KİTLESEL SIĞINMADA AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ SIĞINMA POLİTİKASI: AYRIMCILIK YASAĞI TEMELİNDE BİR İNCELEME

Year 2023, , 393 - 425, 29.12.2023

Tülay Yıldırım Mat Miray Azaklı Köse Merve İspirli Armağan

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1410323

Abstract

2011 yılında başlayan Suriye iç savaşı büyük bir göç dalgası oluşmasına sebep olmuş ve komşu ülkelerle birlikte Batı’ya doğru bir kitlesel akın söz konusu olmuştur. Türkiye’de geçici koruma mekanizması devreye sokulsa da Avrupa Birliği’nde (AB) bu yönde genel bir karar alınmamış, sığınmacı kabulü ülkelerin takdirine bırakılmış; nitekim oldukça az sayıda sığınmacı Avrupa’ya kabul edilmiştir. Buna karşın 2022 Şubat’ında Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgaliyle başlayan süreçte AB Birlik düzeyinde hızlı ve çözüm odaklı kararlar almak suretiyle Ukraynalı sığınmacılar için Geçici Koruma Direktifi’ni aktive etmiştir. Bu çalışmada, 2011 yılında başlayan Suriye iç savaşı ve 2022’de Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgali sonrasındaki süreçte yerinden edilen ve sığınma arayan kimselere karşı AB’nin izlediği sığınma politikası ayrımcılık yasağı temelinde incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Sığınmaya Erişim Hakkı, Ayrımcılık Yasağı, Geçici Koruma, Kitlesel Akın, Geçici Koruma Direktifi.

