Süt İneklerinde Meme Başı Kanalının Ultrasonografik Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 35 Sayı: 1, 89 - 93, 29.03.2024

Mehmet Yildiz Sait Sendag

https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1414750

Öz

Ultrasonografi sığırlarda meme ve meme başlarının incelenmesinde kullanılabilecek noninvazif bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmanın amacı meme başı kanalı olarak bilinen duktus papillaris (Dp) uzunluğunun ırk, parite, mastitis, gebelik ve sağım şekli gibi bazı maternal faktörlerle ilişkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın hayvan materyalini farklı ırk (Holstein, Simmental, Montofon) ve yaşta, klinik olarak sağlıklı toplam 50 inek oluşturdu. Bu kapsamda ineklerde ırk, parite, mastitis, gebelik ve sağım şekli verileri ultrasonografik ölçümler eşliğinde değerlendirildi. Elle sağım ile tüm meme başlarında sağımın kolaylığı veya zorluğu tecrübesi olan aynı kişi tarafından test edildi. Memenin genel klinik muayenesi ve temizliği yapıldıktan sonra Dp uzunlukları ultrasonografi (5-7.5 MHz lineer prob) ile ölçülerek kaydedildi. Sonuç olarak, tüm hayvanlarda ortalama Dp uzunluklarının ön meme başlarında 9.80±2.08 mm (sağ) ve 9.90±2.03 mm (sol) ve arka meme başlarında 10.22±1.91 mm (sağ) ve 10.29±1.92 (sol) mm olduğunu tespit edildi. Meme başlarındaki Dp uzunluklarında istatistiksel anlamda bir fark bulunmadı (p>0.05). Ayrıca Dp ile ırk, parite, mastitis, gebelik ve sağımın kolaylığı veya zorluğu arasında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmedi (p>0.05).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Duktus papillaris, meme bezi, sığır, ultrasonografi

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Teat Canal in Dairy Cows

Öz

Ultrasonography is a noninvasive technique that can be used to examine the udder and teats in cattle. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the length of the ductus papillaris (Dp), known as the teat canal, and some maternal factors such as race, parity, mastitis, pregnancy and milking method. The animal material of the study consisted of a total of 50 clinically healthy cows of different breeds (Holstein, Simmental, Montofon) and ages. Within this scope, data on breeds, parity, mastitis, pregnancy, and milking method were evaluated. All teats were tested by the same person who had experience with the ease or difficulty of hand milking. After a general clinical examination and cleaning of the udder, Dp lengths were measured and recorded using ultrasonography (5-7.5 MHz linear probe). As a result, the average Dp lengths in all animals were determined to be 9.80±2.08 mm (right) and 9.90±2.03 mm (left) in the front teats, and 10.22±1.91 mm (right) and 10.29±1.92 mm (left) in the rear teats. There was no statistically significant difference between Dp lengths at the teat ends (p>0.05). Furthermore, significant difference was not found between Dp and breed, parity, mastitis status, pregnancy and ease or difficulty of milking (p>0.05).

