Araştırma Makalesi
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TÜRKİYE’DE CİNSİYET ROLLERİ, DİN, VE EŞCİNSELLİK VE EVLİLİK ÖNCESİ CİNSEL İLİŞKİYE KARŞI TUTUMLAR

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 52, 253 - 268, 25.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1019296

Öz

Daha önce yapılmış çalışmalar, geleneksel cinsiyet inançlarının ve dindarlığın batı toplumlarında liberal cinsiyet ilişkiler üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, 2011 Dünya Değer Araştırmasından (World Value Survey) (N=1,605) elde edilen verileri kullanarak, Türkiye’de geleneksel cinsiyet inançlarının ve dini faktörlerin bireylerin eşcinselliğe ve evlilik öncesi ilişkilere yönelik tutumlar üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Bunun için daha önce yapılmış çalışmalar ve teorilere dayandırarak çeşitli hipotezler oluşturulmuştur. Regresyon analiz modellerinden elde edilen sonuçlar hem geleneksel cinsiyet inançlarının hem de dindarlığı belirleyen faktörlerin Türkiye’de eşcinselliğe ve evlilik öncesi ilişkilere yönelik negatif tutumları arttırdığını göstermektedir. Dahası, özellikle geleneksel cinsiyet rolleri liberal cinsel ilişkilere yönelik muhafazakâr tutumların en güçlü faktörü olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçları ve teorik çıkarımları gelecekteki daha kapsamlı çalışmalar için tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

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  • Arat, Y. (2008). Religion, politics and gender equality in Turkey: implications of democratic paradox? Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 869-884. doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2010.502712
  • Acevedo, G. A., Christopher G. E., & Yilmaz, M. (2015). Religion and child-rearing values in Turkey. Journal of Family Issues, 36(12), 1595–1623. doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13504921
  • Adamczyk, A., & Hayes B. E. (2012). Religion and sexual behaviors: Understanding the influence of Islamic cultures and religious affiliation for explaining sex outside of marriage. American Sociological Review, 77(5), 723-746. doi.org/10.1177/0003122412458672
  • Barringer, M. N., Gay, D. A., & Lynxwiler, J. P. (2013). Gender, religiosity, spirituality, and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sociological Spectrum, 33(3), 240-257. doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2013.732903
  • Bello, A. H. (2011). The punishment for adultery in Islamic law and its application in Nigeria. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 13(2-3), 166-182. doi.org/10.1080/1528817x.2012.733132
  • Cannon, K. L., & Long, R. (1971). Premarital sexual behavior in the sixties. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 33(1), 36-49. doi.org/10.2307/350156
  • Chadee, D., Joseph, C., Peters, C., Sankar, V. S., Nair, N., & Philip, J. (2013). Religiosity, and attitudes towards homosexuals in a Caribbean environment. Social and Economic Studies, 62(1), 1-28.
  • Cochran, J. K., & Beeghley, L. (1991). The influence of religion on attitudes toward nonmarital sexuality: A preliminary assessment of reference group theory. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(1), 45-62. doi.org/10.2307/1387148
  • Cochran, J. K., Chamlin, M. B., Beeghley, L., & Fenwick, M. (2004). Religion, religiosity, and nonmarital sexual conduct: An application of reference group theory. Sociological Inquiry, 74(1), 70-101. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2004.00081.x
  • Cotten-Huston, A. L., & Waite, B. M. (1999). Anti-homosexual attitudes in college students: Predictors and classroom interventions. Journal of homosexuality, 38(3), 117-133. doi.org/10.1300/J082v38n03_07
  • Davies, M. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes toward gay men: Sexism, male role norms, and male sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 259-266. doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552233
  • DeLamater, J. (1981). The social control of sexuality. Annual Review of Sociology, 7(1), 263-290. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.07.080181.001403
  • Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94(3), 369. doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.369
  • Diamond, M. (2002). Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 7(3), 320-334. doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003002
  • Duck, R. J., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). Religious orientation and prejudice: The role of religious proscription, right-wing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(3), 157-179. doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_1
  • Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 735. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
  • Engin, C., & Pals, H. (2018). Patriarchal attitudes in Turkey 1990–2011: The influence of religion and political conservatism. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(3), 383-409. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx021
  • Ergun, M. A. (2007). Social determinants of attitudes towards women’s premarital sexuality among female Turkish university students. Sexuality and Culture, 11(3), 1-10. doi.org/10.1007/s12119-007-9005-7
  • Finlay, B., & Walther, C. S. (2003). The relation of religious affiliation, service attendance, and other factors to homophobic attitudes among university students. Review of Religious Research, 44(4), 370–93. doi.org/10.2307/3512216
  • Harding, D. J., & Jencks, C. (2003). Changing attitudes toward premarital sex: Cohort, period, and aging effects. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(2), 211-226.
  • Harbaugh, E., & Lindsey, E. W. (2015). Attitudes toward homosexuality among young adults: Connections to gender role identity, gender-typed activities, and religiosity. Journal of homosexuality, 62(8), 1098 -1125. doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1021635
  • Herek, G. M. (1986). On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality. American behavioral scientist, 29(5), 563-577.doi.org/10.1177/000276486029005005
  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of sex research, 25(4), 451-477. doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551476
  • Herek, G. M. (1992). Psychological heterosexism and anti-gay violence: The social psychology of bigotry and bashing. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 149–169). New York: Sage Publications.
  • Herek, G. M. (2009). Sexual stigma and sexual prejudice in the United States: A conceptual framework. In Debra A. Hope (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities (pp. 65-111). New York: Springer.
  • Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of social issues, 61(4), 807-826. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00433.x
  • Jackson, L. A., & Cash, T. F. (1985). Components of gender stereotypes: Their implications for inferences on stereotypic and nonstereotypic dimensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11(3), 326-344. doi.org/10.1177/0146167285113008
  • Jäckle, S., & Wenzelburger, G. (2015). Religion, religiosity, and the attitudes toward homosexuality—A multilevel analysis of 79 countries. Journal of homosexuality, 62(2), 207-241. doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.969071
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  • Jung, J. H. (2016). A cross-national analysis of religion and attitudes toward premarital sex: Do economic contexts matter?. Sociological Perspectives, 59(4), 798-817.doi.org/10.1177/0731121415595428
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GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 52, 253 - 268, 25.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1019296

