Araştırma Makalesi
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FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024)

Yıl 2024, Sayı: ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE), 163 - 194, 10.05.2024

Öz

Bu akademik çalışma Filistin’de İslami hareketin siyasallaşması süreci üzerinden Hamas’ın ortaya çıkmasına imkân veren toplumsal, siyasal ve jeopolitik faktörleri incelemektedir. Hamas, 1987 yılında kuruluşunu ilan etmiş olmasına rağmen bu oluşumun üzerinde yükseldiği geniş bir elit havuzu, toplumsal yardımlaşma ağları ve uluslararası dengelerin ivmelendirmesiyle yükselen destekleyici kümesi bulunmaktadır. Hamas esasında Filistin’de kurumsallaşmış Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı’nın yerel ve dinamik bir koludur. Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı üyeleri kuruluşlarından itibaren Hasan El-Benna önderliğinde Filistin’e özel bir önem atfetmişlerdir. Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı 1946 yılında Filistin’de kurumsallaşma sürecini başlatmıştır. Bu süreç Filistin’de İslami hareketin Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı’nın Mısır ve Ürdün şubeleri olmak üzere karşılaştıkları meydan okumalar veya önlerine çıkan fırsat pencerelerinden etkilenmelerine yol açmıştır. Bu sebeple Hamas’ın gelişim süreci Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilatı’nın iç ve dış gelişmelerine bağlı olarak şekillendiği söylenebilir. Hamas’ın bahsedilen faktörlerin yanında İsrail’in 1948 sonrasında işgal ettiği coğrafyada yeşeren İslami Hareket (Kuzey ve Güney kolları) ile etkileşim içerisinde olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.

Bu makalenin temel araştırma konusu Hamas’ın tarihsel ve toplumsal gelişim süreçlerini elitler, kurumlar ve olaylar üzerinden incelemektir. Makalenin temel araştırma soruları şu şekildedir: Hamas’ın ortaya çıkışında ne tür faktörler etkili olmuştur? Hamas’ın toplumsal, siyasal ve jeopolitik kökenleri neler olabilir? Bu soruları cevaplarken metodolojik olarak yapısal faktörlerin baskın rolü göz önüne alınmıştır. Bunlar konjonktürel gelişmelerden etkilenmeyen ve kökleşmiş toplumsal kurumlar, ilişkiler, kültür ve jeopolitik olarak sayılabilir. Öte yandan elitlerin tercihleri ve güncel kriz momentleri ise konjonktüre bağlı faktörler olarak gösterilebilir. Bu iki temel dinamik yani yapısal ve konjonktürel faktörler Hamas’ın gelişim ve oluşum süreçlerinde temel yönlendiriciler olarak makalede işlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

