Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Assessment of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus screening results performed before elective eye surgery

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 47, 303 - 308, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17944/mkutfd.1022708

Öz

Objective: Although preoperative screening for Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in patients is a controversial issue in terms of cost-effectiveness and patient privacy, this practice is commonly carried on by surgical branches. The goals of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of preoperative HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV antibodies, as well as whether seropositive patients were referred to the infectious diseases outpatient clinic.

Method: In this study, blood samples from 884 patients who underwent elective eye surgery at Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Medical Faculty Hospital between August 2019 and April 2021 were researched for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV positivity and seroprevalences were determined. It was also determined whether patients with seropositivity from the hospital automation system had previously been diagnosed and if newly diagnosed patients applied to the infectious diseases outpatient clinic in the subsequent period.

Results: The study comprised a total of 884 patients. Males comprised 457 (51.7%) of all patients, with a mean age of 63.21± 16.05. In 29/839 (3.3%) of the patients, HBsAg was positive. Anti-HCV positivity was found in 21/872 (2.4%) people. Anti-HIV positivity was not detected in any of the patients.

Conclusion: It would be a more accurate and effective approach to increase compliance with standard hygiene and protection measures rather than requesting routine pre-operative testing for HBV, HCV and HIV. If these tests reveal seropositivity, the patient should be informed of the disease and referred to an infectious disease specialist.