Öz

Previous studies have indicated that traditional gender beliefs and religiosity have a negative impact on liberal sexual relations in Western societies. The present research utilized data from the 2011 World Value Survey (WVS) of Turkey (N=1,605) to examine the relationship between traditional gender roles, religion, and attitudes toward homosexuality and pre-marital sex, representatives of liberal sexual morality. Guided by a theoretical framework that synthesizes traditional gender roles and religious perspectives, several hypotheses were created and tested. Results from logistic regression models reveal that even though both the gender roles and religiosity are significant factors that play an important role in negative attitudes toward homosexuality and pre-marital sex in Turkey, traditional gender roles seem to be the strongest factor of conservative attitudes toward sexual relations. The theoretical implications of the current research were discussed for future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Alden, H. L., & Karen F. Parker. (2005). Gender role ideology, homophobia and hate crime: Linking attitudes to macro-level anti-gay and lesbian hate crimes. Deviant behavior, 26(4), 321- 343. doi.org/10.1080/016396290931614
  • Arat, Y. (2008). Religion, politics and gender equality in Turkey: implications of democratic paradox? Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 869-884. doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2010.502712
  • Acevedo, G. A., Christopher G. E., & Yilmaz, M. (2015). Religion and child-rearing values in Turkey. Journal of Family Issues, 36(12), 1595–1623. doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13504921
  • Adamczyk, A., & Hayes B. E. (2012). Religion and sexual behaviors: Understanding the influence of Islamic cultures and religious affiliation for explaining sex outside of marriage. American Sociological Review, 77(5), 723-746. doi.org/10.1177/0003122412458672
  • Barringer, M. N., Gay, D. A., & Lynxwiler, J. P. (2013). Gender, religiosity, spirituality, and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sociological Spectrum, 33(3), 240-257. doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2013.732903
  • Bello, A. H. (2011). The punishment for adultery in Islamic law and its application in Nigeria. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 13(2-3), 166-182. doi.org/10.1080/1528817x.2012.733132
  • Cannon, K. L., & Long, R. (1971). Premarital sexual behavior in the sixties. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 33(1), 36-49. doi.org/10.2307/350156
  • Chadee, D., Joseph, C., Peters, C., Sankar, V. S., Nair, N., & Philip, J. (2013). Religiosity, and attitudes towards homosexuals in a Caribbean environment. Social and Economic Studies, 62(1), 1-28.
  • Cochran, J. K., & Beeghley, L. (1991). The influence of religion on attitudes toward nonmarital sexuality: A preliminary assessment of reference group theory. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(1), 45-62. doi.org/10.2307/1387148
  • Cochran, J. K., Chamlin, M. B., Beeghley, L., & Fenwick, M. (2004). Religion, religiosity, and nonmarital sexual conduct: An application of reference group theory. Sociological Inquiry, 74(1), 70-101. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2004.00081.x
  • Cotten-Huston, A. L., & Waite, B. M. (1999). Anti-homosexual attitudes in college students: Predictors and classroom interventions. Journal of homosexuality, 38(3), 117-133. doi.org/10.1300/J082v38n03_07
  • Davies, M. (2004). Correlates of negative attitudes toward gay men: Sexism, male role norms, and male sexuality. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 259-266. doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552233
  • DeLamater, J. (1981). The social control of sexuality. Annual Review of Sociology, 7(1), 263-290. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.07.080181.001403
  • Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting gender into context: An interactive model of gender-related behavior. Psychological Review, 94(3), 369. doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.369
  • Diamond, M. (2002). Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 7(3), 320-334. doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003002
  • Duck, R. J., & Hunsberger, B. (1999). Religious orientation and prejudice: The role of religious proscription, right-wing. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 9(3), 157-179. doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0903_1
  • Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(4), 735. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735
  • Engin, C., & Pals, H. (2018). Patriarchal attitudes in Turkey 1990–2011: The influence of religion and political conservatism. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 25(3), 383-409. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx021
  • Ergun, M. A. (2007). Social determinants of attitudes towards women’s premarital sexuality among female Turkish university students. Sexuality and Culture, 11(3), 1-10. doi.org/10.1007/s12119-007-9005-7
  • Finlay, B., & Walther, C. S. (2003). The relation of religious affiliation, service attendance, and other factors to homophobic attitudes among university students. Review of Religious Research, 44(4), 370–93. doi.org/10.2307/3512216
  • Harding, D. J., & Jencks, C. (2003). Changing attitudes toward premarital sex: Cohort, period, and aging effects. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(2), 211-226.
  • Harbaugh, E., & Lindsey, E. W. (2015). Attitudes toward homosexuality among young adults: Connections to gender role identity, gender-typed activities, and religiosity. Journal of homosexuality, 62(8), 1098 -1125. doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1021635
  • Herek, G. M. (1986). On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality. American behavioral scientist, 29(5), 563-577.doi.org/10.1177/000276486029005005
  • Herek, G. M. (1988). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of sex research, 25(4), 451-477. doi.org/10.1080/00224498809551476
  • Herek, G. M. (1992). Psychological heterosexism and anti-gay violence: The social psychology of bigotry and bashing. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 149–169). New York: Sage Publications.
  • Herek, G. M. (2009). Sexual stigma and sexual prejudice in the United States: A conceptual framework. In Debra A. Hope (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities (pp. 65-111). New York: Springer.
  • Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of social issues, 61(4), 807-826. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00433.x
