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Körfez’de Suudi Arabistan-İran İşbirliği Üzerinden ABD’nin Güvenlik Politikası: “Çifte Sütun” Politikası

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 171 - 198, 29.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.309830

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşından sonra
Ortadoğu’da uzun süre varolan İngiltere’nin etkisi bölgede azalmaya başlamıştı.
İngiliz hükümeti, özellikle ekonomik kriz gibi bazı
nedenlerden dolayı 1960'ların sonlarına doğru Basra Körfezi'nden çekilme kararı
aldı. Kimilerine göre vicdani bir süreçin sonucu olan bu çekilme, Körfez’de
ciddi bir güç boşluğunu da beraberinde getirmiş oldu. Körfez’e inmeyi planlayan
Sovyetler Birliği’nin bu boşluğu dolduracağından endişe-lenen ABD yönetimi,
Körfez’de iki önemli güç olan İran ve Suudi Arabistan’ı Sovyet ve Komünist
tehditine karşı işbirliğine teşvik etti.
Bu işbirliği ve güvenlik politikası bölgede “Çifte
Sütun” politikası adı altında uygulamaya kondu.  Başkan Nixon döneminde uygu-lamaya konulan bu
güvenlik politikası, Nixon Doktrininin bir parçası olarak bölge ülkelerine
silah satmak yoluyla güvenliklerini sağlamayı amaçlıyordu. “Çifte Sütun”
politikası Başkan Ford ve Başkan Carter döneminde de devam ettirilmiş, fakat
İran İslam Devrimi ile son bulmuştur. Bu çalışmada “Çifte Sütun” politikasına
giden süreç, Başkan Nixon’un dış politika algısı ve “Çifte Sütun” politikasının
uygulanması ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca bu politikanın güçlü aktörü olan İran’ın
Körfez güvenliğinde oynadığı rol, “Çifte Sütun” politikasında yaşanan
kırılmalar, Başkan Ford ve Başkan Carter döneminde bu politikanın işleyişi ve
silah satışları da incelenecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrakoğlu, Esra Pakin. “ABD-Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi İlişkilerinde İran Faktörü”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, c.8, sy. 31. Alvandi, Roham. Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War, New York: Oxford University Press 2016. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 65. baskı, 2016. Curtis, Michael. The Middle East: A Reader, New York: Transaction Publishers 1986. Dornan, James E. “The Nixon Doctrine and the Primacy of Détente”, The Intercollegiate Review, 1974, c. 9, sy. 2. Faisal bin Salman al-Saud. Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf: Power Politics in Transition, New York: I. B. Tauris 2003. Gause, Gregory. The International Relations of the Persian Gulf, New York: Cambridge Univerity Press 2010. Girling, J. L. S. “The Guam Doctrine”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs),1970, c. 6, sy. 1. Gresh, Geoffrey F. Gulf Security and the U.S. Military: Regime Survival and the Politics of Basing, California: Stanford University Press 2015. Jafari-Valdani, Asghar. “The Geopolitics of the Strait of Hormuz and the Iran-Oman Relations”, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 2012, c. 2, sy. 4. Kamrava, Mehran. International Politics of the Persian Gulf, New York: Syracuse University Press 2011. Kimball, Jeffrey. “The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 2006, c. 36, sy. 1. Klare, Michael T. American Arms Supermarket, Austin: University of Texas Press 1984. Kuiken, Jonathan. “Striking the Balance: Intervention versus Non-intervention in Britain’s Oil Policy, 1957–1970”, Britain and the World, 2015, c. 8, sy. 1. Little, Douglas. American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press 2008. Louis, Roger. “The British Withdrawal from the Gulf: 1967-71”, Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2003, c. 31, sy.1. McGlinchey, Stephen. US Arms Policies Towards the Shah's Iran, New York: Routledge 2014. Miglietta, John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945-1992: Iran, Israel and Saudi Arabia, Maryland: Lexington Books 2002. Miyakawa, Yoshimitsu. “U.S. Foreign Policy and Asia in the 1970s: From the Nixon Doctrine to the Carter Doctrine”, Center for American Studies, 1986, c. 8. Nakhleh, Emile A. The Persian Gulf and American Policy, New York: Praeger 1982. Offiler, Ben. US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran: Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and the Shah, Nottingham: Palgrave Macmillan 2015. Onley James. Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820-1971: The Politics of Protection, Qatar: Center for International and Regional Studies 2009. —. “Britain’s Informal Empire in the Gulf, 1820-1971”, Social Affairs, 2005, c. 22, sy. 87. Owen, R. P. “The British Withdrawal from the Persian Gulf”, The World Today, 1972, c. 28, sy. 2. Pelletiere, Stephen, (ed.) ve Katzman, Kenneth. “Searching for Stable Peace in the Persian Gulf”, Strategic Studies Institute, 1998. Petersen, Tore. Anglo-American Policy toward the Persian Gulf, 1978–1985: Power, Influence and Restraint, Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press 2015. —. Decline of the Anglo-American Middle East 1961-1969, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press 2006. Potter, Lawrence, (ed.) ve Peterson J. E. The Persian Gulf in History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009. Roberts, Paul. The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2004. Sato, Shohei. “Britain’s Decision to Withdraw from the Persian Gulf, 1964–68: A Pattern and a Puzzle”, Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2009, c. 37, sy. 1. Sorley, Lewis. Arms Transfers Under Nixon: A Policy Analysis, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky 1983. Şâkir, Mahmud. Mausûatu Tarîhi’l-Halici’l-Arabiyyi, Amman: Dâru-l-Usême 2005. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize:The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, New York: Simon and Schuster 1991. Wiegand, Krista E. “Resolution of Border Disputes in the Arabian Gulf”, Territorial and Maritime Studies, 2014. Zanchetta, Barbara. “The United States and The Loss of Iran”, Working Papers in International History and Politics, 2009. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e4/65