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization [Internet]. Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, 2016-2021: Towards ending viral hepatitis [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Available from: http:// apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf.
  • Toy M, Önder FO, Wörmann T, Bozdayi AM, Schalm SW, Borsboom GJ, et al. Age- and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:337. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-337
  • Tozun N, Ozdogan O, Cakaloglu Y, Idilman R, Karasu Z, Akarca U, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and risk factors in Turkey: a fieldwork TURHEP study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(11):1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.028.
  • Tosun S. The changing viral hepatitis epidemiology in our country. ANKEM J. 2013;27(Suppl 2):128-134.
  • UNAIDS [Internet]. Global HIV statistics-fact sheet, preliminary UNAIDS 2021 epidemiological estimates, global HIV statistics [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Avalilable from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.
  • Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı [Internet]. HIV/AIDS tanı tedavi rehberi, 2019 [cited 2021 Jul 5]. Avaliable from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/HIV-ADS/Tani-Tedavi_Rehberi/HIV_AIDS_Tani_Tedavi_Rehberi_Yeni.pdf.
  • Gokengin D, Calik S, Oktem P. Analysis of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in Turkey: results of the people living with HIV stigma index. Klimik J. 2017;30(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2017.03.
  • Cubuk M, Ozaelbaykal B. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections in patients with cataract in Turkey. Ophthalmol J. 2019;4:7-10. https://doi.org/10.5603/OJ.2018.0038.
  • Rishi E, Shantha B, Dhami A, Rishi P, Rajapriya HC. Needle stick injuries in a tertiary eye-care hospital: Incidence, management, outcomes, and recommendations. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65:999-1003. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_147_17.
  • Hu DJ, Kane MA, Heymann DL. Transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings: a review of risk factors and guidelines for prevention. Bull World Health Organ. 1991;69:623-630.
  • Coelho RP, Garcia TV, Paula JS, Cruz AAV, Rocha EM, Figueriredo LTM, et al. Viral contamination during sequential phacoemulsification surgeries in an experimental model. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75:174-177. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492012000300005.
  • Tokars JI, Bell DM, Culver DH, Marcus R, Mendelson MH, Sloan EP, et al. Percutaneous injuries during surgical procedures. JAMA. 1992;267(21):2899- 2904.
  • Hansen ME, Miller GL 3rd, Redman HC, McIntire DD. Needle-stick injuries and blood contacts during invasive radiologic procedures: frequency and risk factors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993; 160(5):1119-1122. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.160.5.8470590.
  • UNAIDS [Internet]. 90-90-90-An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Avaliable from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/90-90-90.
  • Akhan S, Aynıoglu A, Cagatay A, Gonen I, Gunal O, Kaynar T, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a consensus report of the study group for viral hepatitis of the Turkish society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Klimik J 2014; 27(Special Issue 1): 2-18. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2014.26.
  • Gunal O, Barut HS, Tetikcok R, Celtek NY, Etikan I. Seroprovalences of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in preoperative patients admitted to a hospital in Northern Anatolia. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011;5(31):5669-5673. https://doi.org/ 10.5897/AJMR11.957
  • Bulut N, Yenisehirli G, Bulut Y. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV and syphilis in blood donors in Tokat. Viral Hepat J. 2012;18:11-14. https://doi.org/ 10.4274/Vhd.18.03
  • Yıldırım B, Barut S, Bulut Y, Yenisehirli G, Ozdemir M, Cetin I, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in the province of Tokat in the Black Sea region of Turkey: a population-based study. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2009;20(1):27-30.
  • Dursun M, Ozekinci T, Ertem M, Saka G, Yilmaz S, Canoruc F, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C in adults in the south eastern region of Anatolia: a community based study. Hepatol Res. 2004;29(2):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2004.02.012
  • Gokengin D. HIV Infection in Turkey: How close are we to the target? Klimik J 2018;31(1):4-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2018.04
  • Akdemir Kalkan I, Cınar G, Usturalı Mut AN, Karasahin O, Gurbuz Y, Tekin A, et al. Evaluation of the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus among hospital workers in Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Hepat Mon. 2020;20(4):e97952. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.97952
  • Oktay MM, Al B, Zer Y, Kilicoglu C, Bogan M, Sabak M, et al. Evaluation of the Prevalence of incidental HBV, HCV and HIV infection among patients presenting to the emergency department: a prospective cross-sectional study. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 2020;19(2):105-110. https://doi.org/10.4274/eajem.galenos.2019.53386
  • World Health Organization [Internet]. Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Avaliable from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077.
  • Erbay K, Hizel K, Ozdil T. Importance of Anti-HCV screening before invasive procedures. Klimik J 2019;32(3):229-232. https://doi.org/ 10.5152/kd.2019.67
  • Korten V, Gökengin D, Fincancı M, Yildirmak T, Uzun Kes N, Tasdelen Fisgin N, et al. Outcomes of initial antiretroviral treatment (ART) among recently diagnosed HIV patients in HIV-TR cohort, 2011-2012. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(4 Suppl 3):19678. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19678.
  • Erdinc FS, Dokuzoguz B, Unal S, Komur S, Inkaya AC, Inan D, et al. Temporal trends in the epidemiology of HIV in Turkey. Curr HIV Res. 2020;18(4):258-266. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X18666200427223823
  • Rewri P, Sharma M, Lohan A, Singh D, Yadav V, Singhal A. Practice pattern of cataract surgeons when operating on seropositive patients. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019; 67(3): 335-339. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1437_18
  • Rewri P, Sharma M, Vats DP, Singhal A. Seroprevalence, risk associations, and cost analysis of screening for viral infections among patients of cataract surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:394-399. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_726_17
  • Tahir MA, Cheema A, Tareen S. Frequency of Hepatitis-B and C in patients undergoing cataract surgery in a tertiary care Centre. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(4):895-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.314.6771
  • Dahab AA, Youssef MM, Eid HM, Elsadi KW. Reporting the undiagnosed cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses among patients undergoing elective eye surgery in a specialized eye hospital in egypt. J Ophthalmol. 2019;3985865. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3985865
  • Onerci Celebi O, Araz Server E, Hamit B, Yigit O. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus in patients undergoing septoplasty. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;84(1):34-39. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.10.008
  • Girgin S, Temiz H, Gedik E, Gul K. Preoperative Seroprevalence of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV in general surgery patients. Dicle Med J. 2009;36(4):283-287.
  • Denk A, Ozer Balin S. Seropositivity of HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Firat Med J. 2016;21(3):125-128.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018; 69(2): 461-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026
  • Aygen B, Demirtürk N, Türker N, Asan A, Eraksoy H, Gurbuz Y, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A consensus report of the study group for viral hepatitis of the Turkish society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases-2017 update. Klimik J. 30(1): 2-35 https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2017.12
  • Occupational safety and health administration [Internet]. Enforcement procedures for the occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Available from: https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/directives/CPL_02-02-069.pdf
  • Akazong WE, Tume C, Njouom R, Ayong L, Fondoh V, Kuiate JR. Knowledge, attitude and prevalence of hepatitis B virus among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional, hospital based study in Bamenda Health District, NWR, Cameroon. BMJ Open 2020;10(3):e031075. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031075
  • Korkmaz P, Uyar C, Ozmen A, Toka O. Knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers toward patients with hepatitis C infection. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2016;47(5):935-944.
  • Bayrak B, Keten S, Fincancı M. Attitude of health personnel towards people living with HIV. Klimik J. 2014;27(3):103-108. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2014.30

