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UKIP’S EUROSCEPTIC POSIOTIONING AND ITS ROLE IN THE UK’S IN-OUT REFERANDUM

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 30, 229 - 242, 25.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.707467

Öz

The United Kingdom continued to question some aspects of the European Union even after becoming a member state in 1973. The country’s uneasiness with the European Union increased significantly in the 1990s, when the European Union member states took significant steps to deepen the level of integration in response to the changing dynamics of the international politics. Never-ending unrest in the country eventually led to the withdrawal from the EU, commonly known as the Brexit, after a decision basing upon a referendum in 2016. This paper analyses the role of the United Kingdom Independence Party in the Brexit process till the end of the referendum of 23 June 2016. The study argues that concomitant operation of the current and historical dynamics produced the result of the Brexit.

Kaynakça

  • Arnorsson A. and Zoega, G. (2018). On the Causes of Brexit. European Journal of Political Economy, 55, 301-323.
  • Bale, T. (2018). Who Leads and Who Follows? The Symbiotic Relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives- and Populism and Euroscepticism. Politics, 38(3), 1-15.
  • Berry, M. (2016). Understanding the role of the mass media in the EU Referendum. Access Link blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/08/12/understanding-the-role-of-the-mass-media-in-the-eu-referendum/.
  • Betts, A. (2016). Why Brexit Happened and What to do Next?. Access Link https://www.ted.com/talks/alexander_betts_why_brexit_happened_and_what_to_do_next?language=tr.
  • Crines, A. and Heppell, T. (2016). Rhetorical Style and Issue Emphasis within the Conference Speeches of UKIP’s Nigel Farage 2010-2014. British Politics, 12(2), 231-249.
  • Crowley, C. (2015). British Euroscepticism and the Geopolitics of a Post-Imperial Britain”, The UK Challenge to Europeanization K. T. Sol and C. Gifford (Eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 73-95.
  • Curtice, J. (2017). How the Electoral System Failed to Deliver–Again. Britain Votes, 29-45.
  • Dartmouth, W. (2010). Anger at UK’s £1bn bill to help Albania and Serbia join EU. Access Link https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/217068/Anger-at-UK-s-1bn-bill-to-help-Albania-and-Serbia-join-EU.
  • Evans, S. (2016). Reality Check: Will the UK Pay for the Future Euro Bailouts?. Access Link https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36456277.
  • Farage, Nl. (2009). Nigel Farage reprimanded for criticising new EU president & foreign minister. Access Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vBqyG6qYXE.
  • ---. (2010). The prophesised Orwellian bureaucracy that is now reality. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_110_%95-The-prophesised-Orwellian-bureaucracy-that-is-now-reality.html.
  • ---. (2011). `Seismic political change` coming to Europe, says Nigel Farage. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_226_%60Seismic-political-change%60-coming-to-Europe-says-Nigel-Farage.html.
  • ---. (2011b). Control immigration? You`ll have to leave the EU. Access Link https://www.nigelfaragemep.co.uk/pages/posts/control-immigration-youll-have-to-leave-the-eu-15.php.
  • ---. (2012). Viewpoints: Experts comment on EU's Nobel award. Access Link https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19924216.
  • ---. (2013). By offering an in/out referendum, Cameron made Ukip stronger. Let the war of independence begin!. Access Link https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/by-offering-an-inout-referendum-cameron-made-ukip-stronger-let-the-war-of-independence-begin-8463843.html.
  • ---. (2015a). ‘An increasingly authoritarian EU is crushing democratic rights’ says Nigel Farage. Access Link https://www.eureporter.co/frontpage/2015/10/27/an-increasingly-authoritarian-eu-is-crushing-democratic-rights-says-nigel-farage/.
  • ---. (2015b). UKIP leader Nigel Farage: 'We want our country back'. Access Link https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-34356165/ukip-leader-nigel-farage-we-want-our-country-back.
  • ---. (2015c). Farage on Friday: The EU referendum is not about benefits, it’s about who governs Britain. Access Link https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/580971/Nigel-Farage-European-Union-referendum.
  • ---. (2016a). OUT means we'll be back in control of our country. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_1125_Nigel-Farage-OUT-means-well-be-back-in-control-of-our-country.html.
  • ---. (2016b). Farage on Cameron renegotiation attempt: Hardly worth the wait - truly pathetic. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_1119_Farage-on-Cameron-renegotiation-attempt-Hardly-worth-the-wait---truly-pathetic.html.
