Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Relationship between Electricity Consumption and Income Inequality in Türkiye: Augmented Non-Linear ARDL (ANARDL) Approach

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 292 - 315, 01.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1316142

Öz

In this study, the asymmetric effect of electricity consumption on income inequality is analyzed for Türkiye. The NARDL approach was utilized in the analysis for the period 1987-2021. It is found that there is a long-run relationship between the variables. Furthermore, the augmented ARDL procedure confirms the strength and stability of the relationship. Long-run elasticities show that the inequality-enhancing effect of negative shocks in electricity consumption is greater than the equalizing effect of positive shocks in electricity consumption. According to these results, increasing electricity consumption is a useful tool to reduce income inequality. To this end, it must be ensured that the use of and access to electricity is not interrupted.

Kaynakça

  • Acheampong, A. O., Dzator, J.; Shahbaz, M. (2021), “Empowering the Powerless: Does access to Energy Improve Income Inequality?”, Energy Economics, Vol. 99: 105288.
  • Adom, P. K., Agradi, M.; Vezzulli, A. (2021), “Energy Efficiency-Economic Growth Nexus: What is the Role of Income Inequality?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 310: 127382.
  • Aghaei, M.; Lin-Lawell, C. Y. C. (2022), “Energy, economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in Iran”, The Singapore Economic Review, Vol. 67, No. 02: 733-754.
  • Ahluwalia, M. S. (1976), “Inequality, Poverty and Development”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4: 307-342.
  • Apergis, N. (2015), “Does Renewables Production Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from an International Panel of Countries”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 22, No. 11: 865-868.
  • Arı, A. (2022), “Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 20, S. 02: 236-244.
  • Asongu, S. A.; Odhiambo, N. M. (2021), “Inequality, Finance and Renewable Energy Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 165: 678-688.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M.; Gelan, A. (2008), “Kuznets Inverted-U Hypothesis Revisited: A Time-Series Approach Using US Data”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 15, No. 9: 677-681.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000), “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries”, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 5, No. 1: 5-32.
  • Beaudreau, B. C. (2010), “On the Methodology of Energy-GDP Granger Causality Tests”, Energy, Vol. 35, No. 9: 3535-3539.
  • Becker, G.; Chiswick, B. (1966), “Education and the Distribution of Earnings”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1-2: 358-369.
  • Bhattacharya, H. (2020), “Environmental and Socio-economic Sustainability in India: Evidence from CO2 Emission and Economic Inequality Relationship”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, Vol. 9, No. 1: 57-76.
  • Bisaga, I., Parikh, P., Tomei, J.; To, L. S. (2021), “Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the sustainable development goals: A case study of off-grid solar energy in Rwanda”, Energy Policy, Vol. 149, 112028.
  • Bonnefond, C., Clement, M.; Yan, H. (2021), “Income Inequality and Environmental Quality in China: a Semi-parametric Analysis Applied to Provincial Panel Data”, Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 33, No. 5: 541-565.
  • Bourguignon, F.; Morrisson, C. (1990), “Income Distribution, Development and Foreign Trade”, European Economic Review, Vol. 34, No. 6: 1113–1132.
  • Castelló‐Climent, A.; Doménech, R. (2008), “Human Capital Inequality, Life Expectancy and Economic Growth”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 118, No. 528: 653–677.
  • Churchill, S. A., Ivanovski, K.; Munyanyi, M. E. (2021), “Income Inequality and Renewable Energy Consumption: Time-varying Non-Parametric Evidence”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 296: 126306.
  • Desbordes, R.; Verardi, V. (2012), “Refitting the Kuznets Curve”, Economics Letters, Vol. 116, No. 2: 258-261.
  • Dickey, D. A.; Fuller, W. A. (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, No. 366a: 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A.; Fuller, W. A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, Vol. 49, No. 4: 1057-1072.
  • Dong, K., Dou, Y.; Jiang, Q. (2022), “Income Inequality, Energy Poverty, and Energy Efficiency: Who Cause Who and How?”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 179: 121622.
  • Dong, X. Y.; Hao, Y. (2018), “Would Income Inequality Affect Electricity Consumption? Evidence from China”, Energy, Vol. 142: 215-227.