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  • Ahmad Biqawi (Direktör). (2023, Haziran 8). ما خصوصية الحركة الإسلامية في فلسطين؟ مع ساري عرابي | بودكاست تقارب | #86. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI8UF2ePz-c
  • Aktaş, Ü. (2023, Ekim 29). Filistin direnişi ve Hamas. Hikmet Akademisi. https://www.hikmetakademisi.com/Article/554-umit-aktas/filistin-direnisi-ve-hamas
  • Al Arabiya. (2018, Ağustos 17). Israel kills three Palestinians, injures 240 and empty ‘Al Aqsa’ of worshippers. Al Arabiya English. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2018/08/17/Israel-kills-three-Palestinians-injures-240-and-empty-Al-Aqsa-of-worshippers
  • Al Hiwar TV قناة الحوار (Direktör). (2022, Ağustos 1). الشيخ كمال الخطيب | مراجعات | الحركة الإسلامية في الداخل الفلسطيني | الحلقة الثانية. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_CRIluKP1k
  • Al Jazeera. (2004). The life and death of Shaikh Yasin. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/3/24/the-life-and-death-of-shaikh-yasin
  • Al Jazeera (Direktör). (2018, Eylül 18). هل حركة حماس فرع من الاخوان المسلمين. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46WeRsd8hlA
  • Al-Arabiya. (2023, Ekim 19). مقابلة خاصة مع خالد مشعل رئيس المكتب السياسي لحركة حماس في الخارج. العربية. https://l24.im/dZHcwSf
  • Al Jazeera. (2023, Ekim 8). What is Hamas? A simple guide to the armed Palestinian group. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/what-is-the-group-hamas-a-simple-guide-tothe-palestinian-group
  • Aldroubi, M. (2021, Ocak 7). What does the GCC’s Al Ula agreement mean for the region? The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/gcc/what-does-the-gcc-s-al-ula-agreement-mean-for-the-region-1.1142155.
  • Aral, B. (2018). OSLO ‘PEACE PROCESS’ AS A REBUTTAL OF PALESTINIAN SELF-DETERMINATION. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 10(1), Article 1.
  • Aral, B. (2021). Rethinking the Palestinian Problem and ‘The Right Strategy’ for Palestinian Liberation. Insight Turkey, 23(3), 11-26.
  • Atzori, D. (2015). Islamism and Globalisation in Jordan: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Quest for Hegemony. Routledge.
  • Bartal, S. (2015). Jihad in Palestine: Political Islam and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Routledge.
  • Bartal, S. (2021). Ḥamās: The Islamic Resistance Movement. BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004435544_021
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  • Biçakci, S. (2007). The Palestinian parliamentary legislative elections 25 January 2006. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 9(1), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613190701218777
  • Bröning, M. (2013). Political parties in Palestine: Leadership and thought (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
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  • Charrett, C. (2019). The EU, Hamas and the 2006 Palestinian Elections: A Performance in Politics. Routledge.
  • Cohen, H. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Arab Jerusalem: Palestinian Politics and the City Since 1967. Routledge.
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  • Dunning, T. (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine. Routledge.
  • ECF. (2011). ECF - Economic Cooperation Foundation: Cairo Hamas–Fatah Agreement (2011). Economic Cooperation Foundation. https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/1167
  • El-Benna, H. (2023). Müslüman Kardeşler ve Filistin Davası (M. Suyabatmaz, Çev.).
  • Eldeniz, S. (2012). The Relationship between the Egyptian State and the muslim brotherhood from 1952 to 1970 [Master Thesis, Middle East Technical University]. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/21903
  • Fareed, M. M. A. (1973). Al-Fatah, the Palestine National Liberation Movement. [PhD Thesis, Kansas State Teachers College of Emporia]. https://esirc.emporia.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/2579/Fareed%201973.pdf
  • Filiu, J.-P. (2012). The Historical Roots of Hamas in Gaza (1946-1987). Vingtieme Siecle. Revue dhistoire, 115(3), 3-14.
  • Friedland, R., & Hecht, R. (2000). To Rule Jerusalem. University of California Press.
  • Friedrich, R., & Luethold, A. (2007). Entry-points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform. DCAF.
  • Ganim, İ. el-Beyyumi. (2014). Hasan El-Benna’nın Siyasi Düşüncesi. Ekin Yayınları.
  • Gershoni, I. (1986). The Muslim Brothers and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936-39. Middle Eastern Studies, 22(3), 367-397.
  • Ghanem, A., & Mustafa, M. (2014). Explaining Political Islam: The Transformation of Palestinian Islamic Movements. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 41(4), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2014.918800
  • Ḥarūb, K. (2000). Hamas: Political Thought and Practice. Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Hegghammer, T. (2020). The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad. Cambridge University Press.
  • ʻUwaysī, ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad. (1998). The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question, 1928-47. Bloomsbury Academic.
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Politicization of the Islamic Movement in Palestine: HAMAS (1946-2024)

Yıl 2024, Sayı: ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE), 163 - 194, 10.05.2024