  • ---. (2018). Deluded Farage believes that the EU is ‘scared’ of Britain. Access Link https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/nigel-farage-on-the-soviet-union-and-eu-row-1-5719200.
  • Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. (2017). Britain After Brexit: A Nation Divided. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 17-30.
  • Freeden, M. (2017).After the Brexit Referendum: Revisiting Populism as an Ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies, 22 (1), 1-11.
  • Glencross, A. (2016). Why the UK Voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Goodwin, M. J. and Dennison, J. (2018). The Radical Right in the United Kingdom. Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Access Link http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190274559-e-26.
  • Helmer, R. (2015). EU referendum: Ask the right questions”. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_1040_EU-referendum-Ask-the-right-questions.html.
  • Hobolt, S. B. (2016). The Brexit Vote: A Divided Nation, A Divided Continent. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1259-1277.
  • Hughes, L. (2016). Tory Minister Rubbishes Cameron’s Claim that Turkey Won’t Ever Be Allowed to Join the EU. Access Link https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/22/eu-referendum-david-cameron-warns-cost-of-weekly-shop-will-rise/.
  • Inglehart, R. F. and Norris, Pippa. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Harvard Kennedy School Research Working Paper Series.
  • Langsley, N. (2016). All About Britain’s European Union Referendum. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Lynch, P. and Whitaker, R. (2013). Rivalry on the Right: The Conservatives, the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and the EU Issue. British Politics, 8(3), 285-312.
  • MacDonald, B. (2018). Germany is Conquering Europe!. Access Link https://www.thetrumpet.com/8853-germany-is-conquering-europe.
  • Macmillan, C. (2016). The European Union as a Totalitarian Nightmare: Dystopian Visions in the Discourse of the UK Independence Party (UKIP). Romanian Journal of English Studies, 13(1), 158-165.
  • Macshane, D. (2016). Brexit: How Britain Left Europe. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Nuttall, P. (2015). Freedom of Movement of Jihad. Access Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO42pbW0GSc&index=7&list=FLWOkEnBl5TO4SCLfSlosjgg.
  • Oliver, T. (2016). Goodbye Britannia? The international implications of Britain's vote to leave the EU. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(2), 214-233.
  • RT News. (2011). ‘EU club is costly with dubious benefits’. Access Link https://www.rt.com/news/eu-british-uk-membership-607/.
  • Salvati, E. (2016). Parties against Europe? A Comparative Analysis of the Electoral Speeches of the Five Star Movement and the United Kingdom Independece Party, IPSA Poznan World Congress.
  • Sked, A. (2018). As the founder of Ukip, I know it's all over for the party – this is how we save Brexit even as Ukip destroys itself. Acces Link https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ukip-brexit-leave-eu-deal-talks-trade-future-referendum-alan-sked-a8175926.html.
  • Sol, K. T. (2015a) Reworking the Eurosceptic and Conservative Traditions into a Populist Narrative: UKIP’s Winning Formula?. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(1), 140-156.
  • ---. (2015b). The UKIP Challenge. The UK Challenge to Europeanization, K. T. Sol and C. Gifford (Eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 134-147.
  • Thatcher, M. (1988). Speech to the College of Europe. Access Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_XsSnivgNg.
  • Todd, J. (2016). The UK’s Relationship with Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Troitino, D. R., Kerikmäe, T.l and Chochia, A. (2018). De Gaulle and the British Membership in the European Communities. Brexit: History, Reasoning and Perspectives, D. Ramiro Troitino, T. Kerikmäe, and A. Chochia (Eds.), Springer, 83-97.
  • Usherwood, S. (2003). Opposition to the European Union in the UK: The Dilemma of Public Opinion and Party Management. Government and Opposition, 37(2), 211-230.
  • ---. (2016).Did UKIP Win the Referendum?. Political Insight, 27-29.
  • Vasilopoulou, S. (2016). UK Euroscepticism and the Brexit Referendum. The Political Quarterly, 87(2), 219-227.
  • ---. (2017). British Eurosceptic Voting in 2014: Anti-EU or Anti-Government?. The Eurosceptic 2014 European Parliament Elections, J. H. Nielsen and M. Franklin (Eds.), Palgrave, 57-81.
  • Walsh, W. R. (2016). Euroscepticism in Britain and France: Implications for NATO and the European Union. Naval Postgraduate School of California Master Thesis.

