Araştırma Makalesi
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Covid-19 Pandemisinin İlk Ayı Sonrası Lisans ve Lisansüstü Öğrencilerde Akut Stresle İlişkili Faktörler: Kaygı Duyarlılığı, Covid-19 Korkusu, Cinsiyet

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 171 - 181, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1228490

Öz

Hayatı tehdit eden her olayda olduğu gibi Covid-19 pandemisi de insanlarda korku ve endişe gibi duygusal tepkiler oluşmasına neden olmuştur. İnsanların salgına karşı duygusal tepkilerini anlamak, ruh sağlığı sonuçlarını anlamak için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, akut stres bozukluğu belirtileri, kaygı duyarlılığı ve koronavirüs korkusu arasındaki ilişkileri araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaca yönelik veriler, 18-55 yaş arası üniversite öğrencilerinden çevrimiçi araştırma formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Veriler 23 Nisan 2020 ile 29 Mayıs 2020 arasında toplanmıştır. Toplamda 739 katılımcıdan elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda, katılımcıların %67,9'unun orta ile aşırı düzey arasında değişen akut stres belirtilerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Anksiyete duyarlılığı, koronavirüs korkusu ve cinsiyetin akut stres belirti düzeylerindeki varyansın %31,0'ini açıkladığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca kadınlarda koronavirüs korkusunun erkeklere göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, çevrimiçi psikolojik yardım ve çevrimiçi sosyal destek grupları gibi psikolojik iyi oluşa yardımcı olan destek sistemlerinin pandemi sırasında ve sonrasında büyük önem taşıdığına işaret etmektedir. Travma belirtilerinin önlenmesi için kaygı duyarlılığını hedef alan müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesinin faydalı olabileceği düşünülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Arnau, R. C., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Green, B. A., & Berman, M. E. (2009). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index—revised: confirmatory factor analyses, structural invariance in Caucasian and African American samples, and score reliability and validity. Assessment, 16(2), 165-180.
  • Aşçıbaşı, K., Çökmüş, F. P., & Aydemir, Ö. (2017). DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirti Şiddeti Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18.
  • Asmundson, G. J. G., & Carleton, R. N. (2005). Fear of pain is elevated in adults with cooccurring trauma-related stress and social anxiety symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 245−255.
  • Birmes, P., Brunet, A., Carreras, D., Ducassé, J. L., Charlet, J. P., Lauque, D., Sztulman, H., & Schmitt, L. (2003). The predictive power of peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress symptoms for posttraumatic stress symptoms: a three-month prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(7), 1337-1339.
  • Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
  • Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., Rose, S., Kirk, M. (1999). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime. Am J Psychiatry, 156, 360-366.
  • Bryant, R.A., Harvey, A.G., Dang, S.T., Sackville, T., & Basten, C. (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive‐behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(5), 862–866.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Casagrande, M., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Forte, G. (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep medicine, 75, 12-20.
  • Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 4, 45-65.
  • COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 398(10312):1700-1712.
  • Deacon, B. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Woods, C. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2003). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised: psychometric properties and factor structure in two nonclinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1427-1449.
  • Doctor, R. M., Kahn, A. P., & Adamec, C. A. (2008). The encyclopedia of phobias, fears, and anxieties. Infobase Publishing.
  • Durmuş-Sandler, G. D. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity in a panic attack. Unpublished Master Thesis, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 87-100.
  • Felmingham, K., Williams, L. M., Kemp, A. H., Liddell, B., Falconer, E., Peduto, A., & Bryant, R. (2010). Neural responses to masked fear faces: Sex differences and trauma exposure in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 241–247.
  • Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional Processing Theory: An Update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (p. 3–24). The Guilford Press
  • Giorgi, G., Arcangeli, G., Mucci, N., & Cupelli, V. (2015). Economic stress in the workplace: the impact of fear of the crisis on mental health. Work, 51(1), 135-142.
  • Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–14. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
  • Harvey, A.G., Bryant, R.A. (2000). Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 626-628.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group? Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438
  • Kilic, E. Z., Kilic, C., & Yilmaz, S. (2008). Is anxiety sensitivity a predictor of PTSD in children and adolescents? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 81−86.
  • Lang, A. J., Kennedy, C. M., & Stein, M. B. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD among female victims of intimate partner violence. Depression and anxiety, 16(2), 77-83.
  • Li, S. H., & Graham, B. M. (2017). Why are women so vulnerable to anxiety, trauma-related, and stress-related disorders? The potential role of sex hormones. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30358-3
  • Liu, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Media exposure and anxiety during COVID-19: The mediation effect of media vicarious traumatization. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13), 4720.
  • Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., ... & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073.
  • Manning, K., Eades, N. D., Kauffman, B. Y., Long, L. J., Richardson, A. L., Garey, L., ... & Gallagher, M. W. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity moderates the impact of COVID-19 perceived stress on anxiety and functional impairment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 689-696.
  • Marshall, G. N., Miles, J. N., & Stewart, S. H. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity are reciprocally related: evidence from a longitudinal study of physical trauma survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 143.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
  • Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Brooks, R. (2010). The impact of fear for family on mental health in a resettled Iraqi refugee community. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(4), 229-235.
  • Nixon, R. D. V., & Bryant, R. A. (2005). Are negative cognitions associated with severe acute trauma responses? Behaviour Change, 22, 22−28.
  • Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research, 113108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108
  • Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., Gersons, B. P. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol. Bull., 133 (2), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
  • Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/the-fear-of-covid-19-and-its-role-in-preventive-behaviors/
  • Palmer, I. (2007) Terrorism, suicide bombing, fear and mental health, International Review of Psychiatry, 19 (3), 289-296, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701349506
  • Piqueras, J.A., Gomez-Gomez, M., Marzo, J.C. et al. (2021). Validation of the Spanish Version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its Association with Acute Stress and Coping. Int J Ment Health Addiction, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00615-x
  • Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M. ve McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8.
  • Rogers, A. H., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., Solari, A., Garey, L., Fogle, B. M., ... & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021). COVID-19 and anxiety sensitivity across two studies in Argentina: Associations with COVID-19 worry, symptom severity, anxiety, and functional impairment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 697-707.
  • Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • Schmidt, N. B., Morabito, D. M., Mathes, B. M., & Martin, A. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity prospectively predicts pandemic-related distress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 660-666.
  • Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 74(4), 281. https://doi.org/0.1111/pcn.12988
  • Shin LM, Liberzon I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35,169-91.
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Factors Associated with Acute Stress Among Undergraduate and Graduate Students after the First Month of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Anxiety Sensitivity, Fear of Covid-19, Sex

