Araştırma Makalesi
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TÜRKİYE’NİN ORTA TOROS DAĞLARI’NDA KÖKNAR-SEDİR ORMANLARINDAKİ ARALAMA KESİMLERİ VE OTLATMANIN YER BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜNÜN FONKSİYONEL ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 155 - 177, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221

Öz

Türkiye’nin güneyindeki orta Toros Dağları’ndaki Cedrus libani ve Abies cilicica ormanları, geleneksel arazi kullanımı nedeniyle büyük ölçüde bozulmaktadır. Bölgede geleneksel yaşam tarzına sahip insanlar, yaz aylarında büyükbaş, koyun ve keçileriyle ovalardan yaylalara göç eder, çünkü oradaki meralar yağışların yüksek olması nedeniyle verimlidir. Orman içi otlatma ve illegal ağaç kesiminden dolayı orman içi aydınlatılmıştır. Çalışmada sedir ve köknar ormanlarında, orman içi otlatma ve ağaç kesiminin toprak bitki örtüsü üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Hayvanlar yiyecek olarak lezzetli türleri tercih ettikleri için yoğun otlatma yapılan yerlerde bitki türlerinin kompozisyonu değişmiştir. Bu durum hayvanların tüketmediği dikenli, aromalı ve toksit madde içeren türlerin bölgede dominant duruma geçmesine yol açmıştır. Yoğun otlatma yapılan sahalarda bazı hassas türler azalma gösterirken, genel olarak bitki tür çeşitliliğinde artış gözlenmiştir. Çalışma alanında hemikriptofit, kamafit ve geofitlerin genel olarak oranı yüksekken, buna karşın therofitlerin oranı oldukça düşüktür. Genellikle otlatma sahasında çok yıllık bitkilerde artış mevcutken, hayvanlar tarafından tercih edilen tek yıllık türlerin oranında azalma gözlenmiştir. İllegal ağaç kesimine bağlı olarak oluşan orman içi aydınlatması sonucunda ise yarı ışık ve ışık istegi yüksek olan türlerin orman içindeki oranında artış tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

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  • ATALAY, İ. (1988). Vegetation levels of the Taurus Mountains of Mediterranean region in Turkey. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 4(1).
  • Atalay, İ. (2010). Uygulamalı klimatoloji. META Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri, Bornova/İzmir.
  • Atalay, İ. (2016). A new approach to the land capability classification: Case study of Turkey. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 32, 264-274.
  • Atalay, İ. (2017). Türkiye Jeomorfolojisi. Meta Basım, İzmir.
  • Ayaşlıgil, Y., (1987). Der Köprülü Kanyon Nationalpark: Seine vegetation und ihre beeinflussung durch den menschen. lehrstuhl für landschaftsökologie, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan.
  • Babaç M.T., (2004). Possibility of an ınformation system on plants of south-west Asia with particular reference to the Turkish plants data service (TUBIVES), Turkish Journal of Botany, 28(1-2):119-127.
  • Bond, W. J., Keane, R.E., (2017). Fires, ecological effects of, Reference Module in Life Sciences: 11S. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.02098-7.
  • Boydak, M., Çalıkoğlu, M., (2008).Toros sedirinin (Cedrus libani A.Rich) Biyolojisi ve Silvikültürü. OGEM- Vakfi. Ankara.
  • Bozkuş, F., (1988). Toros Göknari (Abies cilicica Carr.) nin Turkiye`deki Dogal Yayilisi ve Silvikültürel Özellikleri. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Böcük, H., Türe, C., Ketenoglu, O., (2009). Plant diversity and conservation of the north-east Phrygia region under the impact of land degradation and desertification (Central Anatolia, Turkiye). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(5): 2305-2321.
  • Brunner, A., (1998). A light model for spatially explicit forest stand models, Forest Ecology, 107(1-3):19-46.
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  • Chebli, Y., El Otmani, S., Chentouf, M., Hornick, J. Bindelle, J., Cabaraux, J.F., (2020).Foraging behavior of goats browsing in Southern Mediterranean Forest Rangeland, Animals10(2):196;doi:10.3390/ani100201196.
