Araştırma Makalesi
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Polonya'nın Tarihi Coğrafyası

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 10 - 32, 21.12.2021

Öz

Tüm bilimler, zaman zaman diğer farklı bilim dallarından yardım alarak ilerlemektedirler. Bu durum tarih ve coğrafya için de geçerli olup, iki bilim dalı arasında sıkı bir ilişki mevcuttur. Yaşanan olayların aktarılmasında, açıklanmasında insan, mekân olgularının önem arz etmesi nedeniyle, söz konusu iki disiplin arasında daima alışveriş gerçekleşmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle tarihin coğrafyasız, coğrafyanın ise tarihin desteği olmadan var olamayacağı açıktır. Zira zaman ve mekân bütünleşmiş kavramlar olup, onları birbirinden soyutlamak mümkün değildir.
Tarih araştırmacılarının, olayları değerlendirirken yanlışlıklara sebep olmamak amacıyla coğrafi koşulları mutlaka göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekmektedir. Çünkü bir ülkenin fiziki koşulları, bitki örtüsü, iklimi, yeraltı ve yerüstü kaynakları o ülke halkını sosyal, ekonomik, dini, siyasi ve kültürel açılardan doğrudan etkilemektedir. Örneğin, bir ülkenin denize kıyısının bulunması ya da Polonya gibi geniş bir nehir ağına sahip olması, ülke nüfusunun yaşam şekline, dolayısıyla da ekonomik ve kültürel yaşamına yansımaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra sahip olunan yeraltı ve yerüstü zenginlikleri, ülkelerin refah seviyesini belirlerken, düşmanlıkların artmasına neden olarak, savaşlara yol açabilmekteydi. Kısaca, coğrafi faktörler sonucunda ortaya çıkan olanak veya olanaksızlıkların, olumlu ya da olumsuz yönlerden tarihi olayları büyük ölçüde etkilediğini ifade edebiliriz.
Ağırlıklı olarak yabancı kaynaklar kullanarak hazırladığımız bu çalışmamızda, Polonya’nın tarihi coğrafyasının yanı sıra bazı önemli tarihi yerleşim birimlerini de ele almaya çalıştık.
All types of sciences progress sometimes by getting help from other different branches of sciences. This is also true for history and geography; there is a close relationship between these two disciplines. Due to the importance of the terms of human, time and place in transferring and explaining the events, there is always an exchange between these two disciplines from this point of view, it is so clear that history can not exist without the support of geography, as does the geography. Because, time and place are integrated concepts and it is not possible to abstract them from each other.
While evaluating the events, historical researchers have to take into account geographical conditions in order not to cause any mistakes. As the physical conditions, vegetations, climate, underground and aboveground resources of a country directly affect the people of it in social, economic, religious, political and cultural aspects. For instance, if a country had a coastline or river network such as Poland, this directly would reflect to the life style of the population of that country and hence to its economical and cultural life. In addition to that, the underground and aboveground wealthness could determine the welfare level of the countries and these possessions could of course cause increasing about the hostilities, thus lead to wars. Briefly, possibilities or impossibilities that emerged as a result of geographical factors have greatly affected historical events, either positively or negatively.
In this study that we mainly prepared using foreign sources, we tried to deal with some important historical Settlement as well as the historical geography of Poland.