The USA Security Policy in the Gulf Based on Saudi Arabia-Iran Cooperation: The “Twin Pillars” Policy

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 171 - 198, 29.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.309830

Öz



It seems that Britain, which has long been
effective in the Middle East, started to gradually withdraw from the region
after the Second World War.
The British Government took decision to leave the Persian Gulf  in the end of the 1960s, due to some reasons,
especially economic crisis. According to some, this withdrawal, which is the
result of a conscientious process, brings with it a serious power vacuum in the
Gulf. Concerned that the Soviet Union, which planned to be effective in  the Gulf, would fill this void, the United
States administration encouraged the two major powers of the Gulf, Iran and
Saudi Arabia, to cooperate against Soviet Communist threat.  This cooperation and security policy has been
implemented in the region under the name of the "Twin Pillars"
policy.This security policy, which was put into effect during President Nixon's
era, aimed to provide security of the regional countries  by selling weapons to these countries. The
"Twin Pillars" policy was maintained during the American Presidents
Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter.This study aims to discuss the process leading to
the "Twin Pillars" policy,  the
changing perception of President Nixon's foreign policy towards the Gulf region
and finally the policy of the "Twin Pillars" policy. In addition, the
role of Iran in the Gulf security which constitutes a significant part of this
policy, the breakdowns in the “Twin Pillars” policy , how this policy works
during the period of President Ford and President Carter,  and the process of arms deployment to the
region will be examined.