  • Drabo, A. (2011), “Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?”, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 43, No. 1: 146-165.
  • Enders, W.; Lee, J. (2012), “The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests”, Economics Letters, Vol. 117, No. 1: 196-199.
  • Flegg, A. T. (1982), “Inequality of Income, Illiteracy and Medical Care as Determinants of Infant Mortality in Underdeveloped Countries”, Population Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3: 441–458.
  • Gardezi, M. A.; Chaudhry, I. S. (2022), “Globalization and Energy Consumption: Empirical Implications for Income Inequality in Developing Countries”, Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2: 111-125.
  • Ghosh, S. (2019), “Environmental Pollution, Income Inequality, and Household Energy Consumption: Evidence from the United Kingdom”, Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 02: 1950008.
  • Hao, Y., Chen, H.; Zhang, Q. (2016), “Will Income Inequality Affect Environmental Quality? Analysis Based on China’s Provincial Panel data”, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 67: 533-542.
  • Islam, M. R.; McGillivray, M. (2019), “Wealth Inequality, Governance and Economic Growth”, Economic Modelling. In Press, Corrected Proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.06.017
  • Jayanthi, R. (2021), “The Effect of Electricity Development in Indonesia on Poverty and Income Inequality”, Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, Vol. 22 No.1: 104-116.
  • Khan, F.; Heinecker, P. (2018), “Inequality and Energy: Revisiting the Relationship Between Disparity of Income Distribution and Energy Use from a Complex Systems Perspective”, Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 42: 184-192.
  • Kraft, J.; Kraft, A. (1978), “On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP”, Journal of Energy and Development, Vol. 3: 401-403.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 1: 1-28.
  • Lee, C. C., Xing, W.; Lee, C. C. (2022), “The Impact of Energy Security on Income Inequality: The Key role of Economic Development”, Energy, Vol. 248: 123564.
  • Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y. J.; Qin, C. X. (2020), “How Does Income Inequality Affect Energy Efficiency? Empirical Evidence from 33 Belt and Road Initiative Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 269: 122421.
  • Macinko, J. A., Shi, L.; Starfield, B. (2004), “Wage Inequality, the Health System, and Infant Mortality in Wealthy Industrialized Countries, 1970-1996”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 2: 279-292.
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996), “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 11, No. 6: 601-618.
  • Magnani, E. (2000), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Environmental Protection Policy and Income Distribution”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, No. 3: 431–443.
  • Mincer, J. (1958), “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 66, No. 4: 281-302.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005), “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, Vol. 37, No. 17: 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S.; Prasad, A. (2008), “A Structural VAR Analysis of Electricity Consumption and Real GDP: Evidence from the G7 countries”, Energy Policy, Vol. 36, No. 7: 2765-2769.
  • Nie, H.; Xing, C. (2019), “Education Expansion, Assortative Marriage, and Income Inequality in China”, China Economic Review, Vol. 55: 37-51.
  • Ongo Nkoa, B. E., Tekam Oumbe, H., Ngnouwal Eloundou, G.; Asngar Mamadou, T. (2022), “Impact of Access to Electricity on Internal Conflicts in Africa: Does Income Inequality Matter?”, African Development Review, Vol. 34, No. 3: 395-409.
  • Park, K. H. (2017), “Education, Globalization, and Income Inequality in Asia”, ADBI Working Paper, No. 732, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo.
  • Paukert, F. (1973), “Income Distribution at Different Levels of Development: Survey of Evidence”, International Labour Review, Vol. 108, No. 3: 97-126.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y.; Smith, R. J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No. 3: 289-326.
  • Rambotti, S. (2015), “Recalibrating the Spirit Level: An Analysis of the Interaction of Income Inequality and Poverty and Its Effect on Health”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 139: 123-131.
  • Rodgers, G. B. (1979), “Income and Inequality as Determinants of Mortality: An International Cross-Section Analysis”, Population Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2: 343–351.
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R.; Goh, S. K. (2019), “An Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test for Cointegration”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 80: 130–141.
  • Sarkodie, S. A.; Adams, S. (2020a), “Electricity access and income inequality in South Africa: evidence from Bayesian and NARDL analyses”, Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 29, 100480.