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  • Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., Díaz, S., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., ... & Poorter, H. (2003). A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian journal of Botany, 51(4), 335-380.
  • Der Heijden, M.G.A., Pausas, J.G., Poorter, H., (2003). Handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 51(4): 335–380.
  • Davis, P.H., (1965-1988). Flora of Turkiye and the East Aegean Islands. 1-9, Edinburgh University Press.
  • Deniz, I. G., Sümbül, H., (2004). Flora of the Elmalı Cedar Research Forest (Antalya/Turkiye). Turk. J. Bot, 28(6): 529-555.
  • Dhaundiyal, N., Agarwal, P., Kumaiyan, M., Sah, P., (2009). Species richness in an Oak Forest of Indian Himalaya with reference to canopy gap. New York Science Journal, 2(4): 5-16.
  • Dierschke, H., (1994). Pflanzensoziologie, Grundlagen und Methoden. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
  • Doğu, S., (2007). Tufan Dağ, Çorak Dağı ve Turanşah Dağı (Karaman) Florası. Selcuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Konya PHD Thesis.
  • Fırıncıoğlu, H.K., Sahin, B., Seefeldt, S., Mert, F., Hakyemez, B.H., Vural, M., (2008). Pilot study for an assessment of vegetation structure for Steppe Rangelands of Central Anatolia. Turkish journal of Agriculture and Forestry 32(5): 401- 414.
  • Frey, W., Lösch, R., (1998). Lehrbuch der Geobotanik: Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit..Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgard, ISBN3-437-25940-7.
  • Glavac, V., (1999). Vegetationsökologie: grundfragen, aufgaben, methoden. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Jena, Stuttgard, Lübeck, Ulm; ISBN: 978-3-437-35060-3.
  • Güneş, Y., Albert, R., Jürgen, H., (2016). Change of land use in the Turkish Taurus Mountains. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU) 66.(1): 184-197.
  • Hütteroth, W.D., (1959). Bergnomaden und Yaylabauern im Mittleren Kurdischen Taurus Heft 11 Marburger Geographische Schriften.
  • IUCN, (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-and-criteria.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., (1982). Türkiye sedirleri (Cedrus libani A. Richard) ve dogal yayılış alanında bazı ekolojik ilişkiler. Istanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 32(2): 113- 198.
  • Kavgacı, A., Carni, A., Urban, S., (2008). Bitki sosyolojisi çalışmalarında kullanılan sayısal metotlar ve bazı bilgisayar programları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2): 188- 201.
  • Kehl, H., (1985). Zur Mediterranen Flora und Vegetation der SW- Türkei und Problematik der Vegetationsentwicklung am Beispiel einer Küstennahen Siedlung bei Antalya. Die Technische Universität Berlin, Dissertation.
  • Kuntze, H., Roeschmann, G., Schwerdtfeger, G., (1994). Bodenkunde. 5., Neu Bearbeitete und Erweiterte Auflage, Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, ISBN (3-8252-8076-4).
  • Kürschner, H., Parolly, H., (2012). The Central Anatolian Steppe, In Eurasian Steppes. ecological problems and livelihoods in a Changing World. Springer Netherlands, 149-171. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-3886-7_4.
  • Legendre, P., (1993).Spatial Autocorrelation: Trouble or new paradigm Ecology 74(6): 1659- 1673.
  • Lososova, Z., Chytry, M., Kuhn, I., Hajek, O., Horkova, V., Pysek P., L., Tıchy., (2006). Patterns of plant traits in annual vegetation of man-made habitats in Central Europe. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8(2): 69-81.
  • Maquardt, S., Marquez, A., Boillot, H., Beck, S.G., Mayer, A.C., Kreuzer, M., Alzerreca, A.H., (2009). Intensity of browsing on trees and shrubs under experimental variation of cattle stocking densities in southern Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(7): 1422- 1428.
  • Markesteijn, L., Poorter, L., Bongers, F., (2007). Light dependent leaf trait in 43 tropical dry forest tree species. American Journal of Botany 94(4): 515-525.