Elektif göz cerrahisi öncesi hepatit B, hepatit C ve insan immün yetmezlik virüsü tarama sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 47, 303 - 308, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17944/mkutfd.1022708

Öz

Amaç: Operasyon öncesi hastaların hepatit B virüsü (HBV), hepatit C virüsü (HCV) ve insan immün yetmezlik virüsü (HIV) ile enfeksiyon varlığı açısından taranması, maliyet-etkinlik ve hasta mahremiyeti açısından tartışmalı bir konu olmakla birlikte, cerrahi branşlar tarafından çoğunlukla bu uygulanmaya devam edilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, preoperatif HBV yüzey antijeni (HbsAg), anti-HCV ve anti-HIV pozitiflik oranını belirlemek ve seropozitif hastaların enfeksiyon hastalıkları polikliniğine yönlendirilip yönlendirilmediğini belirlemektir.

Yöntem: Ağustos 2019 -Nisan 2021 arasında, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Göz kliniğinde elektif cerrahi yapılan hastaların operasyon öncesi istenen HbsAg, anti-HCV ve anti-HIV sonuçları, hastane otomasyon sistemi kayıtları kullanılarak geriye dönük tarandı ve seroprevalans belirlendi. Ayrıca hastane otomasyon sisteminden seropozitivite saptananların daha önce tanı alıp almadıkları ve yeni tanı alanların sonraki dönemde enfeksiyon hastalıkları polikliniğine başvurup başvurmadıkları araştırıldı.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya 884 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların 457’ si (%51.7) erkek olup yaş ortalaması 63.21± 16.05 idi. Hbs Ag tetkiki hastaların 839’unda (%94.9) çalışıldı ve 29 hastada (%3.3) pozitiflik saptandı. Anti-HCV tetkiki 872 (%99.1) kişide çalışıldı ve 21 kişide (%2.4) pozitiflik saptandı. Anti-HIV testi ise 862 (%97.5) kişide çalışıldı ve hiçbir hastada pozitiflik tespit edilmedi.

