Paris Anlaşması Sonrası İklim Değişikliği Yönetişiminde Kamu Kurumlarının ve Yumuşak Hukukun Rolü: Bir Katalizör Olarak Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Türkiye’nin İdari ve Hukuki Yapısında Meydana Gelen Değişiklikler

Öz

İklim değişikliği, ülkelerin yalnızca eyleme geçmelerini değil aynı zamanda gerekli düzeylerde ilgili paydaşlarla iş birliği yapmalarını da zorunlu kılmaktadır. İklim değişikliğine uyum süreçlerinde bir kilometre taşı olarak kabul edilen Paris Anlaşması, bu alandaki çabaları hızlandırmış ve anlaşmaya taraf olan ülkelerin idari ve hukuki yapılanmalarında önemli değişikliklerin önünü açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Paris Anlaşmasını onaylamış olan ülkelerde idari ve hukuki yapıların ne gibi değişikliklere uğradığını ve iklim değişikliği alanında nasıl bir yönetişim modelinin ortaya çıktığını anlamaktır. Çalışma, söz konusu değişiklikleri, 2021 yılında Paris Anlaşmasını onaylayan ve o tarihten bu yana iklim değişikliği ile ilgili idari ve hukuki yapılanmasında ve iklim politikası yönetişiminde kayda değer düzenlemelere giden Türkiye örneği üzerinden incelemektedir. Paris Anlaşmasının hedeflerini pekiştirip bunlar için somut adımlar atılmasını gerekli kılan Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatının iklim değişikliğine uyum süreçlerindeki katalizör (hızlandırıcı) rolü üzerinde durmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kamu Yönetimi
• Yumuşak Hukuk
• İklim Değişikliği Politikası
• Yönetişim
• Paris Anlaşması.

Role of Public Institutions and Soft Law in Climate Change Governance After Paris Agreement: European Green Deal as a Catalyst and the Change in the Administrative and Legal Set-Ups in the Case of Türkiye

Abstract

Climate change has been urging states not only to act but also to cooperate with relevant stakeholders at any level. Paris Agreement, which is considered as the latest and most radical guide in climate change adaptation processes, has accelerated this effort and has been paving the way for changes in the organizational and legislative set-ups of the signatory states. The aim of this study is to understand how organizational and legislative structures have changed in the countries which ratified Paris Agreement and to understand the characteristics of the climate change governance model brought about. It tracks these changes in the case of Türkiye which has been undergoing significant changes in terms its organizational and legislative set-ups and climate policy governance since the ratification of Paris Agreement in 2021. The research also stresses the catalyzing role of the European Green Deal in the climate change adaptation processes, which further perpetuates the goals of Paris Agreement and requires taking concrete steps in this regard.

Keywords

• Public Administration
• Soft Law
• Climate Change Policy
• Governance
• Paris Agreement

References

1. Alkan-Olsson, Johanna. “What role for soft law in building and developing the climate change regime?”, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi,Cilt: VIII, Sayı:1 (2011): 1-36.
2. Aşıcı, Ahmet Atıl and Zeynep Bünül. “Green New Deal: A Green Way out of the Crisis?”, Environmental Policy and Governance, 22, (2012): 295–306, DOI: 10.1002/eet.1594.
3. Aydın-Dikmen, Bengü. “Global Climate Governance between State and Non-State Actors: Dynamics of Contestation and Re-Legitimation”, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 8, Özel Sayı, Aralık 2020, ISSN 2147-6926, (2020): 59–79 • DOI: 10.14782/marmarasbd.763831.
4. Barbier, Edward B. A. Global Green New Deal Executive Summary, Report prepared for the Green Economy Initiative and the Division of Technology, Industry and Economics of the UN Environment Programme, 2009. Avaliable at: http://www.edwardbbarbier.com/Publications/a_global_green_new_deal-executive_summary.pdf (27.05.2024)
5. Baxter, R. R. “International Law” in “Her Infinite Variety”, 29 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1980, quoted in Alkan-Olsson, J. (2011) “What role for soft law in building and developing the climate change regime?”, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi,Cilt: VIII, Sayı:1. (1980): 1-36.
6. Butun-Bayindir, G. Duygu. “How do transnational municipal networks affect climate policymaking? A qualitative study in Turkey”, Journal of Urban Affairs, 43:8, (2021): 1081-1099.
7. By-law on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, 2014. Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/db/english/icerikler/files/SERA%20GAZI%20EMİSYONLARININ%20TAKİBİ%20HAKKINDA%20YÖNETMELİK.pdf (25.02.2024)
8. By-law on Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, 2022. Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/db/english/icerikler/files/FGaz%20Yönetmeliği%20(31881%20-%2029.06.2022).pdf (25.02.2024)