References

• Acer, Yücel ve İbrahim Kaya. Uluslararası Hukuk, 12.bs, İstanbul: Seçkin, 2021.
• Agreement on social policy concluded between the Member States of the European Community with the exception of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Official Journal of the European Communities, C 191 /91, Temmuz 29, 1992.
• Alpkaya, Gökçen. “BM’de Irksal Ayrımcılık Yasağı, Erken Uyarı ve Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi,” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 66, no. 03 (2011) 1-27. Amnesty International, “Greece: Pushbacks and violence against refugees and migrants are de facto border policy,” Haziran 23, 2021, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/06/greece-pushbacks-and-violence-against-refugees-and-migrants-are-de-facto-border-policy/
• “Annual budget of Frontex in the European Union from 2005 to 2021” Statista, Aralık 7, 2021, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 19, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/973052/annual-budget-frontex-eu/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20the%20annual%20budget,460%20million%20Euros%20in%202020
• Baumvol, Julia Motte, Tarin Cristino Frota Mont’Alverne ve Gabriel Guimarães Braga. “Extending Social Protection for Migrants Under the European Union's Temporary Protection Directive: Lessons from the War in Ukraine,” Oxford U Comparative L Forum, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 10, 2022, https://ouclf.law.ox.ac.uk/extending-social-protection-for-migrants-under-the-european-unions-temporary-protection-directive-lessons-from-the-war-in-ukraine/
• Baykal, Sanem ve İlke Göçmen. Avrupa Birliği Kurumsal Hukuku, Ankara: Seçkin, 2016. “Border Walls Symbolize a Europe Where Refugees are Increasingly Unwelcome”, Arab News, Ocak 15, 2022, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 18, 2022, https://www.arabnews.com/node/2004706/world
• Carrera, Sergio, Meltem Ineli Ciger, Lina Vosyliute ve Leiza Brumat. “The EU grants temporary protection for people fleeing war in Ukraine: time to rethink unequal solidarity in EU asylum policy,” CEPS Policy Insights No 2022-09, Mart 2022, available at; https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/74394
• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, 2012/C 326/02, Ekim 26, 2012, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT&from=cs
• Council Decision 2011/273/CFSP of 9 May 2011 concerning restrictive measures against Syria, Official Journal of the European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:121:0011:0014:EN:PDF
• Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, Official Journal of the European Union, 19/07/2000.
• Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on minimum standards for giving temporary protection in the event of a mass influx of displaced persons and on measures promoting a balance of efforts between Member States in receiving such persons and bearing the consequences thereof (Temporary Protection Directive in short), Official Journal of the European Union, 2001.
• Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Kasım 4, 1950.
• Council of Europe, Protocol no. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Kasım 11, 2000.
• Council of the European Union, Council Implementing Decision (EU) 2022/382 of 4 March 2022 establishing the existence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC, and having the effect of introducing temporary protection, 2022/382, 04.03.2022.
• Çalık, Tacettin. “Sığınma Hakkının Korunması”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 23, no. 1 (2015): 117-146.
• Çiçekli, Bülent. 6458 sayılı Kanun Gereğince: Yabancılar ve Mülteci Hukuku, 6. bs. Ankara: Seçkin, 2016.
• Directive 2013/32/eu of the european parliament and of the council of 26 June 2013, Official Journal of the European Union on Common Procedures for Granting and Withdrawing International Protection, Haziran 26, 2013, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013L0032&from=en
• ECHR, Guide on Article 14 of the Convention and on Article 1 of Protocol No. 12 to the Convention, Updated on 31 August 2021, para 21, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_14_Art_1_Protocol_12_ENG.pdf
• ECHR, AI and Others v. Poland, App. No.39028/17, 30.06.2022.
• ECHR, Bah v. The United Kingdom, App. No.56328/07, 27.09.2011.
• ECHR, Burden v. the United Kingdom (GC), App. No. 13378/05, 29.04.2008.
• ECHR, D.H. and Others v. the Czech Republic (GC), App. No.57325/00, 13.11.2007.
• ECHR, Guide on the case-law of the European Convention on Human Rights: Immigration, 31 Ağustos 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 2, 2022, 27, https://echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Immigration_ENG.pdf
• ECHR, Hirsi Jamaa and Others v. Italy (GC), App. No.27765/09, 23/02/2012
• ECHR, Ilias Ahmed v. Hungary (GC), App. No. 47287/15, 21.11.2019.
• ECHR, Khlafia and Others v. Italy, App. No.16483/12, 15/12/2016. ECHR , M.H. and Others v. Crotia, App. No. 15670/18, 43115/18, 04/04/2022.
• ECHR, M.K and Others v. Poland, App. No.40503/17, 42902/17, 43643/17, 23/07/2020.
• ECHR, MSS v. Belgium and Greece, App. No.30696/09, 21.01.2011.
• ECHR, N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, App. No.8675/15, 8697/15, 03/10/2017.
• ECHR, Ponomaryovi v. Bulgaria, App. No.5335/05, 21.06.2011.
• ECHR, Timishev v. Russia, App.No.55762/00, 55974/00, 13/12/2005, paras 12-13.
• Eren Yılmaz, Esra. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Ukraynalılar için Uygulayacağı Geçici Koruma Rejimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme,” Lexpera Blog, Mart 14, 2022, https://blog.lexpera.com.tr/avrupa-birliginin-ukraynalilar-icin-uygulayacagi-gecici-koruma-rejimi-uzerine-bir-degerlendirme/
• “EU-funded boats to abusive Libyan coastguard underline European complicity in grave violations against sea migrants” Reliefweb, Ekim 15, 2021, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 19, 2022, https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/eu-funded-boats-abusive-libyan-coastguard-underline-european-complicity-grave
• European Commission, “Annex to the Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council” Brussels, COM(2017) 405 Final, https://www.europeanmigrationlaw.eu/documents/COM(2017)405-Annex3.PDF , 26.07.2017.
• European Commission, “Study on the Temporary Protection Directive Final Report” Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 9, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/system/files/2020-09/final_report_evaluation_tpd_en.pdf European Court of Justice, Aranyosi and Căldăraru, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), (Joined Cases C-404/15 and C-659/15) Nisan 5, 2016.
