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21. YÜZYILDA TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ’NİN ENERJİ GÜVENLİĞİ POLİTİKALARI: ENERJİ BAĞIMLILIĞINI DÜŞÜRME HEDEFİ BAŞARILABİLİR Mİ?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 - Türkiye özel sayısı, 171 - 203, 31.08.2023

Öz

Kendine özgü özelliklere sahip, yürüttüğü iç/dış politikalar sadece komşuları tarafından değil, aynı esnada bölge-dışı ülkelerce de yakından takip edilen Türkiye, enerji güvenliği politikalarını güvence altına almaya çalışmaktadır. Özellikle Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde 2000’li yıllarda siyasi istikrarın sağlanmasından ötürü aşamalı ekonomik büyüme, Türk ekonomik sisteminin ana parçalarını teşkil eden hane halkı ve sınai/ticari enerji kullanımında açıkça büyük artışların yaşanmasına yol açmıştır. Petrol ve gaz kaynakları açısından yetersiz durumdaki Türkiye, bu alandaki açığı kapatabilmek ve sürdürülebilir kalkınmasının devamı için bu kaynakları yüksek oranda ithal etmektedir. Bu enerji kaynaklarındaki bağımlılık yüzde 90’ın üzerinde vuku bulmaktadır. Ayrıca, Ankara, bu kaynakların kendi topraklarında keşfine yönelik çalışmalarını artırmaktadır. 2000’li yıllarda enerji ithalatlarına yüksek bağımlılığını azaltmak için, Türkiye, yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları ve nükleer enerji konusunda büyük yatırımlar yaparak dengeli bir enerji karışımına ulaşmak için özel çeşitlendirme girişimlerine önem vermektedir. 2030’lu ve 2040’lı yıllarda, Türkiye, daha az hidrokarbon bağımlısı bir ülke olmanın yanı sıra, yenilenebilir enerji ile daha temiz enerji sistemlerine sahip olmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu hedefin ulaşılabilir olup olmaması uluslararası enerji dünyasındaki gelişmeler ve Ankara’nın net sıfır karbon ekonomisine ulaşma konusundaki kararlılığı sonucunda belirlenecektir.

Kaynakça

  • • Al Arabiya News (2023), “Turkey discovers 1 bln barrels of oil in field of southeast province of Sirnak”, 04.05.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://english.alarabiya.net/business/energy/2023/05/04/Turkey-discovers-1-bln-barrels-of-oil-in-field-of-southeast-province-of-Sirnak.
  • • Arab News (2023), “Saudi Arabia and Türkiye sign energy cooperation agreement”, 18.07.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://www.arabnews.com/node/2340061/business-economy.
  • • Bardakçı, Mehmet (2022), “Turkey and the Major Powers in the Eastern Mediterranean Crisis from the 2010s to the 2020s”, Comparative Southeast European Studies, Vol. 70, no: 3, pp. 516-539.
  • • Bardakçı, Mehmet (2023), “Türkiye’s Shifting Policies Toward the Cyprus Issue and The Eastern Mediterranean Dispute”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 76, pp. 238-253.
  • • Cengiz, Sinem (2023), “Will economy-driven Türkiye-Gulf relations yield political gains?”, The Frontier Post, 31.07.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://thefrontierpost.com/will-economy-driven-Türkiye-gulf-relations-yield-political-gains/.
  • • Civilnet (2021), “The discovery of gas in the Black Sea drastically broadens Turkey’s options”, 16.06.2021, Date of Accession: 20.07.2023 from https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/620839/the-discovery-of-gas-in-the-black-sea-drastically-broadens-turkeys-options/.