Sonuç: Ameliyat öncesi hastaları HBV, HCV ve HIV enfeksiyonları açısından tetkik etmek yerine standart hijyen ve korunma önlemlerine uymaları daha doğru ve etkili bir yaklaşımdır. Eğer bu testler çalışılmış ve seropozitiflik saptanmışsa hasta mutlaka hastalığı konusunda bilgilendirilmeli ve enfeksiyon hastalıkları uzmanına yönlendirilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • World Health Organization [Internet]. Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis, 2016-2021: Towards ending viral hepatitis [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Available from: http:// apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246177/1/WHO-HIV-2016.06-eng.pdf.
  • Toy M, Önder FO, Wörmann T, Bozdayi AM, Schalm SW, Borsboom GJ, et al. Age- and region-specific hepatitis B prevalence in Turkey estimated using generalized linear mixed models: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:337. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-337
  • Tozun N, Ozdogan O, Cakaloglu Y, Idilman R, Karasu Z, Akarca U, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and risk factors in Turkey: a fieldwork TURHEP study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(11):1020-1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.028.
  • Tosun S. The changing viral hepatitis epidemiology in our country. ANKEM J. 2013;27(Suppl 2):128-134.
  • UNAIDS [Internet]. Global HIV statistics-fact sheet, preliminary UNAIDS 2021 epidemiological estimates, global HIV statistics [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Avalilable from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.
  • Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı [Internet]. HIV/AIDS tanı tedavi rehberi, 2019 [cited 2021 Jul 5]. Avaliable from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/HIV-ADS/Tani-Tedavi_Rehberi/HIV_AIDS_Tani_Tedavi_Rehberi_Yeni.pdf.
  • Gokengin D, Calik S, Oktem P. Analysis of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in Turkey: results of the people living with HIV stigma index. Klimik J. 2017;30(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2017.03.
  • Cubuk M, Ozaelbaykal B. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infections in patients with cataract in Turkey. Ophthalmol J. 2019;4:7-10. https://doi.org/10.5603/OJ.2018.0038.
  • Rishi E, Shantha B, Dhami A, Rishi P, Rajapriya HC. Needle stick injuries in a tertiary eye-care hospital: Incidence, management, outcomes, and recommendations. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65:999-1003. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_147_17.
  • Hu DJ, Kane MA, Heymann DL. Transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings: a review of risk factors and guidelines for prevention. Bull World Health Organ. 1991;69:623-630.
  • Coelho RP, Garcia TV, Paula JS, Cruz AAV, Rocha EM, Figueriredo LTM, et al. Viral contamination during sequential phacoemulsification surgeries in an experimental model. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2012;75:174-177. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27492012000300005.
  • Tokars JI, Bell DM, Culver DH, Marcus R, Mendelson MH, Sloan EP, et al. Percutaneous injuries during surgical procedures. JAMA. 1992;267(21):2899- 2904.
  • Hansen ME, Miller GL 3rd, Redman HC, McIntire DD. Needle-stick injuries and blood contacts during invasive radiologic procedures: frequency and risk factors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993; 160(5):1119-1122. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.160.5.8470590.
  • UNAIDS [Internet]. 90-90-90-An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Avaliable from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2017/90-90-90.
  • Akhan S, Aynıoglu A, Cagatay A, Gonen I, Gunal O, Kaynar T, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a consensus report of the study group for viral hepatitis of the Turkish society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Klimik J 2014; 27(Special Issue 1): 2-18. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2014.26.
  • Gunal O, Barut HS, Tetikcok R, Celtek NY, Etikan I. Seroprovalences of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in preoperative patients admitted to a hospital in Northern Anatolia. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2011;5(31):5669-5673. https://doi.org/ 10.5897/AJMR11.957
  • Bulut N, Yenisehirli G, Bulut Y. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV and syphilis in blood donors in Tokat. Viral Hepat J. 2012;18:11-14. https://doi.org/ 10.4274/Vhd.18.03
  • Yıldırım B, Barut S, Bulut Y, Yenisehirli G, Ozdemir M, Cetin I, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses in the province of Tokat in the Black Sea region of Turkey: a population-based study. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2009;20(1):27-30.
  • Dursun M, Ozekinci T, Ertem M, Saka G, Yilmaz S, Canoruc F, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C in adults in the south eastern region of Anatolia: a community based study. Hepatol Res. 2004;29(2):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2004.02.012
  • Gokengin D. HIV Infection in Turkey: How close are we to the target? Klimik J 2018;31(1):4-10. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2018.04