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 171 - 181, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1228490

Öz

As with any life-threatening event, the Covid-19 outbreak causes people to have emotional reactions such as fear and anxiety. Understanding people’s emotional responses to the pandemic is important to understand mental health results. This study investigated the relationships between the levels of acute stress disorder symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, and fear of coronavirus. Data for this aim was collected from university students between the ages of 18 and 55 through an online research form. Data was collected between 23 April 2020 and 29 May 2020. Analysis of 739 participants showed that 67.9% of the participants had symptoms of acute stress ranging from moderate to extreme. It was also observed that anxiety sensitivity, fear of coronavirus, and sex explained 31.0% of the variance in acute stress symptom levels. Also, it was observed that the fear of coronavirus was higher in women than in men. The results point out that support systems that aid psychological well-being such as accessible online psychological help, and online social support groups have great importance during and after the pandemic. It has been thought that it may be beneficial to develop intervention programs targeting anxiety sensitivity to prevent trauma symptoms.

Kaynakça

  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Arnau, R. C., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Green, B. A., & Berman, M. E. (2009). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index—revised: confirmatory factor analyses, structural invariance in Caucasian and African American samples, and score reliability and validity. Assessment, 16(2), 165-180.
  • Aşçıbaşı, K., Çökmüş, F. P., & Aydemir, Ö. (2017). DSM-5 Akut Stres Belirti Şiddeti Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18.
  • Asmundson, G. J. G., & Carleton, R. N. (2005). Fear of pain is elevated in adults with cooccurring trauma-related stress and social anxiety symptoms. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 245−255.
  • Birmes, P., Brunet, A., Carreras, D., Ducassé, J. L., Charlet, J. P., Lauque, D., Sztulman, H., & Schmitt, L. (2003). The predictive power of peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress symptoms for posttraumatic stress symptoms: a three-month prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(7), 1337-1339.
  • Bish, A., & Michie, S. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797-824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
  • Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., Rose, S., Kirk, M. (1999). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime. Am J Psychiatry, 156, 360-366.
  • Bryant, R.A., Harvey, A.G., Dang, S.T., Sackville, T., & Basten, C. (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive‐behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(5), 862–866.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Casagrande, M., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Forte, G. (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep medicine, 75, 12-20.
  • Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 4, 45-65.
  • COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 398(10312):1700-1712.
  • Deacon, B. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Woods, C. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2003). The Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised: psychometric properties and factor structure in two nonclinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1427-1449.
  • Doctor, R. M., Kahn, A. P., & Adamec, C. A. (2008). The encyclopedia of phobias, fears, and anxieties. Infobase Publishing.
  • Durmuş-Sandler, G. D. (2001). Anxiety sensitivity in a panic attack. Unpublished Master Thesis, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 87-100.
  • Felmingham, K., Williams, L. M., Kemp, A. H., Liddell, B., Falconer, E., Peduto, A., & Bryant, R. (2010). Neural responses to masked fear faces: Sex differences and trauma exposure in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 241–247.
  • Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional Processing Theory: An Update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (p. 3–24). The Guilford Press
  • Giorgi, G., Arcangeli, G., Mucci, N., & Cupelli, V. (2015). Economic stress in the workplace: the impact of fear of the crisis on mental health. Work, 51(1), 135-142.
  • Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–14. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
  • Harvey, A.G., Bryant, R.A. (2000). Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 626-628.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group? Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438
  • Kilic, E. Z., Kilic, C., & Yilmaz, S. (2008). Is anxiety sensitivity a predictor of PTSD in children and adolescents? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 81−86.
  • Lang, A. J., Kennedy, C. M., & Stein, M. B. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD among female victims of intimate partner violence. Depression and anxiety, 16(2), 77-83.
  • Li, S. H., & Graham, B. M. (2017). Why are women so vulnerable to anxiety, trauma-related, and stress-related disorders? The potential role of sex hormones. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30358-3
  • Liu, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Media exposure and anxiety during COVID-19: The mediation effect of media vicarious traumatization. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13), 4720.
  • Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., ... & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: Possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102073.