UKİP’İN AVRUPA-ŞÜPHECİSİ TUTUMU VE BİRLEŞİK KRALLIĞIN AYRILIK REFERANDUMUNDAKİ ROLÜ

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 30, 229 - 242, 25.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.707467

Öz

Birleşik Krallık, 1973 yılında üye olmasının ardında da Avrupa Birliği projesinin bazı boyutlarını sorgulamaya devam etmiştir. Birleşik Krallığın Avrupa Birliği’ne ilişkin kaygıları, üye ülkelerin uluslararası siyasette değişen dinamiklere cevaben 1990’larda bütünleşmeyi daha derin hale getirme çabası içine girdiği önemli bir artış göstermiştir. Birleşik Krallığın AB’ye karşı bitmek bilmeyen rahatsızlığı en nihayetinde, ülkenin 2016 yılında düzenlediği referandumda alınan karara dayanan Birlikten ayrılması, yaygın olarak bilinen adıyla Brexit’i, ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada Birleşik Krallık Bağımsızlık Partisi’nin Brexit sürecindeki rolü 23 Haziran 2016 referandumunun sonlamasına kadar olan dönem itibariyle analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmada güncel ve tarihi dinamiklerin eş zamanlı işleyişinin Brexit sonucunu ortaya çıkardığı ileri sürülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Arnorsson A. and Zoega, G. (2018). On the Causes of Brexit. European Journal of Political Economy, 55, 301-323.
  • Bale, T. (2018). Who Leads and Who Follows? The Symbiotic Relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives- and Populism and Euroscepticism. Politics, 38(3), 1-15.
  • Berry, M. (2016). Understanding the role of the mass media in the EU Referendum. Access Link blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2016/08/12/understanding-the-role-of-the-mass-media-in-the-eu-referendum/.
  • Betts, A. (2016). Why Brexit Happened and What to do Next?. Access Link https://www.ted.com/talks/alexander_betts_why_brexit_happened_and_what_to_do_next?language=tr.
  • Crines, A. and Heppell, T. (2016). Rhetorical Style and Issue Emphasis within the Conference Speeches of UKIP’s Nigel Farage 2010-2014. British Politics, 12(2), 231-249.
  • Crowley, C. (2015). British Euroscepticism and the Geopolitics of a Post-Imperial Britain”, The UK Challenge to Europeanization K. T. Sol and C. Gifford (Eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 73-95.
  • Curtice, J. (2017). How the Electoral System Failed to Deliver–Again. Britain Votes, 29-45.
  • Dartmouth, W. (2010). Anger at UK’s £1bn bill to help Albania and Serbia join EU. Access Link https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/217068/Anger-at-UK-s-1bn-bill-to-help-Albania-and-Serbia-join-EU.
  • Evans, S. (2016). Reality Check: Will the UK Pay for the Future Euro Bailouts?. Access Link https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36456277.
  • Farage, Nl. (2009). Nigel Farage reprimanded for criticising new EU president & foreign minister. Access Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vBqyG6qYXE.
  • ---. (2010). The prophesised Orwellian bureaucracy that is now reality. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_110_%95-The-prophesised-Orwellian-bureaucracy-that-is-now-reality.html.
  • ---. (2011). `Seismic political change` coming to Europe, says Nigel Farage. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_226_%60Seismic-political-change%60-coming-to-Europe-says-Nigel-Farage.html.
  • ---. (2011b). Control immigration? You`ll have to leave the EU. Access Link https://www.nigelfaragemep.co.uk/pages/posts/control-immigration-youll-have-to-leave-the-eu-15.php.
  • ---. (2012). Viewpoints: Experts comment on EU's Nobel award. Access Link https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19924216.
  • ---. (2013). By offering an in/out referendum, Cameron made Ukip stronger. Let the war of independence begin!. Access Link https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/by-offering-an-inout-referendum-cameron-made-ukip-stronger-let-the-war-of-independence-begin-8463843.html.
  • ---. (2015a). ‘An increasingly authoritarian EU is crushing democratic rights’ says Nigel Farage. Access Link https://www.eureporter.co/frontpage/2015/10/27/an-increasingly-authoritarian-eu-is-crushing-democratic-rights-says-nigel-farage/.
  • ---. (2015b). UKIP leader Nigel Farage: 'We want our country back'. Access Link https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-politics-34356165/ukip-leader-nigel-farage-we-want-our-country-back.
  • ---. (2015c). Farage on Friday: The EU referendum is not about benefits, it’s about who governs Britain. Access Link https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/580971/Nigel-Farage-European-Union-referendum.
  • ---. (2016a). OUT means we'll be back in control of our country. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_1125_Nigel-Farage-OUT-means-well-be-back-in-control-of-our-country.html.
  • ---. (2016b). Farage on Cameron renegotiation attempt: Hardly worth the wait - truly pathetic. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_1119_Farage-on-Cameron-renegotiation-attempt-Hardly-worth-the-wait---truly-pathetic.html.
