Çevresel Mülahazaların Avrupa Birliği’nin Ortak Ticaret Politikasına Entegrasyonu: Hukuki ve Katmanlı Bir Perspektif

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB), özellikle sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı teşvik etmek için çevrenin korunmasının AB’nin tüm politikalarına entegre edilmesini öngören Amsterdam Antlaşması’ndan (1999) bu yana, çevresel mülahazaları politikalarına istikrarlı olarak dahil etmektedir. Ortak Ticaret Politikası da bu politikalar arasında olup AB’nin dış ticaret hukukunun temelini oluşturmaktadır ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleriyle uyumlu olmalıdır. Özellikle 2010’lardan bu yana, AB, tek taraflı (örneğin Genelleştirilmiş Tercihler Sistemi), iki taraflı (örneğin Yeni Nesil Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmaları) ve çok taraflı (örneğin Dünya Ticaret Örgütü bünyesindeki çabalar) ticaret önlemlerine sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı ve çevresel mülahazaları entegre etmektedir. Hukuki yönteme dayanan bu çalışma, AB’nin bu mülahazaları dış ticaret hukukuna neden ve nasıl dahil ettiğini farklı düzeylerde incelemektedir. Çalışma, AB’nin çevresel hedefler gütmesinin tüm düzeylerde belirgin olduğunu, ancak tek ve iki taraflı önlemlerde çok taraflı çabalara kıyasla daha güçlü olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ilgili hukuki çerçevelerin kapsam ve derinlik açısından evrildiğini ve uygulama ile uygulatma mekanizmalarında önemli iyileşmeler kaydedildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği
• Çevresel Mülahazalar
• Genelleştirilmiş Tercihler Sistemi
• Yeni Nesil Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmaları
• Dünya Ticaret Örgütü

Integration of Environmental Considerations into the European Union’s Common Commercial Policy: A Legal and Layered Perspective

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has consistently incorporated environmental considerations into its policies, particularly since the Amsterdam Treaty (1999), which mandates the integration of environmental protection into all EU policies to promote sustainable development. One such policy is the EU’s Common Commercial Policy (CCP), which underpins its external trade law and must align with sustainable development objectives. Notably, since the 2010s, the EU has integrated sustainable development and environmental considerations into its unilateral (e.g., Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)), bilateral (e.g., New Generation Free Trade Agreements (NGFTAs)), and multilateral (e.g., efforts within the World Trade Organisation (WTO)) trade measures. Grounded in legal methodology, this manuscript examines why and how the EU has incorporated these considerations into its external trade law across different levels. It demonstrates that, while the EU’s pursuit of environmental objectives is evident across all levels, it is more pronounced in unilateral and bilateral measures compared to multilateral efforts. Furthermore, it reveals that the relevant legal frameworks have evolved in scope and depth, with notable improvements in the mechanisms of implementation and enforcement.

Keywords

• European Union
• Environmental Considerations
• Generalised System of Preferences
• New Generation Free Trade Agreements
• World Trade Organisation

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