Personality Traits, Interpersonal Conflict Resolution Strategies and Coping Skills Among X, Y, Z Generations

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 68, 75 - 91, 31.03.2023

Cansu Mat Umul Berna Güloğlu

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1211929c

Öz

The aim of this study was to determine whether personality traits, interpersonal conflict resolution strategies, and coping skills differ from one another according to the generations (X, Y, Z). Hence, how generations (X, Y, Z) differentiate according to personality traits, conflict resolution approaches, and coping skills was explored. The sample of the study consisted of 433 participants (257 female and 176 male) which are composed of Generation X (n = 141), Generation Y (n = 165), Generation Z (n = 127). The data was obtained by the Demographic Information Form, The Big Five Inventory (BFI), Conflict Communication Scale (CCS) and Coping Skills Scale (The Brief- COPE). Multiple variance analysis (MANOVA) was used to see whether there is a significant difference between BFI, CCS, and the Brief-COPE in terms of Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. The study results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference in personality traits according to Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z. Moreover, Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z differentiated according to confrontation, emotional expression, and self-disclosure subscale of CCS. However, Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z did not differentiate in terms of conflict approach/avoidance and public/private behavior level. Furthermore, Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z differentiated according to substance use, suppression of competing activities, denial, restraint, positive reinterpretation, and planning subscale of the Brief-COPE. In addition, Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z did not differentiate in terms of instrumental social support, acceptance, humor, venting of emotions, religion, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement, emotional social support levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Generation X, Generation Y, Generation Z, personality traits, interpersonal conflict resolution approaches, coping skills