  • • Daily Sabah (2022), “Turkey 4th biggest LNG importer in Europe as global trade jumps”, Daily Sabah, 06.05.2022, Date of Accession: 31.07.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkey-4th-biggest-lng-importer-in-europe-as-global-trade-jumps.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/a), “Türkiye launches Black Sea gas deliveries in historic milestone”, 20.04.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/Türkiye-launches-black-sea-gas-deliveries-in-historic-milestone.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/b), “Türkiye officially launches Europe's largest solar power plant”, 02.05.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/Türkiye-officially-launches-europes-largest-solar-power-plant.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/c), “New discoveries help lift Türkiye's daily oil output to 32-year high”, 07.06.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/new-discoveries-help-lift-Türkiyes-daily-oil-output-to-32-year-high.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/d), “Türkiye says energy covers nearly $30B of deals signed with UAE”, 31.07.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/Türkiye-says-energy-covers-nearly-30b-of-deals-signed-with-uae.
  • • EnerData (2023), “Turkey's National Energy Plan for 2035 will boost solar and wind capacities”, 05.01.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/turkeys-national-energy-plan-2035-will-boost-solar-and-wind-capacities.html#:~:text=Overall%2C%20Turkey's%20installed%20capacity%20is,(54%25%20in%202021.
  • • Gültekin-Tarla, Esma (2022), “Kavram, Teknoloji ve Politikalar Kapsamında Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji”, in (eds. By İsmail Kavaz) Türkiye’nin Enerjisi: Politikalar ve Stratejiler, İstanbul: SETA Kitapları 80, pp. 55-73.
  • • Hale, William (2022), “Turkey’s energy dilemmas: changes and challenges”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 58, no: 3, pp. 452-466.
  • • Hale, William (2023), “The Turkey-Russia Relationship in Historical Perspective: Patterns, Change and Contrast”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online Publication, 25 April 2023, pp. 1-16.
  • • International Energy Agency Press Release (2021), “Turkey’s success in renewables is helping diversify its energy mix and increase its energy security”, 11.03.2021, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://www.iea.org/news/turkey-s-success-in-renewables-is-helping-diversify-its-energy-mix-and-increase-its-energy-security.
  • • Kalbitemiz-Bodur, Numan (2012), “Thorium potential of Turkey resource and recent developments”, Workshop on Recent Developments in Evaluation of Uranium and Thorium Resources, Lisbon, Portugal, 15-18 October 2012, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/UNFC/ws_IAEA_CYTED_UNECE_Oct12_Lisbon/19_Bodur.pdf.
  • • Karataşlı, Muhammet (2020), “Nuclear energy and raw material reserves in Turkey”, ABMYO Dergisi, Year: 15, no: 59, pp. 249-261.
  • • Kavaz, İsmail (2021), “Türkiye’nin Enerji Kaynakları ve Politikası”, in (eds. by Kemal İnat & Büşra Zeynep & Özdemir Daşcıoğlu) Dünya Enerji Trendleri: Rezervler, Kaynaklar ve Politikalar, İstanbul: SETA Kitapları 76, pp. 39-75.
  • • Kavaz, İsmail (2022), “Türkiye’nin Enerji Ajandası”, in (eds. by İsmail Kavaz) Türkiye’nin Enerjisi: Politikalar ve Stratejiler, İstanbul, SETA Kitapları 80, pp. 13-25.
  • • Kaya, Nuran Erkul (2021), “Turkey's gas reserve volumes in Black Sea expected to rise”, Anadolu Ajansı, 03.06.2021, Date of Accession: 15.07.2023 from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkeys-gas-reserve-volumes-in-black-sea-expected-to-rise-/2263274.
  • • Kennedy, Charles (2023), “Turkey Makes Huge 1-Billion-Barrel Oil Discovery”, Oil Price, 04.05.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Turkey-Makes-Huge-1-Billion-Barrel-Oil-Discovery.html.
  • • Kısacık, Sina (2021), “The Noteworthy Regional Energy Security Initiatives of Turkey in Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Period: Just Being a Transit State or More Than That?”, in (eds. by Tayyar Arı & Mesut Hakkı Caşın) Turkish Foreign Policy during JDP Era: Regional Coexistence and Global Cooperation, Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 159-182.
