Comparison of Anesthetic Efficacy of Intranasal Administration of Medetomidine / Ketamine and Diazepam / Ketamine Combinations on New Zealand White Rabbits
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the anesthetic efficacy of intranasal medetomidine/ketamine and diazepam/ketamine combinations in New Zealand White rabbits. For this purpose, 12 adult New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2.3‐4.1 kg were used by randomly dividing the animals into two groups of six animals: Medetomidine ‐ Ketamine (MK) and Diazepam ‐ Ketamine (DK). Intranasally, medetomidine (0.2 mg kg‐1) and ketamine (10 mg kg‐1) combination was administered to the MK group and, diazepam (1 mg kg‐1) and ketamine (10 mg kg‐1) to the DK group. Before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after anesthesia, loss, and recovery of the reflexes were evaluated. Onset and duration of the anesthesia, duration of the surgical anesthesia, and the total anesthesia time were also recorded. Loss and recovery time of reflexes was shorter in the DK group compared to the MK group. Respiratory rate, heart rate, and SpO2 decreased as expected in both groups but all parameters, especially SpO2, were lower in the MK group comparing the DK group. These results showed that both MK and DK combinations administered IN provide anesthesia in the time and depth that minor surgical procedures and clinical applications could be performed. Although it seems promising considering its practicality and anesthetic efficacy, it is clear that more detailed studies with more animals are needed before the safety of these protocols can be established.Their use, recommended for routine clinical procedures when considered SpO2, was severely decreased, especially in the MK group.
Keywords
References
- Brodbelt DC. 2009: Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. Vet J, 182, 152-161.
- Carlsson HE, Hagelin J, Hau J. 2004: Implementation of the 'Three Rs' in biomedical research. Vet Rec, 154, 467-470.
- Claire A, Richardson, Paul A. et al. 2005: Anaesthesia and Post-operative Analgesia Following Experimental Surgery in Laboratory Rodents: Are We Making Progress? Altern Lab Anim, 33, 119–127.
- Gil AG, Silvan G, Illera M, Illera JC, 2004: The Effects of Anesthesia on the Clinical Chemistry of New Zealand White Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 43, 25-29.
- Henke J, Astner S, Brill T et al., 2005: Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine/ketamine, medetomidine/fentanyl/ midazolam and xylazine/ketamine) in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg, 32, 261–270.
- Kohn DF, Martin T, 2007: Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Pain in Rodents and Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 46, 97–108.
- Moghadam AZ, Sadegh AB, Sharifi S, Habibian S, 2009: Comparison of intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine in Pigeons: Clinical evaluation. Iran J Vet Sci Tec, 1, 19-26.
- Rozanska D, 2009: Evaluation of medetomidine-midazolam-atropine (MeMiA) anesthesia maintained with propofol infusion in new zealand white rabbits. Pol J Vet Sci, 12, 209-216.
- Santangelo B, Micieli F, Mozzillo T, et al., 2016a: Transnasal administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol produces deep sedation in New Zealand White rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg, 43, 209-214.
- Santangelo B, Micieli F, Marino F, et al., 2016b: Plasma concentrations and sedative effects of a dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combination after transnasal administration in healthy rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 39, 408-411.
- Vesal N, Eskandari MH, 2006: Sedative effects of midazolam and xylazine with or without ketamine and detomidine alone following intranasal administration in Ring-necked Parakeets. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 228, 383-388.
- Vesal N, Zare P, 2006: Clinical evaluation of intranasal benzodiazepines, a2-agonists and their antagonists in canaries. Vet Anaesth Analg, 33, 143–148
- Weiland LC, Kluge K, Kutter APN, et al., 2017: Clinical evaluation of intranasal medetomidine–ketamine and medetomidine–S(+)-ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits in two centres with two different administration techniques. Vet Anaesth Analg, 44, 98-105.
