Almanya'nın 2022 Enerji Krizine Tepkisi ve Kriz Sonrası İklim Diplomasisi

Abstract

Bu makale, Almanya'nın 2022 enerji krizine verdiği tepkinin iklim eylemini ve Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi (UNFCCC) kapsamındaki uluslararası güvenilirliğini nasıl etkilediğini analiz etmektedir. Rusya'nın Avrupa'ya gaz tedarikinde önemli bir düşüşe yol açan enerji krizi, Almanya'nın LNG altyapısını inşa etmesine, nükleerden çıkışını ertelemesine, kömürlü termik santrallerini geçici olarak canlandırmasına ve yasal düzenlemeler yapmasına neden olmuştur. Almanya'nın uzun süredir uluslararası iklim eylemlerine aktif katılımı göz önüne alındığında, bu kararlar küresel iklim diplomasisindeki güvenilirliği konusunda soru işaretleri yaratmıştır. COP 27'de güvenilirlik sorunları yaşamasına rağmen Almanya, COP 28 ve COP 29'da artan iklim finansmanı taahhütleri ve karbonsuzlaştırma çabalarına daha fazla destek vererek imajını yeniden inşa etmeye çalışmıştır. Bulgulara göre, Almanya'nın tutarlılık algısı acil durum önlemleriyle zedelenmiş, ancak mali yardımları ve diplomatik angajmanı güvenilirliğini yeniden kazanmasına önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Almanya örneği kriz dönemlerinde gelecekteki iklim yönetişimi için önemli bir referans noktası teşkil etmekte ve gelişmiş ülkelerin acil ulusal çıkarları ile küresel iklim eylemi kapsamındaki sorumlulukları arasında bir denge kurmakta karşılaştıkları zorlukları vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

• Almanya
• UNFCCC
• i̇kli̇m taahhütleri̇
• enerji güvenliği

Germany’s 2022 Energy Crisis Response and Post-Crisis Climate Diplomacy

Abstract

This article analyzes how Germany’s response to the 2022 energy crisis affected its climate action and international credibility within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The energy crisis, which resulted in a significant decrease in Russian gas supplies to Europe, made Germany build its LNG infrastructure, postpone its nuclear phase-out, temporarily revive its coal-fired power plants, and make legislative adjustments. Given Germany’s long-standing active engagement in international climate action, these decisions cast doubt on its reliability in global climate diplomacy. Despite facing credibility issues at COP 27, Germany worked to rebuild its image through increased climate finance commitments and greater support for decarbonization efforts at COP 28 and COP 29. According to the findings, Germany's perceived consistency was undermined by emergency measures, but its financial assistance and diplomatic engagement contributed significantly to restoring its credibility. As a result, the German case serves as a key point of reference for future climate governance in times of crisis and highlights the difficulties developed countries encounter in maintaining a balance between their urgent national interests and their responsibilities under global climate action.

Keywords

• Germany
• UNFCCC
• Climate commitments
• energy security

References

1. Abuzayed, Anas, and Niklas Hartmann. “MyPyPSA-Ger: Introducing CO2 Taxes on a Multi-Regional Myopic Roadmap of the German Electricity System towards Achieving the 1.5 °C Target by 2050.” Applied Energy, vol. 310 (2022): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118576
2. Agrell, Per J., Henri Dehaybe, and Manuel Herrera Rodriguez. “Balancing Supply Security and Decarbonization: Optimizing Germany’s LNG Port Infrastructure under the European Green Deal” Energy Policy, vol.198 (2025): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114484
3. Amelang, Sören, Kerstine Appunn, Carolina Kyllmann, Benjamin Wehrmann, and Julian Wettengel. “War in Ukraine: Tracking the Impacts on German Energy and Climate Policy.” Clean Energy Wire. February 24, 2023. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/ukraine-war-tracking-impacts-german-energy-and-climate-policy
4. Bäckstrand, Karin, and Jonathan W. Kuyper. “The Democratic Legitimacy of Orchestration: The UNFCCC, Non‑State Actors, and Transnational Climate Governance.” Environmental Politics vol. 26, no. 4 (2017): 764–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1323579
5. Belaïd, Fateh, Aisha Al-Sarihi, and Raed Al-Mestneer. “Balancing Climate Mitigation and Energy Security Goals amid Converging Global Energy Crises: The Role of Green Investments”. Renewable Energy, vol. 205 (2023): 534-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.083
6. Brunsch, Daniel, Julian Radek, Lars Ostmeier, and Christoph Weber. “Midterm Perspectives on Natural Gas after the European Gas Crisis: Reviewing German Energy Transition Studies.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 210 (2025): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.115223
7. Bundesregierung. “Im Notfall: Kohle und Öl als Gasersatz.” Die Bundesregierung. July 13, 2023. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/gasersatz-reserve-2048304
8. Busch, Henner, Vasna Ramasar, Sofia Avila, Brototi Roy, Tara van Ryneveld, Ana Mandinic, Eric Brandstedt. “Mining Coal While Digging for Justice: Investigating Justice Claims Against A Coal-Phase Out in Five Countries”. The Extractive Industries and Society, vol. 15 (2023): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101275