• European Union, “Proposal for a Council Implementing Decision Establishing the existence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001, and having the effect of introducing temporary protection”, Brussels, COM(2022) 91 Final, 02.03.2022, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1646384923837&uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0091
• “For Ukraine’s Refugees, Europe Opens Doors That Were Shut to Others” NY Times, Mart 3, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/26/us/politics/ukraine-europe-refugees.html
• “Germany Is Displacing Afghan Refugees to Make Way for Ukrainians” Foreign Policy, Nisan 20, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 20, 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/20/germany-refugee-policy-afghanistan-ukraine/
• “Greece is 'Europe’s shield’ in migrant crisis, says EU chief von der Leyen on visit to Turkey border” Euronews, Mart 4, 2020, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 19, 2022, https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/03/greece-migrant-crisis-is-an-attack-by-turkey-on-the-eu-austria
• Gül, İdil Işıl ve Ulaş Karan. Ayrımcılık Yasağı Eğitim Rehberi, 1. bs., İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011.
• Harvey, C. Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and Prospects, London: Butterworths, 2000 mi 2004 mü?
• Human Rights Watch, “EU: Don’t Send Syrians Back to Turkey,” June 20, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 2, 2022, https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/06/20/eu-dont-send-syrians-back-turkey
• Human Rights Watch, “Greece: Violence Against Asylum Seekers at Border,” Mart 17, 2020, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/17/greece-violence-against-asylum-seekers-border ILO, Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)
• Convention, 1958 (No. 111), Erişim Tarihi Temmuz 10, 2022, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C111 Karan, Ulaş. “Bireysel Başvuru Kararlarında Ayrımcılık Yasağı ve Eşitlik İlkesi”, Anayasa Yargısı 31, no. 1 (2015): 235-306.
• Konyalı, Gökçe. Uluslararası Hukukta Sığınma Hakkı, Ankara: Seçkin, 2021.
• Luyten, Katrien. “Temporary Protection Directive”, Euoropean Parlamentary Research Service, Mart 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/729331/EPRS_BRI(2022)729331_EN.pdf
• “Leaked report finds Frontex 'covered up' illegal migrant pushbacks by Greek authorities” Euronews, Temmuz 29, 2022, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/07/29/leaked-report-finds-frontex-covered-up-illegal-migrant-pushbacks-by-greek-authorities
• Metin, Yüksel ve Ümmühan Kaygısız. "Avrupa Birliği’nde Temel Hakların Korunması ve Lizbon Antlaşması’nın Getirdiği Yenilikler," Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1, no. 1 (2011): 125-158.
• “Polonya, Slovakya ve Macaristan'dan Kota Kararına Tepki,” AA, Eylül 6, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Mayıs 18, 2022, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/polonya-slovakya-ve-macaristandan-kota-kararina-tepki/902895?amp= 1
• Protocol Relating to Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union on the Accession of the Union to the European Convention on the Proteciıon of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Official Journal of the European Communities, C2007/306/01, Aralık 13, 2007.
• Rijpma, Jorrit J. “Frontex: successful blame shifting of the Member States?,” Elcano Newsletter, 13 Nisan 2010.
• Söylemez, Nagihan. “Avrupa Birliği Göç Politikaları ve Suriye Mülteci Krizinin Türkiye-AB İlişkilerine Yansımaları” (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi, 2017)
• “'They showed us no mercy': Greek border forces accused of stripping, beating refugees” Midlle East Eye, Mart 6, 2020, Erişim Tarihi: Ağustos 20, 2022, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/they-showed-us-no-mercy-greek-security-forces-accused-stripping-beating-refugees
• Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Certain Related Acts, Official Journal of the European Communities, 97/C 340/01, Kasım 10, 1997.
• Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Official Journal of the European Communities, C2007/306/01, Aralık 13, 2007.
• Treaty on European Union, Official Journal of the European Communities, 92/C 191/01, Temmuz 29, 1992. UN, Convention against Discrimination in Education, 14 Aralık 1960, Erişim Tarihi Temmuz 10, 2022, http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=12949&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
• UN Human Rights Commitee, General Comment, no. 31, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13, (2004)
• UN, Syria Regional Refugee Response, Erişim tarihi Ağustos 20, 2022, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria
• UNGA, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951. UNGA, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, A/RES/2106(XX), 1965, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 10, 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-convention-elimination-all-forms-racial
• UNGA, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 21st Session, 1966, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 10, 2022. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
• UNGA, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , A/RES/2200(XXI)[C], 1966, Erişim Tarihi Temmuz 10, 2022, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights
• UNGA, United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, A/RES/18/1904, Erişim Tarihi Temmuz 10, 2022, https://www.oas.org/dil/1963%20United%20Nations%20Declaration%20on%20the%20Elimination%20of%20All%20Forms%20of%20Racial%20Discrimination,%20proclaimed%20by%20the%20General%20Assembly%20of%20the%20United%20Nations%20on%20November%2020,%201963,%20resolution%201904%20(XVIII).pdf
• “Ukraine: Commission proposes temporary protection for people fleeing war in Ukraine and guidelines for border checks” European Commission, Mart 2, 2022, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 19, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1469
• Uzun, Elif. “Mülteci Hukuku,” içinde Uluslararası Hukuk II, ed. Ayşe Nur Tütüncü et al., 116-141. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2013.
• Vitiello, Daniela. “The Nansen Passport and the EU Temporary Protection Directive: Reflections on Solidarity, Mobility Rights and the Future of Asylum in Europe,” European Papers-A Journal on Law and Integration 1, (2022): 15-30.
• Yücel, Ensari. “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ve Avrupa Birliği Direktiflerinde Ayrımcılık Yasağı Hukuku,” Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 1, 2016, 59-84.