Muğla Bal Arısında (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü Hastalığına Karşı Direnç Geliştirilmesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 8 - 20, 01.06.2019

Devrim Oskay Mert Kükrer Aykut Kence

Öz

Bal
arıları, yabani ve kültüre alınmış bitkilerin tozlaşması için önemlidir. Bal
arısı hastalıkları ve zararlıları yaygın kullanılan kimyasallara karşı dirençli
hale gelmiştir. Kovandaki hastalıklara karşı sürekli güvenle antibiyotik
kullanımı akılcı metot değildir. Farklı çalışmalar, bal arılarının hijyenik
davranış gibi genetik olarak belirlenmiş hastalık direnç karakterlerinin
olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız Muğla bal arısı (Apis mellifera
anatoliaca) için Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü hastalığına genetik olarak direnç
geliştirilmesiydi.

Çalışmada,
Muğla ilinden 200 Muğla arısı (A. m. anatoliaca) kolonisi toplanmıştır.
Koloniler genetik metotlar kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. 30 mikrosatelit
belirteç kullanılarak yürütülen genetik tanımlama çalışmalarında Türkiye
çapında 18 ilden 250 örnek içinde çalışmada yer alan Muğla arılarının konumu
belirlenmiştir. Koloniler standart Langstroth kovanlarda tutulmuşlardır. Deney
kolonileri standart arıcılık pratik teknikleri kullanılarak yönetilmiştir.
Koloniler her yıl Nisan ayında hijyenik davranış için 2 defa
değerlendirilmişlerdir. Hijyenik davranışı ölçmek için kuluçkayı iğne ile
öldürme tekniği kullanılmıştır. 100 adet kapalı kuluçka gözleri sayılmış (a) bu
gözlerdeki arılar iğne kullanılarak öldürülmüştür. Uygulamanın yapıldığı petek
koloniye verilmiş ve 24 saat sonra temizlenmeden kalan göz sayısı(b) kayıt
edilmiştir. Hijyenik Davranış (HD) balarıları tarafından temizlenmiş ölü
kuluçka sayısının öldürülen kuluçka sayısına bölünmesiyle hesaplanmıştır. HB=
a-b/a x 100

En
az iki ölçümde %95’in üzerinde hijyenik davranış gösteren koloniler damızlık
olarak seçilerek ana arı üretiminde kullanılmıştır. Kız kardeş ana arılar,
kolonilerden şansa bağlı olarak toplanmış erkeklerden 10 µl semen ile yapay
tohumlanmışlardır. Kapatılmış toplum ıslah programı kullanılmıştır.

Çiftleşmedeki
kontrol (yapay tohumlama) ile 3 yıl sonra hijyenik davranış artışı 2012 yılında
%43’e, 2013 yılında %63’e ve 2014 yılında %91.7’e yükselmiştir. Hijyenik
davranış oranı 2012, 2013 ve 2014 arasında önemli derecede farklı çıkmıştır
(P≤0.001). Sürüde hijyenik davranış karakterinin kalıtım derecesi 1. ve 2.
yıllar arasında 0.32, 2.ve 3. yıllar arasında ise 0.77 bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bal Arısı, Islah, Hijyenik Davranış, Genetik Tanımlama, Muğla Arısı, Apis mellifera anatoliaca

Development of Resistance to American Fool Brood Diseases on Muğla Honey Bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca)

Öz

Honeybees are important for pollinating wild and
cultured plants. Honeybee diseases and pests have become resistant to the
commonly used and previously effective treatment chemicals. Antibiotic
treatment of diseases in beehives means that sustained reliance on chemical
control measures is not a reasonable method. Different studies have shown that
honeybees have genetically determined mechanisms for disease resistance such as
hygienic behavior. In this study, we aim for genetic improvement in Muğla
Honeybee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) resistance to American foulbrood diseases.

In our study 200 Mugla bee (A. m. anatoliaca) colonies
collected from Mugla province. Colonies were identified with genetic methods.
The position of Muğla bees of the study among 250 honeybee colonies from 18
provinces of Turkey was determined by making use of 30 microsatellite markers.
The colonies were kept in standard Langstroth hives. The experimental colonies
were managed using standard beekeeping practices. Colonies evaluated 2 times
for hygienic behavior in April each year.

To measure hygienic behavior a pin-killed brood assay
was used, where all the 100 capped brood cells were counted (a) and cells were
punctured using a pin to kill the brood. The treated comb was placed back into
the colony and after 24 hours the number of cells that remained capped (b) were
recorded. Hygienic behavior (HB) was the number of cells of dead brood that
were removed by the honeybees divided by the total number of cells of brood
killed. HB= a-b/a x 100.

The colonies showing hygienic behavior over %95 in at
least two measurements were selected and used as breeder colonies for queen
production. Daughter queens were instrumentally inseminated with 10 µl of semen
from randomly collected drones from the whole population. All inseminated
queens were marked and introduced 3 Langstroth frames nuc boxes with pushing
cages. We used the “Closed Population” breeding program.

Hygienic behavior increased in the population after 3
years of selection on queens with mating control (instrumental insemination)
from 43% in 2012 to 63% in 2013 and further to %91.7 in 2014. Hygienic behavior
ratio was significantly different among 2012, 2013 and 2014 (P ≤0.001).
Heritability was 0.35 between the 1st and the 2nd years and 0.77 between the
2nd and the 3rd years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Honey bee, Breeding, Hygienic behavior, Genetic İdentification, Mugla bees, Apis mellifera anatoliaca

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