9. CCCC, Climate Change Coordinating Committee, 2021. Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/en/coordination-commity-of-climate-change-adaptation-i-76 (25.02.2024)
10. Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2023, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Available at: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/file/eylem%20planlari/iklim_degisikligi_eylem_plani_EN_2014.pdf (25.02.2024)
11. Climate Change Strategy 2010- 2023, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Available at: https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/iklim_degisikligi_stratejisi_EN(2).pdf (25.02.2024)
12. Copernicus EU, https://climate.copernicus.eu/climate-indicators/temperature (20.07.2024).
13. DCC, Directorate of Climate Change – About Us, 2021. Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/en/about-us-i-75, (23.02.2024).
14. DCC Website, (Directorate of Climate Change, Website), Climate Change Coordinating Committee, Available at: https://iklim.gov.tr/en/coordination-commity-of-climate-change-adaptation-i-76 (28.02.2024)
15. Demirci, Bengi. “Sağlık Hı̇zmetlerı̇nde Dönüşüm: Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı (SDP) Nasıl Bı̇r Sı̇stem Getı̇rı̇yor?”, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi (30) (2015): 122-135.
16. Demirci, Mustafa. “Kentsel İklı̇m Değı̇şı̇klı̇ğı̇ Yönetı̇şı̇mı̇”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 46, Temmuz-Aralık 2015, (2015): 75-100.
17. Di Gregorio, Monica, Leandra Fatorelli, Jouni Paavola, Bruno Locatelli, Emilia Pramova, Dodik Ridho Nurrochmatd, Peter H. Maye, Maria Brockhausf, Intan Maya Sarib, Sonya Dyah Kusumadewia. “Multi-level governance and power in climate chang policy networks”, Global Environmental Change, 54 (2019): 64-77.
18. Dubash, Navroz K. “Varieties of climate governance: the emergence and functioning of climate institutions”, Environmental Politics, vol. 30, no. s1, (2021): 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1979775.
19. Erbay, Yusuf. “Yeşil Yeni Düzen ve Yeşil Liderlik” in Yeşil Yeni Düzen, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, (2023): 95-164.
20. European Commission, The European Green Deal, 2019. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF (10.02.2024)
21. European Commission, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, 2024. Available at: https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en (22.02.2024)
22. Guy, Johnathan, Esther Shears and Jonas Meckling. “National models of climate governance among major emitters”, Nature Climate Change, 13(2): January (2023): 1-7. DOI:10.1038/s41558-022-01589-x.
23. Hanson, Carter A. “Hard and Soft Law in the Paris Climate Agreement”, Student Publications. 925, (2021): 1-15. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/925.
24. Harlow, Carol. “Law and Public Administration: Convergence and Symbiosis”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 71(2), (2005): 279-294. DOI: 10.1177/0020852305053886
25. Heinen, Deborah, Alessandro Arlati and Jörg Knieling. “Five dimensions of climate governance: a framework for empirical research based on polycentric and multi-level governance perspectives”, Environmental Policy and Governance, 32(1) (2022): 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1963.
26. Huang, Jennifer. “A Brief Guide To The Paris Agreement And ‘Rulebook’ ”, The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2019. Available at: https://www.c2es.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/paris-agreement-and-rulebook-guide.pdf (12.02.2024)
27. Jänicke, Martin. “The Multi-level System of Global Climate Governance – the Model and its Current State”, Environmental Policy and Governance, 27, (2017): 108–121. DOI: 10.1002/eet.1747.
28. Keles, Ruşen. “Çevre ve Koruma Sorunsalı” in Yeşil Yeni Düzen, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, (2023): 19-93.
29. Keles, Ruşen, Yusuf Erbay and Kemal Görmez. Yeşil Yeni Düzen, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2023.
30. Law no. 2019-1147 on Energy and the Climate, France, Climate Change Laws of the World, available at: https://climate-laws.org/document/law-no-2019-1147-on-energy-and-the-climate_64b3. (20.07.2024)
31. Lepage, Corinne. “Başka Türlü Yaşamak”, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, quoted in Erbay, Yusuf. “Yeşil Yeni Düzen ve Yeşil Liderlik” in Yeşil Yeni Düzen, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, (2023): 95-164.
32. Lindblom, Charles E. (1959) “The Science of “Muddling Through”, Public Administration Review, Vol. 19, No. 2, Spring (1959): 79-88.
33. MEU, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (2018) Seventh National Communicatıon of Türkiye Under The UNFCCC, 2018. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/14936285_Türkiye-NC7-2-Seventh%20National%20Communication%20of%20Türkiye.pdf (22.02.2024)
34. MEUCC, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, TC Çevre Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı, İklim Şurası’nda Alınan Önemli Kararlar, 2022. Available at: https://agri.csb.gov.tr/iklim-surasi-nda-alinan-onemli-kararlar-haber-272193 (28.02.2024)