Anahtar Kelimeler

cow, ductus papillaris, teat gland, ultrasonography

Kaynakça

• Alaçam E (1984). Süt İneklerinde Sağım ve Meme Bakımı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Vet Fak Derg, (Özel Sayı), 91-105. Cheng WN, Han SG (2020). Bovine mastitis: risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments: A review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 33 (11), 1699-1713.
• Çelik HA, Aydın İ, Colak M, Şendag S, Dinç DA (2008). Ultrasonographic evaluation of age related influence on the teat canal and the effect of this influence on milk yield in brown swiss cows. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy, 52, 245-249.
• Davidov I, Boboš S, Radinović M, Erdeljan M (2011). Effect of different length ductus papillaris on pathomorphological changes in udder parenchyma. Milan Krajinović, Blagoje Stančić (Eds). Contemporary Agrıculture Savremena Poljoprıvreda (pp. 139). Novi Sad, Serbia.
• Grindal RJ, Walton AW, Hillerton JE (1991). Influence of milk flow rate and streak canal length on new intramammary infection in dairy cows. J Dairy Res, 58 (4), 383-388.
• Habermehl KH (1996). Haut und Hautorgane. In: Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E (Hrsg.): Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere, Band III, 3. Auflage, Kreislaufsystem, Haut und Hautorgane, Parey Verlag, Berlin, 443-576.
• Hebel P (1978). Verhältnisse zwishen vershiedenen Zizenmermalen, der Strichkanallänge und den Strichkanaldurchmessern beim rind. Zuchtungsk, 50, 127-131.
• Klein D, Flöck M, Khol JL ve ark. (2005). Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health. J Dairy Res, 72 (3), 296-302.
• Lacy-Hulbert SJ, Hillerton JE (1995). Physical characteristics of the bovine teat canal and their influence on susceptibility tostreptococcal infections. J Dairy Res, 62 (3), 395-404.
• Martin LM, Stöcker C, Sauerwein H, Büscher W, Müller U (2018). Evaluation of inner teat morphology by using high-resolution ultrasound: changes due to milking and establishment of measurement traits of the distal teat canal. J Dairy Sci, 101 (9), 8417-8428.
• McDonald JS (1973). Radiographic method for anatomic study of the teat canal: changes within the first lactation. A J Vet Res, 34 (2), 169-171.
• Mein, GA (2012). The role of the milking machine in mastitis control. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim, 28 (2), 307-320.
• Mekonnen SA, Koop G, Getaneh AM, Lam TJGM, Hogeveen H (2019). Failure costs associated with mastitis in smallholder dairy farms keeping Holstein Friesian × Zebu crossbreed cows. Animal, 13 (11), 2650-2659.
• Melvin M, Heuwieser W, Virkler PD, Nydam DV, Wieland, M (2019). Machine milking–induced changes in teat canal dimensions as assessed by ultrasonography, JDS, 102 (3), 2657-2669.
• Özyurtlu N (2011). İneklerde mastitisin ekonomik ve sağlık açısından önemi. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 1 (5), 36-38.
• Paulrud CO, Clause S, Andersen PE, Rasmusen MD (2005). Infrared thermography and ultrasonography to indirectly monitor the influence of liner type and overmilking on teat tissue recovery. Acta Vet Scand, 46 (3), 137-147.
• Paulrud CO, Rasmussen MD (2004). How teat canal keratin depends on the length and diameter of the teat canal in dairy cows. J Dairy Res, 71, 253-255.
• Querengässer K, Geishauser T (1999). Untersuchungen zur Zitzenkanallänge bei Milchabflussstörungen. Prakt Tierarzt, 80, 796-804.
• Ruegg PL, Petersson-Wolfe CS (2018). Mastitis in dairy cows. Vet Clin- Food Anim Pract, 34 (3), 9-10.
• Seyfried G (1997). Die sonographische Messung von Zitzenstrukturen und deren Bedeutung fuer die Eutergesundheit beim Braun-und Fleckvieh. Vet Med Diss, 0168.
• Strapák P, Strapáková E, Rušinová M, Szencziová I (2017). The influence of milking on the teat canal of dairy cows determined by ultrasonographic measurements. Czech J Anim Sci, 62 (2), 75-81.
• Şendağ S, Dinç D (1999). Ultrasonography of the bovine udder. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci, 23 (9), 545-552.
• Tóth T, Tóth MT, Abonyi-Tóth Z ve ark. (2023). Ultrasound examination of the teat parameters of mastitis and healed udder quarters. Vet Anim Sci, 21, 100296.
• Weiss D, Weinfurtner M, Bruckmaier RM (2004). Teat anatomy and its relationship with quarter and udder milk flow characteristics in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 87 (10), 3280-3289.
• Wieland M, Virkler, PD, Borkowski AH ve ark. (2018). An observational study investigating the association of ultrasonographically assessed machine milking-induced changes in teat condition and teat-end shape in dairy cows. Animal, 13 (2), 341-348.
• Zigo F, Vasil M, Ondrašovičová S ve ark. (2021). Maintaining optimal mammary gland health and prevention of mastitis. Front Vet Sci, 8, 607311.