Kaynakça

  • -Allen, Debro J. (1957), The Oder-Niesse Line, The United States, Poland and Germany in the Cold War, Nr. 103, Praeger, London.
  • -Barwiński, Marek (2017), “Borderland of Nations, Religions and Cultures-The Case Study of Podlasie”, European Spatial Research and Policy, De Gruyter, Vol.24, No.2, pp.111-125.
  • -Bender, Sara (2008), The Jews of Białystok, During World War II and the Holocaust, Çev. Yaffa Murciano, Brandeis University Press, New England, Hannover.
  • -Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013), Central Europe in the High Middle Ages, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900-c.1300, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
  • -Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2000), The History of Poland, Greenwood Press, United States of America.
  • -Buko, Andrzej (2002), “From the Great Poland to the Little Poland: The Ruling Piast Dynasty and the Processes of Creating the Regions”, Centre, Region, Periphery, Keynote-Lectures to the Conference, Ed. Guido Helmig, Barbara Scholkmann, Matthias Untermann, Vol.1, Sec.1-3, Hertingen, pp. 468-473.
  • -Chowaniec, Czesław (1955), “The First Geographical Map of Bernard Wapowski”, Image Mundi Ltd., pp. 59-64.
  • -Cortés, Carlos E. (2013), Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia.
  • -Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014), Poland, The First Thousand Years, Northern IIIinois University Press, De Kalb, U.S.A.
  • -Davies, Norman (2005), God’s Playground, A History of Poland, Vol.1, The Origins to 1795, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • -Dunette, David A.; Leanen, Antonius (1997), River Quality: Dynamics and Restoratier, Lewis Publishers, Washington D.C.
  • -Encyclopedia Lituanica (1976), Vol.5, Boston. -Encyclopedia of Ukraine (1988), Ed. V. Kubijovyć, Vol.4, WEP, VIII, Toronto.
  • -Encyclopedia of Ukraine (1993), Ed. D. Husar Struk, Vol.5, WEP, XII, Toronto.
  • -Faracik, Robert (2017), “The Historic Town of Sandomierz as a Tourist Destination, De-G., pp. 35-43.
  • -Gajecky, George (1978), The Cossack Administration of the Hetmante, Harvard Ukranian Research Institute, United States of America.
  • -Geographical Association (1932), “Geography”, Vol.17, No.1, pp. 39-45.
  • -”Global Energy Management System Implementation: Case Study” (2010), Clean Energy Ministerial, Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy Transition to Clean Energy Technologies, Ipeec, pp. 1-6.
  • -Górecki, Piotr (2015), “Piast Poland and the Legal Systems of Medieval Europe: A Case Study”, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, pp.5-34. -Hamm, Michael F. (1993), Kiev, A Portrait, 1800-1917, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • -Hrushevsky, Mykhailo (1997), History of Ukraine-Rus’, From Prehistory to the Eleventh Century, Vol. 1, University of Alberta Press.
  • -Iggers, Wilma Abeles (1992), The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia, A Historical Reader, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
  • -Ioffe, Grigory; Silitski, Vitali Jr., (2018), Historical Dictionary of Belarus, Rowman & Littlefield, Third Edition.
  • -Jakle, John A. (1980), “Historical Geography: Focus on the ‘Geographic Past’ and ‘Historical Place’ “, Vol.4, No.2, Forest History Society; American Society for Environmental History, Oxford University Press, pp. 2-5.
  • -Johnson, Lonnie (1996), Central Europe, Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • -Kastrowicki, Jerzy (1956), “Geography in Poland Since the War”, The Geographical Journal, Vol.122, No.4, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geograpers), pp. 441-450.
  • -Krengel, Fabian; Bernhofer, Christian; Chalov, Sergey (2018), “Challenges for Transboundary River Management in Eastern Europe-Three Case Studies”, Die Erde, Journal of Geographical Society of Berlin, Vol.149, No.2-3, pp.157-172.
  • -Krzywicki, Tomasz (2006), Szlakiem Adama Mickiewicza po Nowogródczyżnie, Wilnie i Kownie, Przewodnik, Oficyna Wydawnicza “Rewasz”, Pruszków.
  • -Labuda, G. (1960), “Slavs in Early Mediaeval Pomerania and Their Relations with the Scandinavians in the IX.and X.centuries”, Poland at the XI.International Congress of Historical Sciences in Stockholm, Warsaw, pp. 98-135. -Lempriere, D. D. (1826), A Classical Dictionary, A&R Spottiswoode, London.
  • -Lerski, George J., (1996), Historical Dictionary of Poland (966-1945), Greenwood Publishing Group, Ed. Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, London.
  • -Leśniewska, Katarzyna; Barwiński, Marek (2011), “Vilnius Region as a Historical Region”, Region and Regionalism, No.10, Łódź, pp. 91-104.
  • -Merkl, Peter H. (2012), Small Town & Village in Bavaria, The Passing of All Way of Life, Bergahann Books, United States of America.
  • -Mińsk”, (ty), Shoah Resource Center, The International Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, pp. 1-2.
  • -Nagel’s Encyclopedia-Guide (1989), Nagel Publishers, Paris.
  • -Pawłowski, Stanisław (1930), Geografia Polski, Z Drukarni Zakł. Nar. Im. Ossolińskich pod Zarządem, Karola Jasińskiego, Lwów.
  • -Penn, James & Allen, Larry (2001), Rivers of the World, A Social, Geographical and Environmental Sourcebook, ABC CLIO, California.
  • -Pounds, N. J., (1990), An Historical Geography of Europe, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • -Ptolemy, Claudius (1991), Claudius Ptolemy The Geography, Çev & Ed. Edward Luther Stevenson, Dover Publications, New York.
  • -Ring, Trudy & Watson, Noelle & Schellinger, Paul (2012), Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, New York.
  • -Togan, Zeki Velidi (1985), Tarihte Usul, Enderun Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • -Trzeciak, Przemysław (1972), Across Poland, Interpress Publishing University of California, United States of America.
  • -The Ukrainian Quarterly (1949), Vol.5, Ukrainian Congress Committee of America.
  • -Vlasovs’kyi, Ivan (1956), Outline History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church: The Baptism of Ukraine to the Union of Berestye (988-1596), Ukrainian Orthodox Church of U.S.A.
  • -Verwijmeren, Joris; Wiering, Mark (2007), Many Rivers to Cross, Cross Border Co-operation in River Management, Eburon Delft, Amsterdam.
  • -Voipio, Aarno (1981), The Baltic Sea, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Istitute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, NewYork.
  • -Wadyl, Sławomir (2013), “The Sacred Sphere of Prussian Life in the Early Middle Ages”, Archaeology, Medieval History Ritual, Baltic Sea Region Studies, Toruń, pp.39-58.
  • -Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe (2004), Ed. Timothy L. Gail, Vol.5, Thomson Gale, United States of America.
  • - Żieliński, Mateusz; Dopieralska, Jolanta; Belka, Zdizław; Walczak, Aleksandra; Siepak, Marcin; Jakubowicz, Michał (2017), “The Strontium Isotope Budget of the Warta River (Poland): Between Silicate and Carbonate Weathering, and Anthropogenic Pressure, Elsevier, Applied Geochemistry81, pp. 1-11.
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 10 - 32, 21.12.2021