  • Sarkodie, S. A.; Adams, S. (2020b), “Electricity Access, Human Development Index, Governance And Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Energy Reports, Vol. 6: 455-466.
  • Scholl, N.; Klasen, S. (2018), “Re-Estimating the Relationship between Inequality and Growth”, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 71, No. 4: 824-847.
  • Sehrawat, M. (2021), “Modelling the Nexus between Human Capital, Income Inequality, and Energy Demand in India: New Evidences from Asymmetric and Non-linear Analysis”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28, No. 3: 3632-3643.
  • Sharma, R.; Rajpurohit, S. S. (2022), “Nexus between Income Inequality and Consumption of Renewable Energy in India: a Nonlinear Examination”, Econ Change Restruct, Vol. 55: 2337–2358.
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B.; Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014), “Modelling Asymmetric Cointegration and Dynamic Multipliers in a Nonlinear ARDL framework”, Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric Methods and Applications, 281-314.
  • Solt, F. (2020), “Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database”, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 3: 1183-1199. SWIID Version 9.4, November 2022.
  • Sonora, R. J. (2022), “A Panel Analysis of Income Inequality and Energy Use”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 40, No. 1: 83-97.
  • Stockhammer, E. (2017), “Determinants of the Wage Share: A Panel Analysis of Advanced and Developing Economies”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 55, No. 1: 3-33.
  • Tan, Y.; Uprasen, U. (2021), “Carbon Neutrality Potential of the ASEAN-5 countries: Implications from Asymmetric Effects of Income Inequality on Renewable Energy Consumption”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 299: 113635.
  • TEİAŞ, (2023), Türkiye Elektrik Üretim ve İletim İstatistikleri, https://www.teias.gov.tr/turkiye-elektrik-uretim-iletim-istatistikleri (Erişim: 19.03.2023).
  • Topcu, M.; Tugcu, C. T. (2020), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Income Inequality: Evidence from Developed Countries”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 151: 1134-1140.
  • Uzar, U. (2020), “Is Income Inequality a Driver for Renewable Energy Consumption?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 255: 120287.
  • Van der Weide, R.; Milanovic, B. (2018), “Inequality is Bad for Growth of the Poor (But not for that of the Rich)”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 32, No. 3: 507-530.
  • Wilkinson, R. G. (1992), “Income Distribution and Life Expectancy”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 304, No. 6820: 165-168. Wolde-Rufael, Y.; Idowu, S. (2017), “Income Distribution and CO2 Emission: A Comparative Analysis for China and India”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 74: 1336-1345.
  • Wu, S., Li, C. Z.; Wei, C. (2022), “Electricity consumption as a new indicator of inequality”, Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 90, 102677.
  • Xu, Q.; Zhong, M. (2023), “The Impact of Income Inequality on Energy Consumption: The Moderating Role of Digitalization”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 325: 116464.
  • Yang, T., Li, H., Zhang, L.; Chen, T. (2022), “The Impact of City Gas on Income Inequality in China: A Regional Heterogeneity Analysis”, Energy Policy, Vol. 169: 113203.
  • Yang, X., Ramos-Meza, C. S., Shabbir, M. S., Ali, S. A.; Jain, V. (2022), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, CO2 Emissions, Income Inequality, on Economic Growth”, Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 44: 101003.
  • Zhang, Q.; Awaworyi-Churchill, S. A. (2020), “Income Inequality and Subjective Wellbeing: Panel Data Evidence from China”, China Economic Review, Vol. 60: 101392.
  • Zhao, J., Jiang, Q.; Dong, K. (2021), “Income Inequality and Natural Gas Consumption in China: Do Heterogeneous and Threshold Effects Exist?”, Australian Economic Papers, Vol. 60, No. 4: 630-650.

