from the Himalaya region. Thermochimica Acta, 417, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2003.09.034
• Geçgelen cesur, M., Öğrenim, G., Gülle, K., Şirin, F. B., Akpolat Ferah, M., & Cesur, G. (2019). Shilajit in hızlı maksiller genişleme tedavisinde yeni kemik oluşumu üzerine etkisi var mı Biyokimyasal histolojik ve immünohistokimyasal bir çalışma. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.511364
• Ghasemkhani, N., Tabrizi, A.S., Namazi, F., Nazifi S(2021). Treatment effects of Shilajit on aspirin-induced gastric lesions in rats. Physiol Rep, 9 (7), p. e14822 https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14822
• Gheorghe, D.I., Constantinescu-Aruxandei, D., Lupu, C., Oancea, F. (2022). Emulsifying Effect of Fulvic Acids from Shilajit. Chem. Proc. 7, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemproc2022007023
• Ghosal, S,, Jawahar, L., Sushil, K., Gautam, D., Joydeep, B. Mita, M., Salil, K., Bhattacharya, S. K. (1989). Mast cell protecting effects of shilajit and its constituents, Phytother.Res.3.249e252.https://doi- org.lproxy.yeditepe.edu.tr/10.1002/ptr.2650030606
• Ghosal, S., (1990). Chemistry of Shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan, Pure and Applied Chemistry. 62, 1285-1288.
• Ghosal, S. (1992). Shilajit: Its origin and significance in living matter. Indian J Indig Med, 9(1): 1–3.
• Ghosal, S. (1993). Shilajit: Its origin and vital significance. In Traditional Medicine, Mukherjee B (ed.). Oxford – IBH: New Delhi, 308–319.
• Ghosal, S., Singh, S. K., Kumar, Y., Srivastava, R. S., Goel, R. K., Dey, R., Bhattacharya, S.K.(1988). Anti-ulcerogenic activity of fulvic acids and 40-Methoxy-6-Carbomethoxybiphenyl isolated from Shilajit. Phytother. Res, 2.187e191. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020408
• Ghosal, S., Lal, J., Singh, S. K., Goel, R. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Bhattacharya, S. K. (1991). The need for formulation of Shilajit by its isolated active constituents. Phytother Res.5:211-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650050505
• Gregory, J.; Vengalasetti, Y.V.; Bredesen, D.E.; Rao, R.V(2021). Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 11, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040543
• Goel, R., Banerjee, R., Acharya, S. (1990). Antiulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory studies with shilajit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 29(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90102-y
• Kangari, P., Roshangar, L., Iraji, A (2022). Accelerating effect of Shilajit on osteogenic property of adipose- derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). J Orthop Surg Res 17, 424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03305-z
• Kaur, S., Kumar, P., Kumar, D., Kharya, M. D., Singh, N. (2013). Parasympathomimetic effect of shilajit accounts for relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum. Am J Mens Health. 7(2):119-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988312462738
• Kishor, P., Bimala, S., Nagendra, T. (2012). Shilajit: Humic matter panacea for cancer. Int. J. Toxicol. Pharmacol. Res, 4, 17–25.
• Khanna, S., Das, A., Spieldenner, J., Rink, C., Roy, S. (2015). Supplementation of a standardized extract from Phyllanthus emblica improves cardiovascular risk factors and platelet aggregation in overweight/class-1 obese adults. Med Food. 18:415–420. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0178
• Kloskowski, T., Szeliski, K., Krzeszowiak, K., Fekner, Z., Kazimierski, Ł., Jundziłł, A., Drewa, T., Pokrywczyńska, M. (2021). Mumio (Shilajit) as a potential chemotherapeutic for the urinary bladder cancer treatment. Sci Rep 11(1), 22614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01996-8
• Meena, H., Pandey, H. K., Arya, M.C., Ahmed, Z. (2010). Shilajit: A panacea for high-altitude problems. Int J Ayurveda Res, 1(1):37-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.59942
• Mirza, M. A., Alam, M. N., Faiyazuddin, M., Mahmood, D., Bairwa, R., Mustafa, G. (2010). Shilajit: An Ancient Panacea. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res,1(1):2-11.