Öz

Kaynakça

  • -Allen, Debro J. (1957), The Oder-Niesse Line, The United States, Poland and Germany in the Cold War, Nr. 103, Praeger, London.
  • -Barwiński, Marek (2017), “Borderland of Nations, Religions and Cultures-The Case Study of Podlasie”, European Spatial Research and Policy, De Gruyter, Vol.24, No.2, pp.111-125.
  • -Bender, Sara (2008), The Jews of Białystok, During World War II and the Holocaust, Çev. Yaffa Murciano, Brandeis University Press, New England, Hannover.
  • -Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013), Central Europe in the High Middle Ages, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900-c.1300, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
  • -Biskupski, Mieczysław B. (2000), The History of Poland, Greenwood Press, United States of America.
  • -Buko, Andrzej (2002), “From the Great Poland to the Little Poland: The Ruling Piast Dynasty and the Processes of Creating the Regions”, Centre, Region, Periphery, Keynote-Lectures to the Conference, Ed. Guido Helmig, Barbara Scholkmann, Matthias Untermann, Vol.1, Sec.1-3, Hertingen, pp. 468-473.
  • -Chowaniec, Czesław (1955), “The First Geographical Map of Bernard Wapowski”, Image Mundi Ltd., pp. 59-64.
  • -Cortés, Carlos E. (2013), Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia.
  • -Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014), Poland, The First Thousand Years, Northern IIIinois University Press, De Kalb, U.S.A.
  • -Davies, Norman (2005), God’s Playground, A History of Poland, Vol.1, The Origins to 1795, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • -Dunette, David A.; Leanen, Antonius (1997), River Quality: Dynamics and Restoratier, Lewis Publishers, Washington D.C.
  • -Encyclopedia Lituanica (1976), Vol.5, Boston. -Encyclopedia of Ukraine (1988), Ed. V. Kubijovyć, Vol.4, WEP, VIII, Toronto.
  • -Encyclopedia of Ukraine (1993), Ed. D. Husar Struk, Vol.5, WEP, XII, Toronto.
  • -Faracik, Robert (2017), “The Historic Town of Sandomierz as a Tourist Destination, De-G., pp. 35-43.
  • -Gajecky, George (1978), The Cossack Administration of the Hetmante, Harvard Ukranian Research Institute, United States of America.
  • -Geographical Association (1932), “Geography”, Vol.17, No.1, pp. 39-45.
  • -”Global Energy Management System Implementation: Case Study” (2010), Clean Energy Ministerial, Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy Transition to Clean Energy Technologies, Ipeec, pp. 1-6.
  • -Górecki, Piotr (2015), “Piast Poland and the Legal Systems of Medieval Europe: A Case Study”, Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, pp.5-34. -Hamm, Michael F. (1993), Kiev, A Portrait, 1800-1917, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
  • -Hrushevsky, Mykhailo (1997), History of Ukraine-Rus’, From Prehistory to the Eleventh Century, Vol. 1, University of Alberta Press.
  • -Iggers, Wilma Abeles (1992), The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia, A Historical Reader, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
  • -Ioffe, Grigory; Silitski, Vitali Jr., (2018), Historical Dictionary of Belarus, Rowman & Littlefield, Third Edition.
  • -Jakle, John A. (1980), “Historical Geography: Focus on the ‘Geographic Past’ and ‘Historical Place’ “, Vol.4, No.2, Forest History Society; American Society for Environmental History, Oxford University Press, pp. 2-5.
  • -Johnson, Lonnie (1996), Central Europe, Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • -Kastrowicki, Jerzy (1956), “Geography in Poland Since the War”, The Geographical Journal, Vol.122, No.4, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geograpers), pp. 441-450.