Türkiye’de Elektrik Tüketimi ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Genişletilmiş Doğrusal Olmayan ARDL (ANARDL) Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 292 - 315, 01.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1316142

Öz

Bu çalışmada elektrik tüketiminin gelir eşitsizliği üzerindeki asimetrik etkisi Türkiye özelinde incelenmiştir. 1987-2021 döneminin ele alındığı analizlerde NARDL yaklaşımından faydalanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişkisinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ilişkini sağlamlığı genişletilmiş ARDL prosedürüyle doğrulanmıştır. Uzun dönem esneklikleri elektrik tüketimindeki negatif şokların eşitsizlik arttırıcı etkisinin, elektrik tüketimindeki pozitif şokların eşitleyici etkisinden daha fazla olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre elektrik tüketiminin arttırılması gelir eşitsizliğini azaltmada faydalı bir araç olmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, elektrik kullanımının ve elektriğe erişimin kesintiye uğramaması sağlanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Acheampong, A. O., Dzator, J.; Shahbaz, M. (2021), “Empowering the Powerless: Does access to Energy Improve Income Inequality?”, Energy Economics, Vol. 99: 105288.
  • Adom, P. K., Agradi, M.; Vezzulli, A. (2021), “Energy Efficiency-Economic Growth Nexus: What is the Role of Income Inequality?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 310: 127382.
  • Aghaei, M.; Lin-Lawell, C. Y. C. (2022), “Energy, economic Growth, Inequality, and Poverty in Iran”, The Singapore Economic Review, Vol. 67, No. 02: 733-754.
  • Ahluwalia, M. S. (1976), “Inequality, Poverty and Development”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4: 307-342.
  • Apergis, N. (2015), “Does Renewables Production Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from an International Panel of Countries”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 22, No. 11: 865-868.
  • Arı, A. (2022), “Gelir Eşitsizliği ve Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 20, S. 02: 236-244.
  • Asongu, S. A.; Odhiambo, N. M. (2021), “Inequality, Finance and Renewable Energy Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 165: 678-688.
  • Bahmani-Oskooee, M.; Gelan, A. (2008), “Kuznets Inverted-U Hypothesis Revisited: A Time-Series Approach Using US Data”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 15, No. 9: 677-681.
  • Barro, R. J. (2000), “Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries”, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 5, No. 1: 5-32.
  • Beaudreau, B. C. (2010), “On the Methodology of Energy-GDP Granger Causality Tests”, Energy, Vol. 35, No. 9: 3535-3539.
  • Becker, G.; Chiswick, B. (1966), “Education and the Distribution of Earnings”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 56, No. 1-2: 358-369.
  • Bhattacharya, H. (2020), “Environmental and Socio-economic Sustainability in India: Evidence from CO2 Emission and Economic Inequality Relationship”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, Vol. 9, No. 1: 57-76.
  • Bisaga, I., Parikh, P., Tomei, J.; To, L. S. (2021), “Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the sustainable development goals: A case study of off-grid solar energy in Rwanda”, Energy Policy, Vol. 149, 112028.
  • Bonnefond, C., Clement, M.; Yan, H. (2021), “Income Inequality and Environmental Quality in China: a Semi-parametric Analysis Applied to Provincial Panel Data”, Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 33, No. 5: 541-565.
  • Bourguignon, F.; Morrisson, C. (1990), “Income Distribution, Development and Foreign Trade”, European Economic Review, Vol. 34, No. 6: 1113–1132.
  • Castelló‐Climent, A.; Doménech, R. (2008), “Human Capital Inequality, Life Expectancy and Economic Growth”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 118, No. 528: 653–677.
  • Churchill, S. A., Ivanovski, K.; Munyanyi, M. E. (2021), “Income Inequality and Renewable Energy Consumption: Time-varying Non-Parametric Evidence”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 296: 126306.
  • Desbordes, R.; Verardi, V. (2012), “Refitting the Kuznets Curve”, Economics Letters, Vol. 116, No. 2: 258-261.
  • Dickey, D. A.; Fuller, W. A. (1979), “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 74, No. 366a: 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A.; Fuller, W. A. (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, Vol. 49, No. 4: 1057-1072.
  • Dong, K., Dou, Y.; Jiang, Q. (2022), “Income Inequality, Energy Poverty, and Energy Efficiency: Who Cause Who and How?”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 179: 121622.
  • Dong, X. Y.; Hao, Y. (2018), “Would Income Inequality Affect Electricity Consumption? Evidence from China”, Energy, Vol. 142: 215-227.
  • Drabo, A. (2011), “Impact of Income Inequality on Health: Does Environment Quality Matter?”, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 43, No. 1: 146-165.