  • Akdemir Kalkan I, Cınar G, Usturalı Mut AN, Karasahin O, Gurbuz Y, Tekin A, et al. Evaluation of the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus among hospital workers in Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Hepat Mon. 2020;20(4):e97952. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.97952
  • Oktay MM, Al B, Zer Y, Kilicoglu C, Bogan M, Sabak M, et al. Evaluation of the Prevalence of incidental HBV, HCV and HIV infection among patients presenting to the emergency department: a prospective cross-sectional study. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 2020;19(2):105-110. https://doi.org/10.4274/eajem.galenos.2019.53386
  • World Health Organization [Internet]. Global progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Avaliable from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077.
  • Erbay K, Hizel K, Ozdil T. Importance of Anti-HCV screening before invasive procedures. Klimik J 2019;32(3):229-232. https://doi.org/ 10.5152/kd.2019.67
  • Korten V, Gökengin D, Fincancı M, Yildirmak T, Uzun Kes N, Tasdelen Fisgin N, et al. Outcomes of initial antiretroviral treatment (ART) among recently diagnosed HIV patients in HIV-TR cohort, 2011-2012. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17(4 Suppl 3):19678. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19678.
  • Erdinc FS, Dokuzoguz B, Unal S, Komur S, Inkaya AC, Inan D, et al. Temporal trends in the epidemiology of HIV in Turkey. Curr HIV Res. 2020;18(4):258-266. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X18666200427223823
  • Rewri P, Sharma M, Lohan A, Singh D, Yadav V, Singhal A. Practice pattern of cataract surgeons when operating on seropositive patients. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019; 67(3): 335-339. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1437_18
  • Rewri P, Sharma M, Vats DP, Singhal A. Seroprevalence, risk associations, and cost analysis of screening for viral infections among patients of cataract surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66:394-399. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_726_17
  • Tahir MA, Cheema A, Tareen S. Frequency of Hepatitis-B and C in patients undergoing cataract surgery in a tertiary care Centre. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(4):895-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.314.6771
  • Dahab AA, Youssef MM, Eid HM, Elsadi KW. Reporting the undiagnosed cases of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses among patients undergoing elective eye surgery in a specialized eye hospital in egypt. J Ophthalmol. 2019;3985865. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3985865
  • Onerci Celebi O, Araz Server E, Hamit B, Yigit O. The seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus in patients undergoing septoplasty. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;84(1):34-39. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.10.008
  • Girgin S, Temiz H, Gedik E, Gul K. Preoperative Seroprevalence of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV in general surgery patients. Dicle Med J. 2009;36(4):283-287.
  • Denk A, Ozer Balin S. Seropositivity of HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HIV in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Firat Med J. 2016;21(3):125-128.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018; 69(2): 461-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026
  • Aygen B, Demirtürk N, Türker N, Asan A, Eraksoy H, Gurbuz Y, et al. Management of chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A consensus report of the study group for viral hepatitis of the Turkish society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases-2017 update. Klimik J. 30(1): 2-35 https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2017.12
  • Occupational safety and health administration [Internet]. Enforcement procedures for the occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens [cited 2021 Jul 4]. Available from: https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/directives/CPL_02-02-069.pdf
  • Akazong WE, Tume C, Njouom R, Ayong L, Fondoh V, Kuiate JR. Knowledge, attitude and prevalence of hepatitis B virus among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional, hospital based study in Bamenda Health District, NWR, Cameroon. BMJ Open 2020;10(3):e031075. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031075
  • Korkmaz P, Uyar C, Ozmen A, Toka O. Knowledge and attitude of healthcare workers toward patients with hepatitis C infection. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2016;47(5):935-944.
  • Bayrak B, Keten S, Fincancı M. Attitude of health personnel towards people living with HIV. Klimik J. 2014;27(3):103-108. https://doi.org/10.5152/kd.2014.30
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Original Articles
Yazarlar

Emine Türkoğlu 0000-0003-4418-4692

Şerife Gülhan Konuk 0000-0003-4071-5193

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 18 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Türkoğlu E, Konuk ŞG. Assessment of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus screening results performed before elective eye surgery. mkutfd. 2022;13(47):303-8.