Kaynakça

  • Albayrakoğlu, Esra Pakin. “ABD-Körfez İşbirliği Konseyi İlişkilerinde İran Faktörü”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, c.8, sy. 31. Alvandi, Roham. Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War, New York: Oxford University Press 2016. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 65. baskı, 2016. Curtis, Michael. The Middle East: A Reader, New York: Transaction Publishers 1986. Dornan, James E. “The Nixon Doctrine and the Primacy of Détente”, The Intercollegiate Review, 1974, c. 9, sy. 2. Faisal bin Salman al-Saud. Iran, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf: Power Politics in Transition, New York: I. B. Tauris 2003. Gause, Gregory. The International Relations of the Persian Gulf, New York: Cambridge Univerity Press 2010. Girling, J. L. S. “The Guam Doctrine”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs),1970, c. 6, sy. 1. Gresh, Geoffrey F. Gulf Security and the U.S. Military: Regime Survival and the Politics of Basing, California: Stanford University Press 2015. Jafari-Valdani, Asghar. “The Geopolitics of the Strait of Hormuz and the Iran-Oman Relations”, Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs, 2012, c. 2, sy. 4. Kamrava, Mehran. International Politics of the Persian Gulf, New York: Syracuse University Press 2011. Kimball, Jeffrey. “The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding”, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 2006, c. 36, sy. 1. Klare, Michael T. American Arms Supermarket, Austin: University of Texas Press 1984. Kuiken, Jonathan. “Striking the Balance: Intervention versus Non-intervention in Britain’s Oil Policy, 1957–1970”, Britain and the World, 2015, c. 8, sy. 1. Little, Douglas. American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press 2008. Louis, Roger. “The British Withdrawal from the Gulf: 1967-71”, Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2003, c. 31, sy.1. McGlinchey, Stephen. US Arms Policies Towards the Shah's Iran, New York: Routledge 2014. Miglietta, John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East, 1945-1992: Iran, Israel and Saudi Arabia, Maryland: Lexington Books 2002. Miyakawa, Yoshimitsu. “U.S. Foreign Policy and Asia in the 1970s: From the Nixon Doctrine to the Carter Doctrine”, Center for American Studies, 1986, c. 8. Nakhleh, Emile A. The Persian Gulf and American Policy, New York: Praeger 1982. Offiler, Ben. US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran: Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and the Shah, Nottingham: Palgrave Macmillan 2015. Onley James. Britain and the Gulf Shaikhdoms, 1820-1971: The Politics of Protection, Qatar: Center for International and Regional Studies 2009. —. “Britain’s Informal Empire in the Gulf, 1820-1971”, Social Affairs, 2005, c. 22, sy. 87. Owen, R. P. “The British Withdrawal from the Persian Gulf”, The World Today, 1972, c. 28, sy. 2. Pelletiere, Stephen, (ed.) ve Katzman, Kenneth. “Searching for Stable Peace in the Persian Gulf”, Strategic Studies Institute, 1998. Petersen, Tore. Anglo-American Policy toward the Persian Gulf, 1978–1985: Power, Influence and Restraint, Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press 2015. —. Decline of the Anglo-American Middle East 1961-1969, Brighton: Sussex Academic Press 2006. Potter, Lawrence, (ed.) ve Peterson J. E. The Persian Gulf in History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2009. Roberts, Paul. The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2004. Sato, Shohei. “Britain’s Decision to Withdraw from the Persian Gulf, 1964–68: A Pattern and a Puzzle”, Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2009, c. 37, sy. 1. Sorley, Lewis. Arms Transfers Under Nixon: A Policy Analysis, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky 1983. Şâkir, Mahmud. Mausûatu Tarîhi’l-Halici’l-Arabiyyi, Amman: Dâru-l-Usême 2005. Yergin, Daniel. The Prize:The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power, New York: Simon and Schuster 1991. Wiegand, Krista E. “Resolution of Border Disputes in the Arabian Gulf”, Territorial and Maritime Studies, 2014. Zanchetta, Barbara. “The United States and The Loss of Iran”, Working Papers in International History and Politics, 2009. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e4/65
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hafiz Mammadov

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2017
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mammadov, H. (2017). Körfez’de Suudi Arabistan-İran İşbirliği Üzerinden ABD’nin Güvenlik Politikası: “Çifte Sütun” Politikası. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 171-198. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.309830

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