  • Enders, W.; Lee, J. (2012), “The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests”, Economics Letters, Vol. 117, No. 1: 196-199.
  • Flegg, A. T. (1982), “Inequality of Income, Illiteracy and Medical Care as Determinants of Infant Mortality in Underdeveloped Countries”, Population Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3: 441–458.
  • Gardezi, M. A.; Chaudhry, I. S. (2022), “Globalization and Energy Consumption: Empirical Implications for Income Inequality in Developing Countries”, Review of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2: 111-125.
  • Ghosh, S. (2019), “Environmental Pollution, Income Inequality, and Household Energy Consumption: Evidence from the United Kingdom”, Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 02: 1950008.
  • Hao, Y., Chen, H.; Zhang, Q. (2016), “Will Income Inequality Affect Environmental Quality? Analysis Based on China’s Provincial Panel data”, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 67: 533-542.
  • Islam, M. R.; McGillivray, M. (2019), “Wealth Inequality, Governance and Economic Growth”, Economic Modelling. In Press, Corrected Proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.06.017
  • Jayanthi, R. (2021), “The Effect of Electricity Development in Indonesia on Poverty and Income Inequality”, Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, Vol. 22 No.1: 104-116.
  • Khan, F.; Heinecker, P. (2018), “Inequality and Energy: Revisiting the Relationship Between Disparity of Income Distribution and Energy Use from a Complex Systems Perspective”, Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 42: 184-192.
  • Kraft, J.; Kraft, A. (1978), “On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP”, Journal of Energy and Development, Vol. 3: 401-403.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955), “Economic Growth and Income Inequality”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 1: 1-28.
  • Lee, C. C., Xing, W.; Lee, C. C. (2022), “The Impact of Energy Security on Income Inequality: The Key role of Economic Development”, Energy, Vol. 248: 123564.
  • Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y. J.; Qin, C. X. (2020), “How Does Income Inequality Affect Energy Efficiency? Empirical Evidence from 33 Belt and Road Initiative Countries”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 269: 122421.
  • Macinko, J. A., Shi, L.; Starfield, B. (2004), “Wage Inequality, the Health System, and Infant Mortality in Wealthy Industrialized Countries, 1970-1996”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 2: 279-292.
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996), “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 11, No. 6: 601-618.
  • Magnani, E. (2000), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve, Environmental Protection Policy and Income Distribution”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 32, No. 3: 431–443.
  • Mincer, J. (1958), “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 66, No. 4: 281-302.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005), “The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests”, Applied Economics, Vol. 37, No. 17: 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S.; Prasad, A. (2008), “A Structural VAR Analysis of Electricity Consumption and Real GDP: Evidence from the G7 countries”, Energy Policy, Vol. 36, No. 7: 2765-2769.
  • Nie, H.; Xing, C. (2019), “Education Expansion, Assortative Marriage, and Income Inequality in China”, China Economic Review, Vol. 55: 37-51.
  • Ongo Nkoa, B. E., Tekam Oumbe, H., Ngnouwal Eloundou, G.; Asngar Mamadou, T. (2022), “Impact of Access to Electricity on Internal Conflicts in Africa: Does Income Inequality Matter?”, African Development Review, Vol. 34, No. 3: 395-409.
  • Park, K. H. (2017), “Education, Globalization, and Income Inequality in Asia”, ADBI Working Paper, No. 732, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo.
  • Paukert, F. (1973), “Income Distribution at Different Levels of Development: Survey of Evidence”, International Labour Review, Vol. 108, No. 3: 97-126.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y.; Smith, R. J. (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No. 3: 289-326.
  • Rambotti, S. (2015), “Recalibrating the Spirit Level: An Analysis of the Interaction of Income Inequality and Poverty and Its Effect on Health”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 139: 123-131.
  • Rodgers, G. B. (1979), “Income and Inequality as Determinants of Mortality: An International Cross-Section Analysis”, Population Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2: 343–351.
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R.; Goh, S. K. (2019), “An Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test for Cointegration”, Economic Modelling, Vol. 80: 130–141.
  • Sarkodie, S. A.; Adams, S. (2020a), “Electricity access and income inequality in South Africa: evidence from Bayesian and NARDL analyses”, Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 29, 100480.