  • Mayer, H., Aksoy, H., (1986). Wälder der Türkei. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.
  • McCune, B., Grace, J.B., (2002). Analysis of ecological communities, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 289(2).
  • MGM,(2007). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Hadim Meteoroloji İstasyonu Müdürlüğü İklim Verileri,. Motulsky. H. J., (2007).Prism 5 Statistics Guide. GraphPad Software.
  • Naaf, T., Wulf, M., (2007).Effects of gap size, light and herbivory on the herb layer vegetation in European beech forest gaps. Forest Ecology and Management 244(1-3): 141-149.
  • Navarro, T., Alados, C.L., Cabezudo, B., (2006).Changes in plant functional types in response to goat and sheep grazing in two semi- arid shrublands of SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 64(2): 298- 322.
  • Ocakverdi, H., Oflaz, S., (1999).The plant Sociology and ecology of the Upper Göksu Catchment Area (Hadim-Konya) and Environs, Turkish Journal of Botany 23(3): 195- 209.
  • Özden, S., Atmış, E., Menemencioglu., (2004). Negative effects of recent unplanned expansion on highland ecosystems in Turkiye. Mountain Research and Development 24(4): 303- 306.
  • Papanastasis, V.P., Kyriakakis, S., Kazakis, G., (2002). Plant diversity in relation to overgrazing and burning in mountain Mediterranean ecosystems. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 3(2-3): 53-63.
  • Peer, T., A. Millinger, J., Gruber, P., Hussain, F., (2001). Vegetation and altitudinal zonation in relation to the impact of grazing in the steppe lands of the Hindu Kush Range (N-Pakistan). Phytocoenologia 31(4): 477-498. Pils, G., (2006). Flowers of Turkey. A photo guide, ISBN: 20309
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  • Sevim, M., (1955).Lübnan Sediri`nin (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) Türkiye`deki tabii yayılışı ve ekolojik şartları. Orman Umum Müdürlügü, Yayın No:143 Ankara.
  • Sweetapple, P.J., Burns, B.R., (2002). Assessing The Response of Forest Understoreys to Feral Goat Control With and Without Possum Control. Department of Conservation, Science for Conservation:201, New Zealand. ISSN:1173-2946 doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc201.pdf.
  • Tavsanoğlu, Ç., Coşgun, U., (2009). Köprülü Kanyon Milli Parkı'nda (Antalya) Bulunan bazı maki türlerinin gelişme formu üzerinde keçi otlamasının etkisi. Ekoloji 18(72): 74-80.
  • Ter Steege, H., (1997). Wınphot 5.0. A. programme to analyze vegetation indices, light and light quality from hemispherical photographs (Manual). Tropenbos-Guyana Reports Utrecht University.
  • Thysell, D.R., Carey, A.B., (2001). Manipulation of density of Pseudotsuga menziesii canopies: preliminary effects on understory vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31(9): 1513-1525.
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EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 155 - 177, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221

Öz

The forests of Cedrus libani and Abies cilicica in the middle Taurus Mountains in southern Turkiye are heavily degraded by traditional land use. Population, working in the agricultural sector migrates in summer with their cattle, sheep and goats from lowlands to highlands because the pastures there are prolific due to higher precipitation. The forests have been opened up by grazing and timber cutting. Both effects on the ground vegetation of forests with cedar and fir are examined in the study. Intensive grazing changed the plant species composition as the animals prefer tasty as food. This has led to dominance of inedible plant species, like thorny, prickly, poisonous species and those armoured species with rosettes. Although the sensitive species were reduced by intensive grazing, plant diversity increased. While the rate of hemicryptophytes, camaphytes and geophytes is generally high in the study area, the rate of therophytes is quite low. Generally, the perennial plants were favoured by grazing. On the other hand, the annual species preferred by the cattle fell back. The effect of timber use by illegal logging shows that light demanding plant species have colonised the lighter parts of the formerly closed and semi-closed forests.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, M., Demirci, B., Bagcı, Y., Baser. H.C.K., (2010). Antibacterial activity and composition of the essential oils of two endemic Salvia sp. from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(15): 2322- 2327.