  • Manning, K., Eades, N. D., Kauffman, B. Y., Long, L. J., Richardson, A. L., Garey, L., ... & Gallagher, M. W. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity moderates the impact of COVID-19 perceived stress on anxiety and functional impairment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 689-696.
  • Marshall, G. N., Miles, J. N., & Stewart, S. H. (2010). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity are reciprocally related: evidence from a longitudinal study of physical trauma survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 143.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
  • Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Brooks, R. (2010). The impact of fear for family on mental health in a resettled Iraqi refugee community. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(4), 229-235.
  • Nixon, R. D. V., & Bryant, R. A. (2005). Are negative cognitions associated with severe acute trauma responses? Behaviour Change, 22, 22−28.
  • Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia, M. J., & de Luis-García, R. (2020). Psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown among students and workers of a Spanish university. Psychiatry Research, 113108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113108
  • Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., Gersons, B. P. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol. Bull., 133 (2), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
  • Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders. https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/the-fear-of-covid-19-and-its-role-in-preventive-behaviors/
  • Palmer, I. (2007) Terrorism, suicide bombing, fear and mental health, International Review of Psychiatry, 19 (3), 289-296, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701349506
  • Piqueras, J.A., Gomez-Gomez, M., Marzo, J.C. et al. (2021). Validation of the Spanish Version of Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its Association with Acute Stress and Coping. Int J Ment Health Addiction, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00615-x
  • Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M. ve McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1-8.
  • Rogers, A. H., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., Solari, A., Garey, L., Fogle, B. M., ... & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021). COVID-19 and anxiety sensitivity across two studies in Argentina: Associations with COVID-19 worry, symptom severity, anxiety, and functional impairment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 697-707.
  • Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
  • Schmidt, N. B., Morabito, D. M., Mathes, B. M., & Martin, A. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity prospectively predicts pandemic-related distress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 660-666.
  • Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 74(4), 281. https://doi.org/0.1111/pcn.12988
  • Shin LM, Liberzon I. (2010). The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35,169-91.
  • Sood, S. (2020). Psychological effects of the Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. Research & Humanities in Medical Education, 7, 23-26. Retrieved from https://www.rhime.in/ojs/index.php/rhime/article/view/264
  • Tang, W., Hu, T., Hu, B., Jin, C., Wang, G., Xie, C., ... & Xu, J. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of PTSD and depressive symptoms one month after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in a sample of home-quarantined Chinese university students. Journal of affective disorders, 274, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.009
  • Taylor, S & Cox, B. J. (1998). An expanded anxiety sensitivity index: evidence for a hierarchic structure in a clinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 463-484.
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N, Jackson, D. (2020). Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 00, 1 -2. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15290
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846-848.
  • Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9353-3
  • WHO (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
  • WHO (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIpIy8m7Wf6gIVyO3tCh0a8AfIEAAYASABEgKKTvD_BwE
  • Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). The effects of social support on sleep quality of medical staff treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January and February 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e923549-1. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923549
  • Ye, Z., Yang, X., Zeng, C., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Li, X., Lin, D. (2020). Resilience, Social Support, and Coping as Mediators between COVID-19-related Stressful Experiences and Acute Stress Disorder among College Students in China. Appl Psychol Health Well Being, 12(4):1074-1094.
  • Zhou, Z., Zhong, X., Zheng, Y., & Liu, W. (2015). A systematic review of the relationship between ASD and PTSD. Journal of International Psychiatry, 42(1), 18–22.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sinem Cankardaş 0000-0003-4140-2068

Ezgi Ildırım 0000-0002-0805-6506

Pınar Tınaz 0000-0003-3491-6503

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 21 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Cankardaş, S., Ildırım, E., & Tınaz, P. (2023). Factors Associated with Acute Stress Among Undergraduate and Graduate Students after the First Month of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Anxiety Sensitivity, Fear of Covid-19, Sex. Resilience, 7(1), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1228490