  • ---. (2018). Deluded Farage believes that the EU is ‘scared’ of Britain. Access Link https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/nigel-farage-on-the-soviet-union-and-eu-row-1-5719200.
  • Ford, R. and Goodwin, M. (2017). Britain After Brexit: A Nation Divided. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 17-30.
  • Freeden, M. (2017).After the Brexit Referendum: Revisiting Populism as an Ideology. Journal of Political Ideologies, 22 (1), 1-11.
  • Glencross, A. (2016). Why the UK Voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Goodwin, M. J. and Dennison, J. (2018). The Radical Right in the United Kingdom. Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Access Link http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190274559-e-26.
  • Helmer, R. (2015). EU referendum: Ask the right questions”. Access Link http://www.ukipmeps.org/news_1040_EU-referendum-Ask-the-right-questions.html.
  • Hobolt, S. B. (2016). The Brexit Vote: A Divided Nation, A Divided Continent. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1259-1277.
  • Hughes, L. (2016). Tory Minister Rubbishes Cameron’s Claim that Turkey Won’t Ever Be Allowed to Join the EU. Access Link https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/22/eu-referendum-david-cameron-warns-cost-of-weekly-shop-will-rise/.
  • Inglehart, R. F. and Norris, Pippa. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Harvard Kennedy School Research Working Paper Series.
  • Langsley, N. (2016). All About Britain’s European Union Referendum. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  • Lynch, P. and Whitaker, R. (2013). Rivalry on the Right: The Conservatives, the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and the EU Issue. British Politics, 8(3), 285-312.
  • MacDonald, B. (2018). Germany is Conquering Europe!. Access Link https://www.thetrumpet.com/8853-germany-is-conquering-europe.
  • Macmillan, C. (2016). The European Union as a Totalitarian Nightmare: Dystopian Visions in the Discourse of the UK Independence Party (UKIP). Romanian Journal of English Studies, 13(1), 158-165.
  • Macshane, D. (2016). Brexit: How Britain Left Europe. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • Nuttall, P. (2015). Freedom of Movement of Jihad. Access Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO42pbW0GSc&index=7&list=FLWOkEnBl5TO4SCLfSlosjgg.
  • Oliver, T. (2016). Goodbye Britannia? The international implications of Britain's vote to leave the EU. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(2), 214-233.
  • RT News. (2011). ‘EU club is costly with dubious benefits’. Access Link https://www.rt.com/news/eu-british-uk-membership-607/.
  • Salvati, E. (2016). Parties against Europe? A Comparative Analysis of the Electoral Speeches of the Five Star Movement and the United Kingdom Independece Party, IPSA Poznan World Congress.
  • Sked, A. (2018). As the founder of Ukip, I know it's all over for the party – this is how we save Brexit even as Ukip destroys itself. Acces Link https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/ukip-brexit-leave-eu-deal-talks-trade-future-referendum-alan-sked-a8175926.html.
  • Sol, K. T. (2015a) Reworking the Eurosceptic and Conservative Traditions into a Populist Narrative: UKIP’s Winning Formula?. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(1), 140-156.
  • ---. (2015b). The UKIP Challenge. The UK Challenge to Europeanization, K. T. Sol and C. Gifford (Eds.), Palgrave Macmillan, 134-147.
  • Thatcher, M. (1988). Speech to the College of Europe. Access Link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_XsSnivgNg.
  • Todd, J. (2016). The UK’s Relationship with Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Troitino, D. R., Kerikmäe, T.l and Chochia, A. (2018). De Gaulle and the British Membership in the European Communities. Brexit: History, Reasoning and Perspectives, D. Ramiro Troitino, T. Kerikmäe, and A. Chochia (Eds.), Springer, 83-97.
  • Usherwood, S. (2003). Opposition to the European Union in the UK: The Dilemma of Public Opinion and Party Management. Government and Opposition, 37(2), 211-230.
  • ---. (2016).Did UKIP Win the Referendum?. Political Insight, 27-29.
  • Vasilopoulou, S. (2016). UK Euroscepticism and the Brexit Referendum. The Political Quarterly, 87(2), 219-227.
  • ---. (2017). British Eurosceptic Voting in 2014: Anti-EU or Anti-Government?. The Eurosceptic 2014 European Parliament Elections, J. H. Nielsen and M. Franklin (Eds.), Palgrave, 57-81.
  • Walsh, W. R. (2016). Euroscepticism in Britain and France: Implications for NATO and the European Union. Naval Postgraduate School of California Master Thesis.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Seven Erdoğan 0000-0001-9991-2074

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 30

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğan, S. (2021). UKIP’S EUROSCEPTIC POSIOTIONING AND ITS ROLE IN THE UK’S IN-OUT REFERANDUM. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(30), 229-242. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.707467


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