• Mishra, T., Harcharan, S. D., Karan. S., Nasib, S. (2019). Shilajit (Mumie): Current Status of Biochemical, Therapeutic and Clinical Advances. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 15(2),104-120. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170823160217
• Ojha, R., Ankit, K. G., Richa, P., Sanjay, K. P. (2021). Shilajit an elixir of Ayurveda: A literary review of traditional usage as well as modern findings. Int J Appl Res, 7(8):323-332. https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2021.v7.i8e.8883
• Öztürk, A. O., Esin, B., & Selçuk, M. (2022). Bal Arısı Sperma Sulandırıcısına Katılan Shilajitin Spermanın Dondurulması Üzerine Etkileri. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 25, 591–596. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1031295
• Pandey, P. S. (2019). Shilajit - A Wonder Drug of Ayurveda: An Overview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 59(1);140- 143.
• Pandit, S., Biswas, S., Jana, U., De, R. K., Mukhopadhyay, S. C., Biswas, T. K. (2016). Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia.48(5): 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12482
• Pravin, C. A., Sunayana, R. V. (2022). Shilajit: a wonder drug of Ayurveda. World journal of pharmaceutical and medical research. 8(4), 125–127.
• Rahmani Barouji, S., Saber, A., Torbati, M., Fazljou, S. M. B., Yari Khosroushahi, A.(2020). Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine. Galen Med J. 27;9:e1743. https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743
• Raisa, S., and Swati, P., (2018). Analytical evaluation of Shilajit from different geographical origins. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 4(3), 335-341.
• Schepetkin, I.A., Gang, X., Mark, A., Mark, T. Q. (2009). Complement-fixing Activity of Fulvic Acid from Shilajit and Other Natural Sources. Phytotherapy Research, 23, 373–384 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2635.
• Schepetkin, I. A., Khlebnikov, A., Kwon, B. S. (2002). Medical drugs from humus matter: focus on mumie. Drug Development Research, 57(1),140–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.10058
• Schepetkin, I. A., Khlebnikov, A., Ah, S. Y., Woo, S. B., Jeong, C., Klubachuk, O. N.,
• Kwon, B. S.(2003). Characterization and biological activities of humic substances from mumie. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 5245–5254. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021101e
• Shakir, N., Salim, N., Bhatty, M. K., Karimullah (1965). Studies on‘Silajit’ (Asphalt) Part-I. Pak J Sci Industr Res 28– 30.
• Singh, T.R., Gupta, L. N., Kumar, N., Kumar, V. (2016). Assessment of anti-diabetic potential of Shilajatvadi Lauha processed with Daruharidra in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Indian j health sci. 9(3), 08-14. https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-5006.196334
• Suraj, P., Agarwal, R. K., Ritesh, K., Khalid, A., Roop, K. K. (2007). Shilajit: A Review. Phytother. Res. 21, 401–405 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2100
• Shalini, S.R. (2009). Antifungal activity screening and hplc analysis of crude extract from Tectona grandis, shilajit, Valeriana wallachi. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry.8(4):218–229.
• Sweah, J., Mohammed. Z., Malik F. H., Kadim A. (2023). Preparation and Study of Mechanical properties of Polymer Blends from Recycled Materials Polymethylmethacryalate with Different Ratios of polyester and Shilajit. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 66(4):109-113.https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.140686.6162
• Tyler, J. N., Prakash, K. S., Robert, W. S., John, P. V., Anders, J. E., Arnett, R. J., Schmidt, G. O., Johnson, S. K., Terry, J. H. (2022). Effects of 8 Weeks of Shilajit Supplementation on Serum Pro-c1α1, a Biomarker of Type 1 Collagen Synthesis: A Randomized Control Trial. Journal of Dietary Supplements, https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2022.2157522
• Warade, D.D., Bhosale, P.M. (2023). A Review On Herbal Cosmetics Used In Skin And Hair Care. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 05(04), 5662-5671. https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS37305
• Wilson, E., Rajamanickam, G. V., Dubey, G.P., Petra, K., Frauke, M., F, J. S., Thomas R., Andreas, M., Gustav J. D. (2011). Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine.JournalofEthnopharmacology.136(1):1–9. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033
• Zandraa, O., Fahanwi, A. N., Rahul, P., Hau Trung, N., Marjan, M., Nabanita, S., Tomáš, S., Petr, S. (2021). Development of dual crosslinked mumio-based hydrogel dressing for wound healing application: Physico- chemistry and antimicrobial activity. International Journalof Pharmaceutics, 607(2),120952 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120952
• Zhao, M. M., Gu, R., Fan, J. Y.,(2018) Research progress of Tibetan medicine ‘Zha-xun’ Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. ;43(8):1554-1562. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180122.001