  • • Kısacık, Sina & Güçyetmez, Ferdi (2022), “European Energy Security: Can the Balanced Energy Mix Within the European Union Be Accomplished in the 21st Century?”, in (eds. by Sina Kısacık & Ferdi Güçyetmez) Global Energy and Geopolitical Transformation, İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık, pp. 93-118.
  • • Nadig, Smruthi (2022), “Turkish Petroleum discovers oil worth $12bn in Mount Gabar”, Offshore Technology, 15.12.2022, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.offshore-technology.com/news/turkish-petroleum-discovers-oil-worth-12bn-in-mount-gabar/#catfish.
  • • Özev, Muharrem Hilmi (2022), “Küresel Enerji Görünümünde Yapısal Dönüşüm ve Avrasya”, in (eds. by Arzu Al & Hayri Kaya) Uluslararası Politik Ekonomide Avrasya, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, pp. 183-193.
  • • Pirani, Simon (2021), “Azerbaijan’s gas sales strategy at a crossroads”, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies OIES Energy Comment, May 2021, Date of Accession: 19.08.2023 from https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Azerbaijans-gas-sales-strategy-at-a-crossroads.pdf.
  • • Raphael, Sam & Stokes, Doug (2017), “Enerji Güvenliği”, in Çağdaş Güvenlik Çalışmaları, translated by Nasuh Uslu, İstanbul: Röle Akademik Yayıncılık, pp. 306-319.
  • • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (2023), “Thorium”, 22.06.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://enerji.gov.tr/info-banknatural-resourcesthorium.
  • • Sharma, Ashima (2023), “Turkey discovers natural gas worth over $500bn in the Black Sea”, Offshore Technology, 11.04.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.offshore-technology.com/news/turkey-discovers-natural-gas-in-black-sea/#catfish.
  • • Smoleń, Kinga (2019), “The geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline”, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 17, z. 4, pp. 101-121.
  • • SWP Comment (2022), “Decarbonising EU-Turkey Energy Cooperation: Challenges and Prospects”, 29.03.2022, Date of Accession: 10.07.2023 from https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2022C23/.
  • • Sönmez, Mustafa (2023), “Turkey plans to expand renewable energy but sticks to coal, nuclear”, Al Monitor, 02.02.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/01/turkey-plans-expand-renewable-energy-sticks-coal-nuclear#ixzz89PDDaBKw.
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ENERGY SECURITY POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKİYE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CAN THE TARGET OF DECREASING ENERGY DEPENDENCY BE ACHIEVABLE?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 - Türkiye özel sayısı, 171 - 203, 31.08.2023

Öz

Türkiye possessing sui generis characteristic features, its pursuing of domestic as well as foreign/security policies closely followed not only by its neighbours, but also by outer regional countries and international organizations, is trying to safeguard of its energy security policies. Because of the provision of political stability in the 2000s, the gradual economic growth annually has obviously caused the practise of great increases on residential and industrial/commercial energy consumption forming the foremost components of Turkish economic system. Türkiye, insufficient on oil and gas, is importing these resources with high dependence to close this gap in this field as well as to continue its sustainable development. That dependency happens at more than 90 % in these energy resources. Also, Ankara has been increasing efforts to discover hydrocarbons within its territories. So, to decrease its high dependence on energy imports in the 2000s, Türkiye has been attaching unique diversification efforts to reach a balanced energy mix by making huge investments into renewable energy resources as well as nuclear energy. In the 2030s and 2040s, Türkiye targets to become a less hydrocarbon-dependent country and have more clean energy systems via renewable energy (RE). Whether or not this target is accomplishable will be determined by conjunctural developments in the international energy world and Ankara’s determinedness on reaching net zero carbon economics.