  • Sarkodie, S. A.; Adams, S. (2020b), “Electricity Access, Human Development Index, Governance And Income Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Energy Reports, Vol. 6: 455-466.
  • Scholl, N.; Klasen, S. (2018), “Re-Estimating the Relationship between Inequality and Growth”, Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 71, No. 4: 824-847.
  • Sehrawat, M. (2021), “Modelling the Nexus between Human Capital, Income Inequality, and Energy Demand in India: New Evidences from Asymmetric and Non-linear Analysis”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 28, No. 3: 3632-3643.
  • Sharma, R.; Rajpurohit, S. S. (2022), “Nexus between Income Inequality and Consumption of Renewable Energy in India: a Nonlinear Examination”, Econ Change Restruct, Vol. 55: 2337–2358.
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B.; Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014), “Modelling Asymmetric Cointegration and Dynamic Multipliers in a Nonlinear ARDL framework”, Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt: Econometric Methods and Applications, 281-314.
  • Solt, F. (2020), “Measuring Income Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database”, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 3: 1183-1199. SWIID Version 9.4, November 2022.
  • Sonora, R. J. (2022), “A Panel Analysis of Income Inequality and Energy Use”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 40, No. 1: 83-97.
  • Stockhammer, E. (2017), “Determinants of the Wage Share: A Panel Analysis of Advanced and Developing Economies”, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 55, No. 1: 3-33.
  • Tan, Y.; Uprasen, U. (2021), “Carbon Neutrality Potential of the ASEAN-5 countries: Implications from Asymmetric Effects of Income Inequality on Renewable Energy Consumption”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 299: 113635.
  • TEİAŞ, (2023), Türkiye Elektrik Üretim ve İletim İstatistikleri, https://www.teias.gov.tr/turkiye-elektrik-uretim-iletim-istatistikleri (Erişim: 19.03.2023).
  • Topcu, M.; Tugcu, C. T. (2020), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on Income Inequality: Evidence from Developed Countries”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 151: 1134-1140.
  • Uzar, U. (2020), “Is Income Inequality a Driver for Renewable Energy Consumption?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 255: 120287.
  • Van der Weide, R.; Milanovic, B. (2018), “Inequality is Bad for Growth of the Poor (But not for that of the Rich)”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 32, No. 3: 507-530.
  • Wilkinson, R. G. (1992), “Income Distribution and Life Expectancy”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 304, No. 6820: 165-168. Wolde-Rufael, Y.; Idowu, S. (2017), “Income Distribution and CO2 Emission: A Comparative Analysis for China and India”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 74: 1336-1345.
  • Wu, S., Li, C. Z.; Wei, C. (2022), “Electricity consumption as a new indicator of inequality”, Energy Research & Social Science, Vol. 90, 102677.
  • Xu, Q.; Zhong, M. (2023), “The Impact of Income Inequality on Energy Consumption: The Moderating Role of Digitalization”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 325: 116464.
  • Yang, T., Li, H., Zhang, L.; Chen, T. (2022), “The Impact of City Gas on Income Inequality in China: A Regional Heterogeneity Analysis”, Energy Policy, Vol. 169: 113203.
  • Yang, X., Ramos-Meza, C. S., Shabbir, M. S., Ali, S. A.; Jain, V. (2022), “The Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, CO2 Emissions, Income Inequality, on Economic Growth”, Energy Strategy Reviews, Vol. 44: 101003.
  • Zhang, Q.; Awaworyi-Churchill, S. A. (2020), “Income Inequality and Subjective Wellbeing: Panel Data Evidence from China”, China Economic Review, Vol. 60: 101392.
  • Zhao, J., Jiang, Q.; Dong, K. (2021), “Income Inequality and Natural Gas Consumption in China: Do Heterogeneous and Threshold Effects Exist?”, Australian Economic Papers, Vol. 60, No. 4: 630-650.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kalkınma Ekonomisi - Makro
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Burhan Durgun 0000-0001-7742-6059

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Durgun, B. (2024). Türkiye’de Elektrik Tüketimi ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Genişletilmiş Doğrusal Olmayan ARDL (ANARDL) Yaklaşımı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 292-315. https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.1316142