  • ATALAY, İ. (1988). Vegetation levels of the Taurus Mountains of Mediterranean region in Turkey. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 4(1).
  • Atalay, İ. (2010). Uygulamalı klimatoloji. META Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri, Bornova/İzmir.
  • Atalay, İ. (2016). A new approach to the land capability classification: Case study of Turkey. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 32, 264-274.
  • Atalay, İ. (2017). Türkiye Jeomorfolojisi. Meta Basım, İzmir.
  • Ayaşlıgil, Y., (1987). Der Köprülü Kanyon Nationalpark: Seine vegetation und ihre beeinflussung durch den menschen. lehrstuhl für landschaftsökologie, Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan.
  • Babaç M.T., (2004). Possibility of an ınformation system on plants of south-west Asia with particular reference to the Turkish plants data service (TUBIVES), Turkish Journal of Botany, 28(1-2):119-127.
  • Bond, W. J., Keane, R.E., (2017). Fires, ecological effects of, Reference Module in Life Sciences: 11S. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.02098-7.
  • Boydak, M., Çalıkoğlu, M., (2008).Toros sedirinin (Cedrus libani A.Rich) Biyolojisi ve Silvikültürü. OGEM- Vakfi. Ankara.
  • Bozkuş, F., (1988). Toros Göknari (Abies cilicica Carr.) nin Turkiye`deki Dogal Yayilisi ve Silvikültürel Özellikleri. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Böcük, H., Türe, C., Ketenoglu, O., (2009). Plant diversity and conservation of the north-east Phrygia region under the impact of land degradation and desertification (Central Anatolia, Turkiye). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(5): 2305-2321.
  • Brunner, A., (1998). A light model for spatially explicit forest stand models, Forest Ecology, 107(1-3):19-46.
  • ÇB, (2001).Çevre Bakanlığı. Ulusal biyolojik çeşitlilik stratejisi ve eylem planı (UBSEP), Ankara.
  • Chebli, Y., El Otmani, S., Chentouf, M., Hornick, J. Bindelle, J., Cabaraux, J.F., (2020).Foraging behavior of goats browsing in Southern Mediterranean Forest Rangeland, Animals10(2):196;doi:10.3390/ani100201196.
  • ÇOB, (2004). Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. Türkiye Çevre Atlası. Ankara (webdosya.cbs.gov.tr/db/ced/icerikler/turkyecevreatlas--20180514084340.pd).
  • Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., Díaz, S., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., ... & Poorter, H. (2003). A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian journal of Botany, 51(4), 335-380.
  • Der Heijden, M.G.A., Pausas, J.G., Poorter, H., (2003). Handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany, 51(4): 335–380.
  • Davis, P.H., (1965-1988). Flora of Turkiye and the East Aegean Islands. 1-9, Edinburgh University Press.
  • Deniz, I. G., Sümbül, H., (2004). Flora of the Elmalı Cedar Research Forest (Antalya/Turkiye). Turk. J. Bot, 28(6): 529-555.
  • Dhaundiyal, N., Agarwal, P., Kumaiyan, M., Sah, P., (2009). Species richness in an Oak Forest of Indian Himalaya with reference to canopy gap. New York Science Journal, 2(4): 5-16.
  • Dierschke, H., (1994). Pflanzensoziologie, Grundlagen und Methoden. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
  • Doğu, S., (2007). Tufan Dağ, Çorak Dağı ve Turanşah Dağı (Karaman) Florası. Selcuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Konya PHD Thesis.
  • Fırıncıoğlu, H.K., Sahin, B., Seefeldt, S., Mert, F., Hakyemez, B.H., Vural, M., (2008). Pilot study for an assessment of vegetation structure for Steppe Rangelands of Central Anatolia. Turkish journal of Agriculture and Forestry 32(5): 401- 414.
  • Frey, W., Lösch, R., (1998). Lehrbuch der Geobotanik: Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit..Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgard, ISBN3-437-25940-7.
  • Glavac, V., (1999). Vegetationsökologie: grundfragen, aufgaben, methoden. Gustav Fischer Verlag. Jena, Stuttgard, Lübeck, Ulm; ISBN: 978-3-437-35060-3.