Kaynakça

  • • Al Arabiya News (2023), “Turkey discovers 1 bln barrels of oil in field of southeast province of Sirnak”, 04.05.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://english.alarabiya.net/business/energy/2023/05/04/Turkey-discovers-1-bln-barrels-of-oil-in-field-of-southeast-province-of-Sirnak.
  • • Arab News (2023), “Saudi Arabia and Türkiye sign energy cooperation agreement”, 18.07.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://www.arabnews.com/node/2340061/business-economy.
  • • Bardakçı, Mehmet (2022), “Turkey and the Major Powers in the Eastern Mediterranean Crisis from the 2010s to the 2020s”, Comparative Southeast European Studies, Vol. 70, no: 3, pp. 516-539.
  • • Bardakçı, Mehmet (2023), “Türkiye’s Shifting Policies Toward the Cyprus Issue and The Eastern Mediterranean Dispute”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 76, pp. 238-253.
  • • Cengiz, Sinem (2023), “Will economy-driven Türkiye-Gulf relations yield political gains?”, The Frontier Post, 31.07.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://thefrontierpost.com/will-economy-driven-Türkiye-gulf-relations-yield-political-gains/.
  • • Civilnet (2021), “The discovery of gas in the Black Sea drastically broadens Turkey’s options”, 16.06.2021, Date of Accession: 20.07.2023 from https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/620839/the-discovery-of-gas-in-the-black-sea-drastically-broadens-turkeys-options/.
  • • Daily Sabah (2022), “Turkey 4th biggest LNG importer in Europe as global trade jumps”, Daily Sabah, 06.05.2022, Date of Accession: 31.07.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/turkey-4th-biggest-lng-importer-in-europe-as-global-trade-jumps.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/a), “Türkiye launches Black Sea gas deliveries in historic milestone”, 20.04.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/Türkiye-launches-black-sea-gas-deliveries-in-historic-milestone.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/b), “Türkiye officially launches Europe's largest solar power plant”, 02.05.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/Türkiye-officially-launches-europes-largest-solar-power-plant.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/c), “New discoveries help lift Türkiye's daily oil output to 32-year high”, 07.06.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/new-discoveries-help-lift-Türkiyes-daily-oil-output-to-32-year-high.
  • • Daily Sabah (2023/d), “Türkiye says energy covers nearly $30B of deals signed with UAE”, 31.07.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/energy/Türkiye-says-energy-covers-nearly-30b-of-deals-signed-with-uae.
  • • EnerData (2023), “Turkey's National Energy Plan for 2035 will boost solar and wind capacities”, 05.01.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/turkeys-national-energy-plan-2035-will-boost-solar-and-wind-capacities.html#:~:text=Overall%2C%20Turkey's%20installed%20capacity%20is,(54%25%20in%202021.
  • • Gültekin-Tarla, Esma (2022), “Kavram, Teknoloji ve Politikalar Kapsamında Türkiye’de Yenilenebilir Enerji”, in (eds. By İsmail Kavaz) Türkiye’nin Enerjisi: Politikalar ve Stratejiler, İstanbul: SETA Kitapları 80, pp. 55-73.
  • • Hale, William (2022), “Turkey’s energy dilemmas: changes and challenges”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 58, no: 3, pp. 452-466.
  • • Hale, William (2023), “The Turkey-Russia Relationship in Historical Perspective: Patterns, Change and Contrast”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online Publication, 25 April 2023, pp. 1-16.
  • • International Energy Agency Press Release (2021), “Turkey’s success in renewables is helping diversify its energy mix and increase its energy security”, 11.03.2021, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://www.iea.org/news/turkey-s-success-in-renewables-is-helping-diversify-its-energy-mix-and-increase-its-energy-security.
  • • Kalbitemiz-Bodur, Numan (2012), “Thorium potential of Turkey resource and recent developments”, Workshop on Recent Developments in Evaluation of Uranium and Thorium Resources, Lisbon, Portugal, 15-18 October 2012, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/UNFC/ws_IAEA_CYTED_UNECE_Oct12_Lisbon/19_Bodur.pdf.