35. Ministry of Trade, Green Action Plan, 21.07.2022. Available at: https://www.trade.gov.tr/exports/green-action-plan (25.02.2024).
36. MoFA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2022. Available at: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change-_unfccc_-and-the-kyoto-protocol.en.mfa (29.11.2023)
37. National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2011–2023, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/file/eylem%20planlari/uyum_stratejisi_eylem_plani_EN_Final.pdf (25.02.2024)
38. Official Gazette, 7.10.2021-No.31621 (Resmi Gazete, Sayı : 31621 (Mükerrer) 7 Ekim 2021) https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/10/20211007M1-1.pdf (02.07.2022)
39. Özer, Yunus Emre. “İklı̇m Değı̇şı̇klı̇ğı̇ Yönetı̇şı̇mı̇ndekı̇ Aktörlerı̇n Analı̇zı̇ ve Türkı̇ye”, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt 13, Sayı 4, (2017): 833-851.
40. Presidential Decree, no. 85, 29.10.2021, Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesi no.85, 2021, Available at: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/10/20211029.pdf (25.02.2024)
41. PSB, Presidency of Strategy and Budget, Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye (2024), 12th Development Plan, 2024. Available at: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/On-Ikinci-Kalkinma-Plani_2024-2028_11122023.pdf (24.02.2024)
42. Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Trade, https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/yesil-mutabakat/yesil-mutabakat-eylem-plani-ve-calisma-grubu/ymcg-uyesi-kurum-ve-kuruluslar (22.07.2024)
43. Sancakdar, Oğuz. “İklim Değişikliğinin Kamu Hizmeti, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Temel Haklara Etkilerinden Kesitler ve İklim Davaları”, İdare Hukuku ve İlimleri Dergisi, (2023) 22: 99-129. https://doi.org/10.26650/ihid.22.005.
44. Savasan, Zerrin. “Climate governance in Türkiye: a forward-looking perspective”, Turkish Studies, 20:4, (2019): 541-571. DOI: 10.1080/14683849.2019.1613895.
45. Talu, Nuran and Habip Kocaman. Türkiye’de İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadelede Politikalar, Yasal ve Kurumsal Yapı, İklim Değişikliği Eğitim Modülleri Serisi 4, Ankara: T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Çevre Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, (2019).
46. Terpan, Fabien. "The Definition of Soft Law" in Research Handbook of Soft Law, eds. by Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho and Ulrika Mörth, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, (2023): 43-55.
47. Türkoğlu-Üstün, Kamile. “Yenı̇ Bı̇r Dönemı̇n Başlangıcı: Avrupa Yeşı̇l Mutabakatı ve Türk Çevre Hukuku ve Polı̇tı̇kalarına Etkı̇lerı̇”, Memleket Siyaset Yönetim (MSY), Cilt 16, Sayı 36, Aralık 2021, 329-366.
48. United Nations, Paris Agreement, 2015. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (20.02.2024).
49. United Nations, Climate Change, What is the Kyoto Protocol?, Available at: https://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol (19.02.2024).
50. United Nations, Climate Change, The Paris Agreement- What is the Paris Agreement?, Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement (20.02.2024)
51. United Nations, Climate Change, What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?, Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change (19.02.2024)
52. United Nations, United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change, 1992. Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (28.11.2023)
53. United Nations, United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030, 2021. Available at: https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/about-un-decade (20.02.2024)
54. UN DESA, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda (24.02.2024)
55. UNEP, UNEP 2008 Annual Report, 2009. Available at: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/7742/-UNEP%202008%20Annual%20Report-2009837.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y (23.02.2024)
56. van Thuyne, Gauthier. The Paris Rulebook after COP26, 2021. Available at: https://www.allenovery.com/en-gb/global/blogs/countdown-to-cop/the-paris-rulebook-after-cop26 (22.02.2024)
57. Williams, David Samuel, Osman Balaban, Akgün Ilhan, Hande Paker, Ümit Sahin, Beyza Sarıkoç Yıldırım, Ethemcan Turhan, Baran Alp Uncu and Marta Olazabal. “A policy content analysis for evaluating urban adaptation justice in Istanbul”, Environmental Science and Policy, 136 (2022): 476-485.
58. World Bank, Climate and Development: An Agenda for Action, 03.11.2022, Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechange/publication/climate-and-development-an-agenda-for-action] (14.06.2023)
59. World Bank Group, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?end=2020&skipRedirection=true&start=1990&view=chart&year=1990, (20.07.2024)
60. Yazar, Mahir and Abigail York. “Urban climate governance under the national government shadow: Evidence from Istanbul”, Journal of Urban Affairs, (2021): 1265-1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1915151