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aaronson, D. (2023, Kasım 4). When Israel destroys Hamas, the Abraham Accords will grow stronger. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-771461
  • Abu-Amr, Z. (1994). Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad. Indiana University Press.
  • Ahmad Biqawi (Direktör). (2023, Haziran 8). ما خصوصية الحركة الإسلامية في فلسطين؟ مع ساري عرابي | بودكاست تقارب | #86. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pI8UF2ePz-c
  • Aktaş, Ü. (2023, Ekim 29). Filistin direnişi ve Hamas. Hikmet Akademisi. https://www.hikmetakademisi.com/Article/554-umit-aktas/filistin-direnisi-ve-hamas
  • Al Arabiya. (2018, Ağustos 17). Israel kills three Palestinians, injures 240 and empty ‘Al Aqsa’ of worshippers. Al Arabiya English. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2018/08/17/Israel-kills-three-Palestinians-injures-240-and-empty-Al-Aqsa-of-worshippers
  • Al Hiwar TV قناة الحوار (Direktör). (2022, Ağustos 1). الشيخ كمال الخطيب | مراجعات | الحركة الإسلامية في الداخل الفلسطيني | الحلقة الثانية. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_CRIluKP1k
  • Al Jazeera. (2004). The life and death of Shaikh Yasin. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/3/24/the-life-and-death-of-shaikh-yasin
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  • Al-Arabiya. (2023, Ekim 19). مقابلة خاصة مع خالد مشعل رئيس المكتب السياسي لحركة حماس في الخارج. العربية. https://l24.im/dZHcwSf
  • Al Jazeera. (2023, Ekim 8). What is Hamas? A simple guide to the armed Palestinian group. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/what-is-the-group-hamas-a-simple-guide-tothe-palestinian-group
  • Aldroubi, M. (2021, Ocak 7). What does the GCC’s Al Ula agreement mean for the region? The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/gcc/what-does-the-gcc-s-al-ula-agreement-mean-for-the-region-1.1142155.
  • Aral, B. (2018). OSLO ‘PEACE PROCESS’ AS A REBUTTAL OF PALESTINIAN SELF-DETERMINATION. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 10(1), Article 1.
  • Aral, B. (2021). Rethinking the Palestinian Problem and ‘The Right Strategy’ for Palestinian Liberation. Insight Turkey, 23(3), 11-26.
  • Atzori, D. (2015). Islamism and Globalisation in Jordan: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Quest for Hegemony. Routledge.
  • Bartal, S. (2015). Jihad in Palestine: Political Islam and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Routledge.
  • Bartal, S. (2021). Ḥamās: The Islamic Resistance Movement. BRILL. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004435544_021
  • Bauck, P., & Omer, M. (Ed.). (2013). The Oslo Accords: A Critical Assessment: C. no. 22925/15. The American University in Cairo Press.
  • Biçakci, S. (2007). The Palestinian parliamentary legislative elections 25 January 2006. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 9(1), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613190701218777
  • Bröning, M. (2013). Political parties in Palestine: Leadership and thought (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Caridi, P. (2012). Hamas: From Resistance to Government. Seven Stories Press.
  • Charrett, C. (2019). The EU, Hamas and the 2006 Palestinian Elections: A Performance in Politics. Routledge.
  • Cohen, H. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Arab Jerusalem: Palestinian Politics and the City Since 1967. Routledge.
  • Dazi-Héni, F. (2020). The Gulf States and Israel after the Abraham Accords. Arab Reform Initiative. https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/the-gulf-states-and-israel-after-the-abraham-accords/
  • Dunning, T. (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine. Routledge.
  • ECF. (2011). ECF - Economic Cooperation Foundation: Cairo Hamas–Fatah Agreement (2011). Economic Cooperation Foundation. https://ecf.org.il/issues/issue/1167
  • El-Benna, H. (2023). Müslüman Kardeşler ve Filistin Davası (M. Suyabatmaz, Çev.).
  • Eldeniz, S. (2012). The Relationship between the Egyptian State and the muslim brotherhood from 1952 to 1970 [Master Thesis, Middle East Technical University]. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/21903
  • Fareed, M. M. A. (1973). Al-Fatah, the Palestine National Liberation Movement. [PhD Thesis, Kansas State Teachers College of Emporia]. https://esirc.emporia.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/2579/Fareed%201973.pdf
  • Filiu, J.-P. (2012). The Historical Roots of Hamas in Gaza (1946-1987). Vingtieme Siecle. Revue dhistoire, 115(3), 3-14.
  • Friedland, R., & Hecht, R. (2000). To Rule Jerusalem. University of California Press.
  • Friedrich, R., & Luethold, A. (2007). Entry-points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform. DCAF.
  • Ganim, İ. el-Beyyumi. (2014). Hasan El-Benna’nın Siyasi Düşüncesi. Ekin Yayınları.
  • Gershoni, I. (1986). The Muslim Brothers and the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936-39. Middle Eastern Studies, 22(3), 367-397.
  • Ghanem, A., & Mustafa, M. (2014). Explaining Political Islam: The Transformation of Palestinian Islamic Movements. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 41(4), 335-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2014.918800