  • • Karataşlı, Muhammet (2020), “Nuclear energy and raw material reserves in Turkey”, ABMYO Dergisi, Year: 15, no: 59, pp. 249-261.
  • • Kavaz, İsmail (2021), “Türkiye’nin Enerji Kaynakları ve Politikası”, in (eds. by Kemal İnat & Büşra Zeynep & Özdemir Daşcıoğlu) Dünya Enerji Trendleri: Rezervler, Kaynaklar ve Politikalar, İstanbul: SETA Kitapları 76, pp. 39-75.
  • • Kavaz, İsmail (2022), “Türkiye’nin Enerji Ajandası”, in (eds. by İsmail Kavaz) Türkiye’nin Enerjisi: Politikalar ve Stratejiler, İstanbul, SETA Kitapları 80, pp. 13-25.
  • • Kaya, Nuran Erkul (2021), “Turkey's gas reserve volumes in Black Sea expected to rise”, Anadolu Ajansı, 03.06.2021, Date of Accession: 15.07.2023 from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkeys-gas-reserve-volumes-in-black-sea-expected-to-rise-/2263274.
  • • Kennedy, Charles (2023), “Turkey Makes Huge 1-Billion-Barrel Oil Discovery”, Oil Price, 04.05.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://oilprice.com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/Turkey-Makes-Huge-1-Billion-Barrel-Oil-Discovery.html.
  • • Kısacık, Sina (2021), “The Noteworthy Regional Energy Security Initiatives of Turkey in Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Period: Just Being a Transit State or More Than That?”, in (eds. by Tayyar Arı & Mesut Hakkı Caşın) Turkish Foreign Policy during JDP Era: Regional Coexistence and Global Cooperation, Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 159-182.
  • • Kısacık, Sina & Güçyetmez, Ferdi (2022), “European Energy Security: Can the Balanced Energy Mix Within the European Union Be Accomplished in the 21st Century?”, in (eds. by Sina Kısacık & Ferdi Güçyetmez) Global Energy and Geopolitical Transformation, İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık, pp. 93-118.
  • • Nadig, Smruthi (2022), “Turkish Petroleum discovers oil worth $12bn in Mount Gabar”, Offshore Technology, 15.12.2022, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.offshore-technology.com/news/turkish-petroleum-discovers-oil-worth-12bn-in-mount-gabar/#catfish.
  • • Özev, Muharrem Hilmi (2022), “Küresel Enerji Görünümünde Yapısal Dönüşüm ve Avrasya”, in (eds. by Arzu Al & Hayri Kaya) Uluslararası Politik Ekonomide Avrasya, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, pp. 183-193.
  • • Pirani, Simon (2021), “Azerbaijan’s gas sales strategy at a crossroads”, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies OIES Energy Comment, May 2021, Date of Accession: 19.08.2023 from https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Azerbaijans-gas-sales-strategy-at-a-crossroads.pdf.
  • • Raphael, Sam & Stokes, Doug (2017), “Enerji Güvenliği”, in Çağdaş Güvenlik Çalışmaları, translated by Nasuh Uslu, İstanbul: Röle Akademik Yayıncılık, pp. 306-319.
  • • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (2023), “Thorium”, 22.06.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://enerji.gov.tr/info-banknatural-resourcesthorium.
  • • Sharma, Ashima (2023), “Turkey discovers natural gas worth over $500bn in the Black Sea”, Offshore Technology, 11.04.2023, Date of Accession: 28.07.2023 from https://www.offshore-technology.com/news/turkey-discovers-natural-gas-in-black-sea/#catfish.
  • • Smoleń, Kinga (2019), “The geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline”, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 17, z. 4, pp. 101-121.
  • • SWP Comment (2022), “Decarbonising EU-Turkey Energy Cooperation: Challenges and Prospects”, 29.03.2022, Date of Accession: 10.07.2023 from https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2022C23/.