  • Güneş, Y., Albert, R., Jürgen, H., (2016). Change of land use in the Turkish Taurus Mountains. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU) 66.(1): 184-197.
  • Hütteroth, W.D., (1959). Bergnomaden und Yaylabauern im Mittleren Kurdischen Taurus Heft 11 Marburger Geographische Schriften.
  • IUCN, (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, iucnredlist.org/resources/categories-and-criteria.
  • Kantarcı, M.D., (1982). Türkiye sedirleri (Cedrus libani A. Richard) ve dogal yayılış alanında bazı ekolojik ilişkiler. Istanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 32(2): 113- 198.
  • Kavgacı, A., Carni, A., Urban, S., (2008). Bitki sosyolojisi çalışmalarında kullanılan sayısal metotlar ve bazı bilgisayar programları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2): 188- 201.
  • Kehl, H., (1985). Zur Mediterranen Flora und Vegetation der SW- Türkei und Problematik der Vegetationsentwicklung am Beispiel einer Küstennahen Siedlung bei Antalya. Die Technische Universität Berlin, Dissertation.
  • Kuntze, H., Roeschmann, G., Schwerdtfeger, G., (1994). Bodenkunde. 5., Neu Bearbeitete und Erweiterte Auflage, Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, ISBN (3-8252-8076-4).
  • Kürschner, H., Parolly, H., (2012). The Central Anatolian Steppe, In Eurasian Steppes. ecological problems and livelihoods in a Changing World. Springer Netherlands, 149-171. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-3886-7_4.
  • Legendre, P., (1993).Spatial Autocorrelation: Trouble or new paradigm Ecology 74(6): 1659- 1673.
  • Lososova, Z., Chytry, M., Kuhn, I., Hajek, O., Horkova, V., Pysek P., L., Tıchy., (2006). Patterns of plant traits in annual vegetation of man-made habitats in Central Europe. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 8(2): 69-81.
  • Maquardt, S., Marquez, A., Boillot, H., Beck, S.G., Mayer, A.C., Kreuzer, M., Alzerreca, A.H., (2009). Intensity of browsing on trees and shrubs under experimental variation of cattle stocking densities in southern Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management, 258(7): 1422- 1428.
  • Markesteijn, L., Poorter, L., Bongers, F., (2007). Light dependent leaf trait in 43 tropical dry forest tree species. American Journal of Botany 94(4): 515-525.
  • Mayer, H., Aksoy, H., (1986). Wälder der Türkei. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.
  • McCune, B., Grace, J.B., (2002). Analysis of ecological communities, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 289(2).
  • MGM,(2007). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Hadim Meteoroloji İstasyonu Müdürlüğü İklim Verileri,. Motulsky. H. J., (2007).Prism 5 Statistics Guide. GraphPad Software.
  • Naaf, T., Wulf, M., (2007).Effects of gap size, light and herbivory on the herb layer vegetation in European beech forest gaps. Forest Ecology and Management 244(1-3): 141-149.
  • Navarro, T., Alados, C.L., Cabezudo, B., (2006).Changes in plant functional types in response to goat and sheep grazing in two semi- arid shrublands of SE Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 64(2): 298- 322.
  • Ocakverdi, H., Oflaz, S., (1999).The plant Sociology and ecology of the Upper Göksu Catchment Area (Hadim-Konya) and Environs, Turkish Journal of Botany 23(3): 195- 209.
  • Özden, S., Atmış, E., Menemencioglu., (2004). Negative effects of recent unplanned expansion on highland ecosystems in Turkiye. Mountain Research and Development 24(4): 303- 306.
  • Papanastasis, V.P., Kyriakakis, S., Kazakis, G., (2002). Plant diversity in relation to overgrazing and burning in mountain Mediterranean ecosystems. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 3(2-3): 53-63.