Yeni Zelanda Beyaz Tavşanlarında Medetomidin / Ketamin ve Diazepam / Ketamin Kombinasyonlarının İntranazal Uygulamasının Anestezik Etkinliğinin Karşılaştırılması
Abstract
Bu çalışmada Yeni Zelanda Beyaz tavşanlarında intranazal medetomidin/ketamin ve diazepam/ketamin kombinasyonlarının anestezik etkinliğini belirlemek amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, 2,3‐4,1 kg ağırlığında 12 adet yetişkin Yeni Zelanda Beyaz tavşanı Medetomidin ‐ Ketamin (MK) ve Diazepam ‐ Ketamin (DK) olmak üzere rastgele 6'şarlı iki gruba ayrılarak kullanıldı. İntranazal olarak, MK grubuna medetomidin (0,2 mg kg‐1) ve ketamin (10 mg kg‐1), DK grubuna diazepam (1 mg kg‐1) ve ketamin (10 mg kg‐1) kombinasyonu uygulandı. Anestezi öncesi ve anesteziden 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 ve 60 dakika sonra reflekslerin kaybı ve geri kazanımı değerlendirildi. Anestezi başlangıcı ve süresi, cerrahi anestezi süresi ve toplam anestezi süresi de kaydedildi. DK grubunda refleks kaybı ve geri kazanım süresi MK grubuna göre daha kısaydı. Solunum hızı, kalp hızı ve SpO2 her iki grupta da beklendiği gibi azaldı ancak MK grubunda DK grubuna göre başta SpO2 olmak üzere tüm parametreler daha düşüktü. Bu sonuçlar, intranazal uygulanan hem MK hem de DK kombinasyonlarının, küçük cerrahi işlemlerin ve klinik uygulamaların yapılabileceği zaman ve derinlikte anestezi sağladığını göstermiştir. Pratikliği ve anestezik etkinliği göz önüne alındığında sonuçlar umut verici görünse de, özellikle MK grubunda SpO2'nin ciddi şekilde azaldığı düşünüldüğünde bu protokollerin güvenliğinin oluşturulabilmesi ve rutin klinik prosedürler için kullanımlarının önerilebilmesi için daha fazla hayvanla daha ayrıntılı çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.
Keywords
References
- Brodbelt DC. 2009: Perioperative mortality in small animal anaesthesia. Vet J, 182, 152-161.
- Carlsson HE, Hagelin J, Hau J. 2004: Implementation of the 'Three Rs' in biomedical research. Vet Rec, 154, 467-470.
- Claire A, Richardson, Paul A. et al. 2005: Anaesthesia and Post-operative Analgesia Following Experimental Surgery in Laboratory Rodents: Are We Making Progress? Altern Lab Anim, 33, 119–127.
- Gil AG, Silvan G, Illera M, Illera JC, 2004: The Effects of Anesthesia on the Clinical Chemistry of New Zealand White Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 43, 25-29.
- Henke J, Astner S, Brill T et al., 2005: Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine/ketamine, medetomidine/fentanyl/ midazolam and xylazine/ketamine) in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg, 32, 261–270.
- Kohn DF, Martin T, 2007: Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Pain in Rodents and Rabbits. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 46, 97–108.
- Moghadam AZ, Sadegh AB, Sharifi S, Habibian S, 2009: Comparison of intranasal administration of diazepam, midazolam and xylazine in Pigeons: Clinical evaluation. Iran J Vet Sci Tec, 1, 19-26.
- Rozanska D, 2009: Evaluation of medetomidine-midazolam-atropine (MeMiA) anesthesia maintained with propofol infusion in new zealand white rabbits. Pol J Vet Sci, 12, 209-216.
- Santangelo B, Micieli F, Mozzillo T, et al., 2016a: Transnasal administration of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol produces deep sedation in New Zealand White rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg, 43, 209-214.
- Santangelo B, Micieli F, Marino F, et al., 2016b: Plasma concentrations and sedative effects of a dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol combination after transnasal administration in healthy rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 39, 408-411.
- Vesal N, Eskandari MH, 2006: Sedative effects of midazolam and xylazine with or without ketamine and detomidine alone following intranasal administration in Ring-necked Parakeets. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 228, 383-388.
- Vesal N, Zare P, 2006: Clinical evaluation of intranasal benzodiazepines, a2-agonists and their antagonists in canaries. Vet Anaesth Analg, 33, 143–148
- Weiland LC, Kluge K, Kutter APN, et al., 2017: Clinical evaluation of intranasal medetomidine–ketamine and medetomidine–S(+)-ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits in two centres with two different administration techniques. Vet Anaesth Analg, 44, 98-105.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Surgery |
| Journal Section | Research |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 12, 2021 |
| Submission Date | August 13, 2021 |
| Acceptance Date | November 1, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 |