  • • Sönmez, Mustafa (2023), “Turkey plans to expand renewable energy but sticks to coal, nuclear”, Al Monitor, 02.02.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/01/turkey-plans-expand-renewable-energy-sticks-coal-nuclear#ixzz89PDDaBKw.
  • • Tapia, Felipe Sánchez (2020), “Geopolitical impact of natural gas discoveries in the Black Sea”, IEEE Analysis Paper 37/2020, 25.11.2020, Date of Accession: 19.08.2023 from https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_analisis/2020/DIEEEA37_2020FELSAN_gasmarNegro-ENG.pdf.
  • • Tavşan, Sinan (2023), “Erdogan ends Gulf tour in UAE with agreements worth $50bn”, Nikkei Asia, 20.07.2023, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Erdogan-ends-Gulf-tour-in-UAE-with-agreements-worth-50bn.
  • • Todorović, Igor (2023), “Turkey aims to almost double electricity generation capacity by 2035”, Balkan Green Energy News, 06.01.2023, Date of Accession: 04.08.2023 from https://balkangreenenergynews.com/turkey-aims-to-almost-double-electricity-generation-capacity-by-2035/.
  • • Tokay, Melih & Erentöz, Cahit (1959), “Uranium and Thorium Possibilities in Turkey”, Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, pp. 80-99, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/44132.
  • • Thorium Energy World (2018), “Turkey Joins the Thorium Race”, 06.02.2018, Date of Accession: 01.08.2023 from http://www.thoriumenergyworld.com/news/turkey-joins-the-thorium-race. • Ugal, Nishant (2023), “Turkey signs multi-year LNG import deal with leading Middle East gas producer”, Upstream, 31.05.2023, Date of Accession: 31.07.2023 from https://www.upstreamonline.com/lng/turkey-signs-multi-year-lng-import-deal-with-leading-middle-east-gas-producer/2-1-1395749.
  • • Ünal, Serhan (2022), “Enerji Arz Güvenliği ve Dış Arz Güvenliği”, in (eds. by İsmail Kavaz) Türkiye’nin Enerjisi: Politikalar ve Stratejiler, İstanbul: SETA Kitapları 80, pp. 127-148.
  • • World Nuclear News (2023), “Concreting of Akkuyu 1's inner containment dome completed”, 02.06.2023, Date of Accession 01.08.2023 from https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Concreting-of-Akkuyu-1-s-inner-containment-dome-co.
  • • Varol-Sevim, Tuğçe (2013), “Importance of TANAP in Competition Between Russia and Central Asia”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 3, no: 4, pp. 352-359.
  • • Virág, Attila (2018), “The TurkStream Pipeline in Light of the Security of Demand for Russian Gas”, European Scientific Journal, Vol. 14, no: 29, pp. 16-35.
  • • Yergin, Daniel (2012), The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World, London: Penguin Books.
  • • Yergin, Daniel (2022), Yeni Harita: Enerji, İklim ve Uluslar Çatışması, translated by Oya Özaltın, İstanbul: Nora Kitap.
  • • Yılmaz, Şuhnaz (2023), “Facing new security threats in an era of global transformations: Turkey's challenges of energy security, climate change and sustainability”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 24, no: 3-4, pp. 714-738.
  • • Yorulmaz, Murat & Kısacık, Sina & Helvacıköylü, Gamze (2022), “Rivalry in the New Geopolitics of the Mediterranean: Turkey’s Geostrategic Vision and Its Effects on Foreign (Energy) and Security Policies”, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 10, no: 1, pp. 417-431.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sina Kısacık 0000-0002-3603-6510

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 - Türkiye özel sayısı

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kısacık, Sina. “ENERGY SECURITY POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKİYE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: CAN THE TARGET OF DECREASING ENERGY DEPENDENCY BE ACHIEVABLE?”. UPA Strategic Affairs 4, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 171-203.