  • Jackson, L. A., & Cash, T. F. (1985). Components of gender stereotypes: Their implications for inferences on stereotypic and nonstereotypic dimensions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11(3), 326-344. doi.org/10.1177/0146167285113008
  • Jäckle, S., & Wenzelburger, G. (2015). Religion, religiosity, and the attitudes toward homosexuality—A multilevel analysis of 79 countries. Journal of homosexuality, 62(2), 207-241. doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.969071
  • Ichwan, J. (2014). The Influence of Religion on the Development of Heterosexism in Indonesia. Religion e incidencia publica, 2(1), 192-223. Ilkkaracan, P. (2001). Islam and women’s sexuality: A research report from Turkey. In M. Hunt, P. B. Jung and R. Balakrishnan (Eds.), Good sex: Feminist perspectives from the world’s religions (pp.1-11). New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
  • Islamweb. (2019). Fornication and adultery: Major sins in Islam. Accessed December 1 2020 https://www.islamweb.org/en/article/186409/fornication-and-adultery-major-sins-in-islam
  • Jung, J. H. (2016). A cross-national analysis of religion and attitudes toward premarital sex: Do economic contexts matter?. Sociological Perspectives, 59(4), 798-817.doi.org/10.1177/0731121415595428
  • Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. (1987). Gender belief systems: Homosexuality and the implicit inversion theory. Psychology of women quarterly, 11(1), 83-96. doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00776.x
  • Kite, M. E., & Whitley Jr, B. E. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights a meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 336-353. doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224002
  • Laner, M. R., & Laner, R. H. (1980). Sexual preference or personal style? Why lesbians are disliked. Journal of homosexuality, 5(4), 339-356. doi.org/10.1300/J082v05n04_01
  • Lefkowitz, E. S., Shearer, C. L., Gillen, M. M., & Espinosa-Hernandez, G. (2014). How gendered attitudes relate to women’s and men’s sexual behaviors and beliefs. Sexuality & Culture, 18(4), 833-846. doi.org/10.1007/s12119-014-9225-6
  • Maher, M. J. (2013). Homophobic Bullying in Catholic High Schools: Five US Studies in Heterosexism, Authority, Masculinity, and Religion. In Z. Gross, L. Davies, A. Diab (Eds.), Gender, Religion and Education in a Chaotic Postmodern World (pp. 271–84). New York: Springer.
  • McCreary, D. R. (1994). The Male Role and Avoiding Femininity. Sex Roles, 31(10), 517–531Ç doi:10.1007/BF01544277.
  • MacDonald, A. P., Huggins J., Young S., & Swanson R. A. (1973). Attitudes toward homosexuality: Preservation of sex morality or the double standard? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40(1), 161. doi.org/10.1037/h0033943
  • MacDonald, Jr, A. Po, & Games R. G. (1974). Some characteristics of those who hold positive and negative attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 1(1), 9-27. doi.org/10.1300/J082v01n01_02
  • Newman, B. S. (1989). The relative importance of gender role attitudes to male and female attitudes toward lesbians. Sex Roles, 21(7-8), 451-465.
  • Oksal, A. (2008). Turkish family members’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles, 58(1), 514–525. doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9370-6
  • Parla, A. (2001). The “honor" of the state: Virginity examinations in Turkey. Feminist studies, 27(1), 65-88. doi.org/10.2307/3178449
  • Petersen, L. R., & Donnenwerth G. V. (1998). Religion and declining support for traditional beliefs about gender roles and homosexual rights. Sociology of Religion, 59(4), 353-371. doi.org/10.2307/3712122
  • Reiss, I. L. (1964). The scaling of premarital sexual permissiveness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 26(2), 188-198. doi.org/10.2307/349726
  • Reiss, I. L. (2001). Sexual attitudes and behavior. In N. J. Smelser & B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 21-13969). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Roggemans, L., Spruyt, B., Droogenbroeck, F. V., & Keppens, G. (2015). Religion and negative attitudes towards homosexuals: An analysis of urban young people and their attitudes towards homosexuality. Young, 23(3), 254-276. doi.org/10.1177/1103308815586903
  • Sakalli, N. (2002). The relationship between sexism and attitudes toward homosexuality in a sample of Turkish college students. Journal of homosexuality, 42(3), 53-64.doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n03_04
  • Sakalli, N., & Ugurlu, O. (2002). Effects of social contact with homosexuals on heterosexual Turkish university students' attitudes towards homosexuality. Journal of homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62. doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01_03
  • Sakalli‐Uğurlu, N., & Glick, P. (2003). Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward women who engage in premarital sex in Turkey. Journal of Sex Research, 40(3), 296-302. doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552194
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  • Sprecher, S., Treger, S., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2013). Premarital sexual standards and sociosexuality: Gender, ethnicity, and cohort differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(8), 1395-1405. doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0145-6
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  • Whitehead, A. L. (2010). Sacred rites and civil rights: Religion's effect on attitudes toward same‐sex unions and the perceived cause of homosexuality. Social science quarterly, 91(1), 63-79. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00681.x
  • Whitley, B. E., & Ægisdóttir, S. (2000). The gender belief system, authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles, 42(11), 947-967. doi.org/10.1023/A:1007026016001
  • Whitley, B. E. 2001. Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex roles, 45(11), 691-721. doi.org/10.1023/A:1015640318045
  • Whitley Jr, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21-38. doi.org/10.1080/10508610802471104
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  • Wight, D. (2014). Premarital Sex, Young People’s. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5036–5039. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3413
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  • Zhou, X. (1989). Virginity and premarital sex in contemporary China. Feminist Studies, 15(2), 279-288. doi.org/10.2307/3177788
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nuray Karaman 0000-0002-9517-0277

