Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests

Fatih Karaçor; Osman Nuri Çelik

doi:10.34248/bsengineering.2000740

EN TR

Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests

Abstract

This study examines the deformation behavior of hot mix asphalt mixtures prepared with 50/70 and 70/100 penetration grade binders. A total of 32 specimens with binder contents ranging from 3.0% to 6.5% were initially tested using the Marshall method, which established an optimum binder content of 4.55%. In the second phase, 48 additional specimens were produced at binder contents of 4.05%, 4.55%, and 5.05% and tested under uniaxial and triaxial compression conditions, both static and dynamic. The results showed that mixtures with 50/70 binder exhibited higher stability and lower permanent strains compared to 70/100 mixtures. Uniaxial static tests produced the greatest deformation, while the triaxial dynamic tests captured the characteristic three-stage creep process. Based on the mean values of duplicate specimens, the application of confinement reduced permanent strains by approximately 40-60% relative to uniaxial loading, and mixtures with 50/70 binder exhibited approximately 25% lower strain accumulation under cyclic loading than those with 70/100 binder. Overall, the findings indicate that binder grade, binder content, and loading condition strongly influence the rutting susceptibility of the mixtures. The study indicates that triaxial dynamic testing better approximates the in-service stress state of pavements and should be integrated into performance-based asphalt mixture design to enhance pavement durability and sustainability.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Thanks

This article was derived from the first author’s master’s thesis entitled “Determination of deformation resistance of bituminous hot mixtures by triaxial compression test”, completed at the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Selçuk University under the supervision of the second author.

Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests

Abstract

This study examines the deformation behavior of hot mix asphalt mixtures prepared with 50/70 and 70/100 penetration grade binders. A total of 32 specimens with binder contents ranging from 3.0% to 6.5% were initially tested using the Marshall method, which established an optimum binder content of 4.55%. In the second phase, 48 additional specimens were produced at binder contents of 4.05%, 4.55%, and 5.05% and tested under uniaxial and triaxial compression conditions, both static and dynamic. The results showed that mixtures with 50/70 binder exhibited higher stability and lower permanent strains compared to 70/100 mixtures. Uniaxial static tests produced the greatest deformation, while the triaxial dynamic tests captured the characteristic three-stage creep process. Based on the mean values of duplicate specimens, the application of confinement reduced permanent strains by approximately 40-60% relative to uniaxial loading, and mixtures with 50/70 binder exhibited approximately 25% lower strain accumulation under cyclic loading than those with 70/100 binder. Overall, the findings indicate that binder grade, binder content, and loading condition strongly influence the rutting susceptibility of the mixtures. The study indicates that triaxial dynamic testing better approximates the in-service stress state of pavements and should be integrated into performance-based asphalt mixture design to enhance pavement durability and sustainability.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans.

Thanks

This article was derived from the first author’s master’s thesis entitled “Determination of deformation resistance of bituminous hot mixtures by triaxial compression test”, completed at the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Selçuk University under the supervision of the second author.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Transportation Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Fatih Karaçor ^*
0000-0003-1201-7857
Türkiye

Osman Nuri Çelik
0000-0001-5368-0685
Türkiye

Publication Date

November 15, 2026

Submission Date

July 22, 2026

Acceptance Date

September 16, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.2000740

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA93UL67RT

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Karaçor, F., & Çelik, O. N. (2026). Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 9(6), 2943-2954. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.2000740

AMA

1.Karaçor F, Çelik ON. Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026;9(6):2943-2954. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.2000740

Chicago

Karaçor, Fatih, and Osman Nuri Çelik. 2026. “Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9 (6): 2943-54. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.2000740.

EndNote

Karaçor F, Çelik ON (November 15, 2026) Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9 6 2943–2954.

IEEE

[1]F. Karaçor and O. N. Çelik, “Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests”, BSJ Eng. Sci., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2943–2954, Nov. 2026, doi: 10.34248/bsengineering.2000740.

ISNAD

Karaçor, Fatih - Çelik, Osman Nuri. “Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 9/6 (November 15, 2026): 2943-2954. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.2000740.

JAMA

1.Karaçor F, Çelik ON. Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026;9:2943–2954.

MLA

Karaçor, Fatih, and Osman Nuri Çelik. “Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests”. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 9, no. 6, Nov. 2026, pp. 2943-54, doi:10.34248/bsengineering.2000740.

Vancouver

1.Fatih Karaçor, Osman Nuri Çelik. Performance-Based Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt: A Comparative Study of Uniaxial and Triaxial Compression Tests. BSJ Eng. Sci. 2026 Nov. 15;9(6):2943-54. doi:10.34248/bsengineering.2000740