Kaynakça

• Adıgüzel, O., Batur, H. Z., & Ekşili, N. (2014). Kuşakların değişen yüzü ve Y kuşağı ile ortaya çıkan yeni çalışma tarzı: Mobil yakalılar. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(19), 165-182.
• Akdemir, A., Konakay, G., Demirkaya, H., Noyan, A., Demir, B., Ağ, C., Pehlivan, Ç., Özdemir, E., Akduman, G., Eregez, H., Öztürk, İ., & Balcı, O. (2013). Y kuşağının kariyer algısı, kariyer değişimi ve liderlik tarzı beklentilerinin araştırılması, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 11-42.
• Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. H. Holt and Company. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1937.tb02222.x.
• Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
• Altıntoprak, E., Akgür, S. A., Yüncü, Z., Sertöz, Ö. Ö., & Coşkunol, H. (2008). Kadınlarda alkol kullanımı ve buna bağlı sorunlar. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 19(2), 197-208.
• Andrade, C. (2020). The limitations of online surveys. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6), 575-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620957496.
• Arslan, C. (2005). Kişilerarası çatışma çözme ve problem çözme yaklaşımlarının yükleme karmaşıklığı açısından incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi] Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Aydınlı, S. (2014). Ergenlerin öfke ifade biçimleri, sosyal karşılaştırma düzeylerin, umutsuzluk seviyeleri ve çatışma çözme yaklaşımlarının incelenmesi [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi] Haliç Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Barki, H., & Hartwick, J. (2001). Interpersonal conflict and its management in information system development. MIS Quarterly, 25(2), 195-228. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250929.
• Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x.
• Benet-Martinez V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los cinco grades across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod Analyses of the big five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729-750. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729.
• Berkman, M. İ. (2009). Net kuşağının bilgisayar ve TV kullanımı biçimleri üzerinden etkileşimli TV’ye dair tutumları üzerine bir araştırma [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
• Brandt, N. D., Drewelies, J., Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., Ram, N., Gerstorf, D., & Wagner, J. (2022). Acting like a baby boomer? Birth-Cohort differences in adults’ personality trajectories during the last half a century. Psychological Science, 33(3), 382–396. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211037971.
• Cahn, D. D. (1990). Intimates in conflict: A communication perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Canary, D. J., Cupach, W. R., & Messman, S. J. (1995). Relationship conflict: Conflict in parent-child, friendship, and romantic relationships. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452243795.
• Carver, C., Scheier, M., & Weintraub, J. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267.
• Chen, M. H. (2006). Understanding the benefits and detriments of conflict on team creativity process. Creativity and Innovation Management, 15(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2006.00373.x.
• Chen, G., Liu, C., & Tjosvold, D. (2005). Conflict management for effective top management teams and innovation in China. Journal of Management Studies, 42, 277-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00497.x.
• Costa, P. T., Somerfield, M. R., & McCrae, R. R. (1996). Personality and coping: A reconceptualization. In M. Zeidner & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Handbook of coping: Theory, research, applications, 44-61. John Wiley & Sons.
• Cox, T., & Ferguson, E. (1991). Individual differences, stress and coping. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Wiley series on studies in occupational stress. Personality and stress: Individual differences in the stress process (pp.7-30). John Wiley & Sons.
• Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392-414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392.
• Cupach, W. R., & Canary, D. J. (2000). Competence in interpersonal conflict. Waveland Pres.
• Diehl, M., Coyle, N., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (1996). Age and sex differences in strategies of coping and defense across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.127.
• Doyumğaç, İ., Tanhan, A., & Kıymaz, M. S., (2021). Understanding the most important facilitators and barriers for online education during COVID-19 through online photovoice methodology. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(1), 166-190. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n1p166.
• Dökmen, Ü. (1994). Sanatta ve günlük yaşamda iletişim çatışmaları ve empati. Sistem Yayıncılık.
• Ekedahl, M., & Wengström, Y. (2006). Nurses in cancer care - Stress when encountering existential issues. European journal of oncology nursing: The Official Journal of European Oncology Nursing Society, 11, 228-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2006.09.005.
• Emory, J., Lee, P.B., Kippenbrock, T., Boyd, T., Chen, L. & Harless, L. (2022) Commitment, job satisfaction and personality: A cross sectional study of generational cohorts in nursing students. Journal of Professional Nursing., 40, 42-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.02.010.
• Esia-Donkoh, K., Yelkpieri, D., & Esia-Donkoh, K. (2011). Coping with stress: Strategies adopted by students at the winneba campus of University of education. US-China Education Review, 1(2), 290-299.
• Ejaz, S.S., Iqbal, F. and Ara, A. (2012), Relationship among personality traits and conflict handling styles of call center representatives and appraisal of existing service model. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(4), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v4n4p27.
• Fan, W. and Yan, Z. (2010) Factors affecting response rates of the web survey: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.10.015.
• Fox, A. (2011). Mixing it up. Society of Human Resource Management, 56(5), 22-27. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th edition). McGraw-Hill Pub.
• Gabriel, M., da Silva, D., & Moretti, S. (2014). The Y generation myth: Evidences based on the causality relations among age, diffusion and adoption of technology of college students of São Paulo State. Future Studies Research Journal: Trends and Strategies, 6(1), 32-52. https://doi.org/10.24023/FutureJournal/2175-5825/2014.v6i1.158.
• Garcia, F. & Barraza-Peña, C., Wlodarczyk, A., Alvear-Carrasco, M., & Reyes, A. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Brief-COPE for the evaluation of coping strategies in the Chilean population. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0102-3.
• Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 141-165.
• Goldstein, S. B. (1999). Construction and validation of a Conflict Communication Scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(9), 1803-1832. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00153.x.
• Jandt, F. E., & Pedersen, P. B. (1996). Constructive conflict management: Asia-Pacific cases. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483327532.