  • Peer, T., A. Millinger, J., Gruber, P., Hussain, F., (2001). Vegetation and altitudinal zonation in relation to the impact of grazing in the steppe lands of the Hindu Kush Range (N-Pakistan). Phytocoenologia 31(4): 477-498. Pils, G., (2006). Flowers of Turkey. A photo guide, ISBN: 20309
  • Savas, K., (1941). Die Waldweide in der Türkei. ihr gegenwärtiger umfang und ihre künftige wirtschaftliche sowie rechtliche regelung. M. Dittert & Co Dresden.
  • Seçmen, Ö., Leblebici, E., (1987). Yurdumuzun zehirli bitkileri. Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Kitap Serisi No:103, Izmir.
  • Sevim, M., (1955).Lübnan Sediri`nin (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) Türkiye`deki tabii yayılışı ve ekolojik şartları. Orman Umum Müdürlügü, Yayın No:143 Ankara.
  • Sweetapple, P.J., Burns, B.R., (2002). Assessing The Response of Forest Understoreys to Feral Goat Control With and Without Possum Control. Department of Conservation, Science for Conservation:201, New Zealand. ISSN:1173-2946 doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/sfc201.pdf.
  • Tavsanoğlu, Ç., Coşgun, U., (2009). Köprülü Kanyon Milli Parkı'nda (Antalya) Bulunan bazı maki türlerinin gelişme formu üzerinde keçi otlamasının etkisi. Ekoloji 18(72): 74-80.
  • Ter Steege, H., (1997). Wınphot 5.0. A. programme to analyze vegetation indices, light and light quality from hemispherical photographs (Manual). Tropenbos-Guyana Reports Utrecht University.
  • Thysell, D.R., Carey, A.B., (2001). Manipulation of density of Pseudotsuga menziesii canopies: preliminary effects on understory vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31(9): 1513-1525.
  • URL-1. Google Earth (2013). Google Earth 2011-2015.
  • URL-2. R- Development Core Team 2012. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R foundation for Statistical Computing (R-project.org;(2014).
  • Vajari, K.A., Jalilvand, H., Pourmajidian, M.R., Espahbodi, K., Moshki, H., A., (2012). Effect of canopy gap size and ecological factors on species diversity and beech seedlings in managed beech stands in Hyrcanian forest. Journal of Forestry Research 23(2): 217-222.
  • Veblen, T.T., Mermoz, M., Martin, C., Kitzberger, T., (1992). Ecological impacts of introduced animals in Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina. Conservation Biology, 6(1): 71- 83.
  • Wang, G., Mao, J., Fan, l., Ma, X., Li, Y., (2022). Effects of climate and grazing on the soil organic carbon dynamics of the grasslands in Northern Xinjiang during the past twenty years, Global Ecology and Conservation, doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02039.
  • Yavuz, T., Sürmen, M., Töngel, M.Ö., Avag, A., Özaydın, K.A., Yıldız, H., (2012). Amasya mera vejetasyonlarının bazı özellikleri. Tarım Bilimleri Arastırma 5(1): 181-18.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Orman Biyoçeşitliliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yıldız Güneş 0000-0003-2614-9615

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Güneş, Y. (2023). EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 7(2), 155-177. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221
AMA Güneş Y. EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE. Turk J For Sci. Ekim 2023;7(2):155-177. doi:10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221
Chicago Güneş, Yıldız. “EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE”. Turkish Journal of Forest Science 7, sy. 2 (Ekim 2023): 155-77. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221.
EndNote Güneş Y (01 Ekim 2023) EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE. Turkish Journal of Forest Science 7 2 155–177.
IEEE Y. Güneş, “EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE”, Turk J For Sci, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 155–177, 2023, doi: 10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221.
ISNAD Güneş, Yıldız. “EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE”. Turkish Journal of Forest Science 7/2 (Ekim 2023), 155-177. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221.
JAMA Güneş Y. EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE. Turk J For Sci. 2023;7:155–177.
MLA Güneş, Yıldız. “EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE”. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, c. 7, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 155-77, doi:10.32328/turkjforsci.1310221.
Vancouver Güneş Y. EFFECTS OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON THE FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUND VEGETATION IN FIR-CEDAR-FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL TAURUS MOUNTAINS, TURKIYE. Turk J For Sci. 2023;7(2):155-77.