  • -Krengel, Fabian; Bernhofer, Christian; Chalov, Sergey (2018), “Challenges for Transboundary River Management in Eastern Europe-Three Case Studies”, Die Erde, Journal of Geographical Society of Berlin, Vol.149, No.2-3, pp.157-172.
  • -Krzywicki, Tomasz (2006), Szlakiem Adama Mickiewicza po Nowogródczyżnie, Wilnie i Kownie, Przewodnik, Oficyna Wydawnicza “Rewasz”, Pruszków.
  • -Labuda, G. (1960), “Slavs in Early Mediaeval Pomerania and Their Relations with the Scandinavians in the IX.and X.centuries”, Poland at the XI.International Congress of Historical Sciences in Stockholm, Warsaw, pp. 98-135. -Lempriere, D. D. (1826), A Classical Dictionary, A&R Spottiswoode, London.
  • -Lerski, George J., (1996), Historical Dictionary of Poland (966-1945), Greenwood Publishing Group, Ed. Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, London.
  • -Leśniewska, Katarzyna; Barwiński, Marek (2011), “Vilnius Region as a Historical Region”, Region and Regionalism, No.10, Łódź, pp. 91-104.
  • -Merkl, Peter H. (2012), Small Town & Village in Bavaria, The Passing of All Way of Life, Bergahann Books, United States of America.
  • -Mińsk”, (ty), Shoah Resource Center, The International Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem, pp. 1-2.
  • -Nagel’s Encyclopedia-Guide (1989), Nagel Publishers, Paris.
  • -Pawłowski, Stanisław (1930), Geografia Polski, Z Drukarni Zakł. Nar. Im. Ossolińskich pod Zarządem, Karola Jasińskiego, Lwów.
  • -Penn, James & Allen, Larry (2001), Rivers of the World, A Social, Geographical and Environmental Sourcebook, ABC CLIO, California.
  • -Pounds, N. J., (1990), An Historical Geography of Europe, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • -Ptolemy, Claudius (1991), Claudius Ptolemy The Geography, Çev & Ed. Edward Luther Stevenson, Dover Publications, New York.
  • -Ring, Trudy & Watson, Noelle & Schellinger, Paul (2012), Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, New York.
  • -Togan, Zeki Velidi (1985), Tarihte Usul, Enderun Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • -Trzeciak, Przemysław (1972), Across Poland, Interpress Publishing University of California, United States of America.
  • -The Ukrainian Quarterly (1949), Vol.5, Ukrainian Congress Committee of America.
  • -Vlasovs’kyi, Ivan (1956), Outline History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church: The Baptism of Ukraine to the Union of Berestye (988-1596), Ukrainian Orthodox Church of U.S.A.
  • -Verwijmeren, Joris; Wiering, Mark (2007), Many Rivers to Cross, Cross Border Co-operation in River Management, Eburon Delft, Amsterdam.
  • -Voipio, Aarno (1981), The Baltic Sea, Elsevier Oceanography Series, Istitute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, NewYork.
  • -Wadyl, Sławomir (2013), “The Sacred Sphere of Prussian Life in the Early Middle Ages”, Archaeology, Medieval History Ritual, Baltic Sea Region Studies, Toruń, pp.39-58.
  • -Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, Europe (2004), Ed. Timothy L. Gail, Vol.5, Thomson Gale, United States of America.
  • - Żieliński, Mateusz; Dopieralska, Jolanta; Belka, Zdizław; Walczak, Aleksandra; Siepak, Marcin; Jakubowicz, Michał (2017), “The Strontium Isotope Budget of the Warta River (Poland): Between Silicate and Carbonate Weathering, and Anthropogenic Pressure, Elsevier, Applied Geochemistry81, pp. 1-11.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abdulhalik Bakır 0000-0002-4436-5322

Ebru Emine Oğuz 0000-0002-1653-3325

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bakır, A., & Oğuz, E. E. (2021). Polonya’nın Tarihi Coğrafyası. Oğuz-Türkmen Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 10-32.