• Kavalcı, K. (2015). Tüketici karar verme tarzları ve öğrenme stillerinin Y ve Z kuşakları açısından karşılaştırılması üzerine bir araştırma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Atatürk Üniversitesi.
• Keeling, S. (2003). Advising the millennial generation. NACADA Journal, 23, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.12930/0271-9517-23.1-2.30.
• Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
• Kupperschmidt, B. (2000). Multigeneration employees: Strategies for effective management. The Health Care Manager, 19, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126450-200019010-00011.
• Kurtzberg, T. R., & Mueller J. S. (2005). The influence of daily conflict on perceptions of creativity: A longitudinal study. The International Joumal of Conflict Management, 16(4), 335-353.
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1, 141-170. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010304.
• Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2021). Four generational cohorts and hedonic m-shopping: association between personality traits and purchase intention. Electronic Commerce Research, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-019-09381-4.
• Mayer, B. (2000). The dynamics of conflict resolution. Jossey-Bass.
• McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1985). Updating Norman’s “adequate taxonomy”: Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(49), 710-721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.710.
• Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2010). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (4.edition). Pyrczak.
• Monzani, D., Steca, P., Greco, A., D’Addario, M., Cappelletti, E., & Pancani, L. (2015). The situational version of the brief COPE: Dimensionality and relationships with goal-related variables. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.935.
• Orhan, K. (2017). Validity and reliability study of fatality tendency scale. The Journal of International Civilization Studies, 2(2).
• Pallant, J. (2005). SPSS survival guide: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (3.edition). Open University Press.
• Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999). Exploring the black box: An analysis of work group diversity, conflict and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667029.
• Phillips, C. R., & Trainor, J. E. (2014). Millennial students and the flipped classroom. Journal of Business and Educational Leadership, 5(1), 102-112.
• Pillai, K. C. S. (1955). Some new test criteria in multivariate analysis. Ann. Math. Statist, 26(1), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177728599.
• Pitt, M. (2005). A dynamic model of strategic change in growth-oriented firms. Strategic Change, 14, 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.721.
• Rahim, M. A., Garrett, F. E., & Buntzman, G. F. (1992). Ethics of managing ınterpersonal conflict in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 412-439. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00870554.
• Rahim, M. A. (2002). Toward a theory of managing organizational conflict. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(3), 206-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022874.
• Reilly, P. (2012). Understanding and teaching generation Y. English Teaching Forum, 50, 2-11.
• Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 173-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297299.
• Schneider, L., King, D., & Delfabbro, P. (2017). Maladaptive coping styles in adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder symptoms. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. doi: 10.1007/s11469-017-9756-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-017-9756-9.
• Segal, D. L., Hook, J., & Coolidge, F. L. (2001). Personality dysfunction, coping styles, and clinical symptoms in younger and older adults. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 7(3). https://doi.org/1023/A:1011391128354.
• Skinner, E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. (2007). The development of coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 119-44. https:/doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705.
• Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1991). Generations: The history of America's future, 1584 to 2069. William Morrow and Company Inc.
• Swendsen, J. D., Conway, K. P., Rounsaville, B. J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2002). Are personality traits familial risk factors for substance use disorder? Results of a controlled family study. American Psychiatric Association, 159, 1760-1766. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1760.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5.edition). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
• Tarçalır, B. (2015). Y kuşağı ne kuşağı? Retrieved from http://www.arkabahcepsikoloji.com.tr/ipanel/article/ykusagi.pdf
• Tehrani, H.D. & Yamini, S. (2020). Personality traits and conflict resolution styles: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 157, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109794.
• Thuen, E., & Bru, E. (2004). Coping styles and emotional and behavioural problems among Norwegian Grade 9 students. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 48, 493-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/003138042000272140.
• Topçuoğlu, M. C. (2007). İyi de kim bu Y’ler? Retrieved from http:// www.youblisher.com/p/290772-Please-Add-a-Title/.
• Tozkoparan, G. (2013). The effect of the Five-Factor personality traits on the conflict management styles: A study of managers. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esad/issue/6062/81550.
• Türk, A. (2013). Y kuşağı. İstanbul: Kafekültür Yayıncılık.
• Urick, M., & Arslantas, A. (2018). A comparison of US and Turkish perspectives of generations. Gerontology & Geriatrics Studies, 3. https://doi.org/10.31031/GGS.2018.03.000553.
• Valentine, P. E. B., Richardson, S., Wood, M. J., & Godkin, M. D. (1998). Nurse educators’/administrators’ ways of handling conflict. Journal of Professional Nursing, 14(5), 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S8755-7223(98)80050-1.
• Wall, J. A., & Callister, R. R. (1995). Conflict and its management. Journal of Management, 21(3), 515- 558. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100306.
• Wang, X. (2010). The relationship between the five-factor personality and conflict management styles in a manufacturing setting. University of Phoenix, AZ.
• Williams, S. (2010). Welcome to generation Z. B&T Magazine, 60. Retrieved from http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/56596253/welcome-generation-z.
• Yıldızoğlu, H. (2013). Okul yöneticilerinin beş faktör kişilik özellikleriyle çatışma yönetimi stili tercihleri arasındaki ilişki [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi] Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Yılmaz, F., & Öztürk. E. (2011). Hastanelerde yönetici hemşirelerin karşılaştıkları çatışma nedenleri ve çatışma yönetim yaklaşımları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 19(3), 145-152.
• Zemke, R., Raines, C., & Filipczak, B. (2013). Generations at work: managing the clash of boomers, Gen Xers, and Gen Yers in the workplace. American Management Association.