  • Ḥarūb, K. (2000). Hamas: Political Thought and Practice. Institute for Palestine Studies.
  • Hegghammer, T. (2020). The Caravan: Abdallah Azzam and the Rise of Global Jihad. Cambridge University Press.
  • ʻUwaysī, ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad. (1998). The Muslim Brothers and the Palestine Question, 1928-47. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Ikhwan Wiki. (2023). (The Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza Strip) الإخوان في قطاع غزة. https://www.ikhwanwiki.com/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9
  • Issa, M. N. (2007). Political Participation of Hamas in the Palestinian Political System Between Ideological Attitude and Political Pragmatism [Master’s thesis]. Birzeit University.
  • Itani, H. (2024, Şubat 2). Hamas must also be held to account after guns fall silent in Gaza. Al Majalla. https://en.majalla.com/node/309766
  • Jacoby, T. A., & Sasley, B. (2002). Redefining Security in the Middle East. Manchester University Press.
  • Jefferis, J. (2016). Hamas: Terrorism, Governance, and Its Future in Middle East Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  • Jewish Virtual Library. (2007). Palestinian Emergency Government (June 2007). https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/palestinian-emergency-government-june-2007
  • Kandil, H. (2014). Inside the Brotherhood. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Khatib, G. (2010). Palestinian Politics and the Middle East Peace Process: Consensus and Competition in the Palestinian Negotiating Team. Routledge.
  • Lea-Henry, J. (2018). The Life and Death of Abdullah Azzam. Middle East Policy, 25(1), 64-79.
  • Legrain, J.-F. (2021). Hamas according to Hamas: A reading of its Document of General Principles. Içinde Routledge Handbook of Political Islam (2. bs, ss. 79-90). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429425165-7
  • Levitt, M. (2008). Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Yale University Press.
  • Litvak, M. (1998). The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas. Middle Eastern Studies, 34(1), 148-163.
  • Mahmoud, K. S. (2004). The Impact of the Islamic Resistance Movement “Hamas” on Political Development in Palestine (West Bank and Gaza Strip) 1987-2004 [Master’s thesis]. Al Najah National University.
  • Mellen, R., & Chen, S. Y. (2023, Ekim 26). See how Israel’s siege has plunged Gaza into darkness and isolation. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/26/gaza-israel-siege-blackout-isolation/
  • Mellor, N. (2017). Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood: Da’wa, Discourse, and Political Communication. Routledge. MEMO. (2023, Aralık 24). Top Fatah leader calls on Turkiye to mediate for unity between PLO, Hamas. Middle East Monitor. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231224-top-fatah-leader-calls-on-turkiye-to-mediate-for-unity-between-plo-hamas/
  • Mishal, S., & Sela, A. (2006). The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence, and Coexistence. Columbia University Press.
  • Nakhoul, S., & Sawafta, A. (2023, Aralık 17). Palestinians must find new path from Israeli rule after war, top official says | Reuters. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinians-must-find-new-path-israeli-rule-after-war-top-official-says-2023-12-17/
  • Nusse, A. (1999). Muslim Palestine: The Ideology of Hamas. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203013359
  • PCPSR. (2024, Ocak 15). ARAB BAROMETER 8 in Palestine | PCPSR. PCPSR. https://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/965
  • Qossay, H. (2023). Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation: The Question of Transformation. IGI Global.
  • Rabasa, A., Waxman, M., Larson, E. V., & Marcum, C. Y. (2004). The Muslim World After 9/11. Rand Corporation.
  • Rakipoğlu, M., & Menderes, K. (2019). Suudi arabistan-İsrail Örtülü İttifakını anlamlandırmak. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 101-132.
  • Roberts, P. (2017). Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Documentary and Reference Guide. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  • Roy, S. (2014). Hamas and civil society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist social sector (With a New afterword by the author). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400848942
  • Rubin, S., & Morris, L. (2023, Ekim 27). How Hamas broke through Israel’s border defenses during Oct. 7 attack—The Washington Post. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/27/hamas-attack-israel-october-7-hostages/
  • Salah, A. M. A. (2017). The Hamas Movement and its political and democratic practice, 1992–2016. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 10(4), 561-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1401739
  • Saleh, M. M. (2014). The Palestinian Issue: Historical Background & Contemporary Developments: القضية الفلسطينية: خلفياتها التاريخية وتطوراتها المعاصرة. مركز الزيتونة للدراسات والاستشارات.
