Muğla Bal Arısında (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü Hastalığına Karşı Direnç Geliştirilmesi

Öz

Bal arıları, yabani ve kültüre alınmış bitkilerin tozlaşması için önemlidir. Bal arısı hastalıkları ve zararlıları yaygın kullanılan kimyasallara karşı dirençli hale gelmiştir. Kovandaki hastalıklara karşı sürekli güvenle antibiyotik kullanımı akılcı metot değildir. Farklı çalışmalar, bal arılarının hijyenik davranış gibi genetik olarak belirlenmiş hastalık direnç karakterlerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız Muğla bal arısı (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) için Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü hastalığına genetik olarak direnç geliştirilmesiydi.

Çalışmada, Muğla ilinden 200 Muğla arısı (A. m. anatoliaca) kolonisi toplanmıştır. Koloniler genetik metotlar kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. 30 mikrosatelit belirteç kullanılarak yürütülen genetik tanımlama çalışmalarında Türkiye çapında 18 ilden 250 örnek içinde çalışmada yer alan Muğla arılarının konumu belirlenmiştir. Koloniler standart Langstroth kovanlarda tutulmuşlardır. Deney kolonileri standart arıcılık pratik teknikleri kullanılarak yönetilmiştir. Koloniler her yıl Nisan ayında hijyenik davranış için 2 defa değerlendirilmişlerdir. Hijyenik davranışı ölçmek için kuluçkayı iğne ile öldürme tekniği kullanılmıştır. 100 adet kapalı kuluçka gözleri sayılmış (a) bu gözlerdeki arılar iğne kullanılarak öldürülmüştür. Uygulamanın yapıldığı petek koloniye verilmiş ve 24 saat sonra temizlenmeden kalan göz sayısı(b) kayıt edilmiştir. Hijyenik Davranış (HD) balarıları tarafından temizlenmiş ölü kuluçka sayısının öldürülen kuluçka sayısına bölünmesiyle hesaplanmıştır. HB= a-b/a x 100

En az iki ölçümde %95’in üzerinde hijyenik davranış gösteren koloniler damızlık olarak seçilerek ana arı üretiminde kullanılmıştır. Kız kardeş ana arılar, kolonilerden şansa bağlı olarak toplanmış erkeklerden 10 µl semen ile yapay tohumlanmışlardır. Kapatılmış toplum ıslah programı kullanılmıştır.

Çiftleşmedeki kontrol (yapay tohumlama) ile 3 yıl sonra hijyenik davranış artışı 2012 yılında %43’e, 2013 yılında %63’e ve 2014 yılında %91.7’e yükselmiştir. Hijyenik davranış oranı 2012, 2013 ve 2014 arasında önemli derecede farklı çıkmıştır (P≤0.001). Sürüde hijyenik davranış karakterinin kalıtım derecesi 1. ve 2. yıllar arasında 0.32, 2.ve 3. yıllar arasında ise 0.77 bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bal Arısı,Islah,Hijyenik Davranış,Genetik Tanımlama,Muğla Arısı,Apis mellifera anatoliaca

Development of Resistance to American Fool Brood Diseases on Muğla Honey Bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca)

Öz

Honeybees are important for pollinating wild and cultured plants. Honeybee diseases and pests have become resistant to the commonly used and previously effective treatment chemicals. Antibiotic treatment of diseases in beehives means that sustained reliance on chemical control measures is not a reasonable method. Different studies have shown that honeybees have genetically determined mechanisms for disease resistance such as hygienic behavior. In this study, we aim for genetic improvement in Muğla Honeybee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) resistance to American foulbrood diseases.

In our study 200 Mugla bee (A. m. anatoliaca) colonies collected from Mugla province. Colonies were identified with genetic methods. The position of Muğla bees of the study among 250 honeybee colonies from 18 provinces of Turkey was determined by making use of 30 microsatellite markers. The colonies were kept in standard Langstroth hives. The experimental colonies were managed using standard beekeeping practices. Colonies evaluated 2 times for hygienic behavior in April each year.

To measure hygienic behavior a pin-killed brood assay was used, where all the 100 capped brood cells were counted (a) and cells were punctured using a pin to kill the brood. The treated comb was placed back into the colony and after 24 hours the number of cells that remained capped (b) were recorded. Hygienic behavior (HB) was the number of cells of dead brood that were removed by the honeybees divided by the total number of cells of brood killed. HB= a-b/a x 100.

The colonies showing hygienic behavior over %95 in at least two measurements were selected and used as breeder colonies for queen production. Daughter queens were instrumentally inseminated with 10 µl of semen from randomly collected drones from the whole population. All inseminated queens were marked and introduced 3 Langstroth frames nuc boxes with pushing cages. We used the “Closed Population” breeding program.

Hygienic behavior increased in the population after 3 years of selection on queens with mating control (instrumental insemination) from 43% in 2012 to 63% in 2013 and further to %91.7 in 2014. Hygienic behavior ratio was significantly different among 2012, 2013 and 2014 (P ≤0.001). Heritability was 0.35 between the 1st and the 2nd years and 0.77 between the 2nd and the 3rd years.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Honey bee,Breeding,Hygienic behavior,Genetic İdentification,Mugla bees,Apis mellifera anatoliaca

Kaynakça

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