Rezzan Alagöz 0000-0002-7643-648X

Ahmet Fidan 0000-0002-8992-6875

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Eylül 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 18 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 52

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaman, N., Alagöz, R., & Fidan, A. (2022). GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(52), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1019296
AMA Karaman N, Alagöz R, Fidan A. GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY. PAUSBED. Eylül 2022;(52):253-268. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1019296
Chicago Karaman, Nuray, Rezzan Alagöz, ve Ahmet Fidan. “GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 52 (Eylül 2022): 253-68. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1019296.
EndNote Karaman N, Alagöz R, Fidan A (01 Eylül 2022) GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 52 253–268.
IEEE N. Karaman, R. Alagöz, ve A. Fidan, “GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY”, PAUSBED, sy. 52, ss. 253–268, Eylül 2022, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1019296.
ISNAD Karaman, Nuray vd. “GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 52 (Eylül 2022), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1019296.
JAMA Karaman N, Alagöz R, Fidan A. GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY. PAUSBED. 2022;:253–268.
MLA Karaman, Nuray vd. “GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 52, 2022, ss. 253-68, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1019296.
Vancouver Karaman N, Alagöz R, Fidan A. GENDER ROLES, RELIGION, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS HOMOSEXUALITY AND PREMARITAL SEX IN TURKEY. PAUSBED. 2022(52):253-68.