  • Saleh, P. D. M. M. (2023). The Road to Jerusalem: A Historical Study of the Islamic Experience in the Land of Palestine From the Time of the Prophets to the 21st Century. مركز الزيتونة للدراسات والاستشارات.
  • Seurat, L. (2022). The Foreign Policy of Hamas: Ideology, Decision Making and Political Supremacy. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Singh, R. (2013). Hamas and Suicide Terrorism: Multi-causal and Multi-level Approaches. Routledge.
  • Skare, E. (2021a). A History of Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Faith, Awareness, and Revolution in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press.
  • Skare, E. (2021b). Palestinian Islamic Jihad: Islamist Writings on Resistance and Religion. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Staff, T. (2023, Aralık 2). Ra’am’s Abbas urges armed Palestinian factions to disarm, before softening statement. https://www.timesofisrael.com/raams-abbas-urges-armed-palestinian-factions-to-disarm-before-softening-statement/
  • Tamimi, A. (2007). Palestine Question and Islamic Movement: The Ikhwan (Muslim Brotherhood) Roots of Hamas. Kurenai, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.14989/70857
  • Tamimi, A. (2009). Hamas: Unwritten Chapters. Hurst Publishers.
  • The Avalon Project. (2008). The Avalon Project: Hamas Covenant 1988. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp
  • The Economist. (2017, Haziran). How Israel spots lone-wolf attackers. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/international/2017/06/08/how-israel-spots-lone-wolf-attackers
  • The Middle East Eye. (2017). Hamas in 2017: The document in full. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-2017-document-full
  • The Wall Street Journal. (2023, Ekim 16). Palestinian Authority President Criticizes Hamas in Call With Venezuelan Leader. WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-conflict/card/palestinian-authority-president-criticizes-hamas-in-call-with-venezuelan-leader-5xQHo1FcADH7a5AMRcdQ
  • Tuastad, D. H. (2010). The Hudna: Hamas’s Concept of a Long-term Ceasefire [PRIO Policy Brief]. The Peace Research Institute Oslo. https://www.prio.org/publications/7356
  • Wagemakers, J. (2020). The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wilson Center. (2023, Ekim 20). Doctrine of Hamas. Wilson Center. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/doctrine-hamas
  • XinhuaNet. (2018, Ocak 6). Hamas, Islamic Jihad call on PLO to withdraw Israel recognition—Xinhua | English.news.cn. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/06/c_136875191.htm
  • Yaakov, Y. (2014, Mayıs 31). Hamas vows to end West Bank security cooperation with Israel. The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-vows-to-stop-west-bank-security-cooperation-with-israel/
  • Zalzberg, O. (2023, Ekim 16). X’te Ofer Zalzberg: "MK Mansour Abbas, Ra’am chairperson, 16 Oct 23. @mnsorabbas "On Saturday, October 7, we were overcome with astonishment and sorrow in light of the criminal and reprehensible attack that claimed the lives of many– mainly Jews, but also Arab citizens, especially Negev residents. X (formerly Twitter). https://twitter.com/OferZalzberg/status/1713946822178218073
  • Zilber, N., & Al-Omari, G. (2018). State with No Army, Army with No State Evolution of the Palestinian Authority Security Forces, 1994–2018. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/state-no-army-army-no-state-evolution-palestinian-authority-security-forces-1994
  • Zuhur, S. (2008). Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-based Politics. U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE)
Yazarlar

Gökhan Çınkara 0000-0001-8372-8571

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE)

Kaynak Göster

APA Çınkara, G. (2024). FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024). Ombudsman Akademik(ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE), 163-194.
AMA Çınkara G. FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024). OA. Mayıs 2024;(ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE):163-194.
Chicago Çınkara, Gökhan. “FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024)”. Ombudsman Akademik, sy. ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE) (Mayıs 2024): 163-94.
EndNote Çınkara G (01 Mayıs 2024) FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024). Ombudsman Akademik ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE) 163–194.
IEEE G. Çınkara, “FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024)”, OA, sy. ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE), ss. 163–194, Mayıs 2024.
ISNAD Çınkara, Gökhan. “FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024)”. Ombudsman Akademik ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE) (Mayıs 2024), 163-194.
JAMA Çınkara G. FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024). OA. 2024;:163–194.
MLA Çınkara, Gökhan. “FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024)”. Ombudsman Akademik, sy. ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE), 2024, ss. 163-94.
Vancouver Çınkara G. FİLİSTİN’DE İSLAMİ HAREKETİN SİYASALLAŞMASI: HAMAS (1946-2024). OA. 2024(ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE):163-94.