9. COP 29 Azerbaijan. “COP29 Hydrogen Declaration.” COP 29. Accessed April 13, 2025. https://cop29.az/en/pages/cop29-hydrogen-declaration
10. Downs, George W., and Michael A. Jones. “Reputation, Compliance, and International Law.” The Journal of Legal Studies vol. 31, no. S1 (2002): S95-S114. https://doi.org/10.1086/340405
11. Dröge, Susanne, and Marian Feist. The G7 Summit: Advancing International Climate Cooperation? Options and Priorities for the German G7 Presidency. SWP Comment 2022/C 34. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, May 19, 2022. https://doi.org/10.18449/2022C34
12. Eray Erbil, and Oktay Tanrısever. “Energy Regionalism in Wider Europe: Sub-Regional Energy Dynamics and the EU’s Eastern Partnership”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 1 (2024): 67-100. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1387050
13. Erbil, Eray. Global Climate Change Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Climate Approaches, Strategies, Positions and Perspectives of India, South Africa, Germany, and the United States within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). PhD diss., Middle East Technical University, 2024. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/113007
14. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). “V20 and G7 Jointly Launch Global Shield against Climate Risks at COP27”. November 14, 2022. https://www.bmz.de/en/news/press-releases/v20-g7-launch-global-shield-against-cllimate-risks-at-cop27-128244
15. Federal Republic of Germany. Federal Climate Change Act (Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz – KSG). Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_ksg/englisch_ksg.html
16. Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). “Electricity Production in 2022: Coal Accounted for a Third, Wind Power for a Quarter.” Press release no. 090, March 9, 2023. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2023/03/PE23_090_43312.html
17. Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization vol. 52, no. 4 (1998): 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
18. Friederici, Peter. “In Germany, the Energy Transition Continues.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 77, no. 2 (2021): 82–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2021.1885851
19. German Environment Agency (UBA). “Germany's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Down 8.7 Percent in 2020”. March 15, 2021. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/press/pressinformation/germanys-greenhouse-gas-emissions-down-87-percent
20. Global LNG Hub. “FID Nears for German LNG Terminals”. November 30, 2023. https://globallnghub.com/fid-nears-for-german-lng-terminals.html.
21. Glynos, Dimitrios, and Hendrik Scharf. “Postponing Germany’s Nuclear Phase-out: A Smart Move in the European Energy Crisis?” Energy Policy, vol. 192 (2024): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114208
22. Graupner, Soren, and Thomas Bruckner. “Effects of Accelerated Coal Phase-out and Enhanced Renewables on Redispatch and Carbon Distribution.” 2022 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET), July 20, 2022: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECET55527.2022.9872560
23. Haas, Tobias, Jeremias Herberg, and David Löw-Beer. “From Carbon Democracy to Post-Fossil Capitalism? The German Coal Phase-out as a Crossroads of Sustainability Politics.” Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, vol. 18, no. 1 (2022): 384-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2022.2069542
24. Hägele, Ramona, Gheorghe Iacobuţă, and Joachim Tops. “Addressing Climate Goals and the SDGs through a Just Energy Transition? Empirical Evidence from Germany and South Africa” Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences vol. 19, no. 1 (2022): 85-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2022.2108459
25. Hauenstein, Christian, Isabell Braunger, Alexandra Krumm, and Pao-Yu Oei. “Overcoming Political Stalemates: The German Stakeholder Commission on Phasing out Coal.” Energy Research & Social Science, vol. 103 (2023): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103203
26. Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). “Summary of the 2023 Dubai Climate Change Conference: 30 November – 13 December 2023”. Earth Negotiations Bulletin. December 18, 2023. https://enb.iisd.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/enb12842e_0.pdf
27. Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). “Summary of the 2024 Baku Climate Change Conference: 11-22 November 2024”. Earth Negotiations Bulletin. November 26, 2024. https://enb.iisd.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/enb12865e_0.pdf
28. Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). “Summary of the Sharm El-Sheikh Climate Change Conference: 6-20 November 2022”. Earth Negotiations Bulletin. November 23, 2022. https://enb.iisd.org/sites/default/files/2022-12/enb12818e_0.pdf
29. International Energy Agency (IEA). “Germany: Coal”. Accessed April 21, 2025. https://www.iea.org/countries/germany/coal
30. International Energy Agency. Germany 2025: Energy Policy Review. Paris: IEA, 2025. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/7fea0ad0-1cc1-45e9-810b-2d602e64642f/Germany2025.pdf
31. Jarvis, Stephen, Olivier Deschenes, and Akshaya Jha. “Private and External Costs of Germany’s Nuclear Phase-Out.” Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 20, no. 3 (2022): 1311-1346
32. Jeudy-Hugo, Sébastien, and Sofia Errendal. Towards an Impactful Mitigation Work Programme under the UNFCCC. OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers, no. 2023/03. Paris: OECD Publishing (2023). https://doi.org/10.1787/36da89de-en
33. Jordan, Andrew, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, and Johanna Forster. Governing Climate Change: Polycentricity in Action? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
34. Katalkina, Natalija, and Nadezhda Bogdanova, “Russian Gas Import in the Germany Sociopolitical Discourse,” Sociopolitical Sciences vol. 12, no. 3 (2022): 98–104, https://doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2022-12-3-98-104
35. Keohane, Robert O., and David G. Victor. “The Regime Complex for Climate Change.” Perspectives on Politics vol. 9, no. 1 (2011): 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710004068.
36. Khorolskaya, Marya. “New Vectors of German Energy Policy,” World Economy and International Relations vol. 66, no. 10 (2022): 56–64, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-10-56-64
37. Kumar, Subhash and Reinhard Madlener. “Energy systems and COP21 Paris climate agreement targets in Germany: an integrated modeling approach” 2018 7th International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC) (2018): 1-6.
38. Kuyper, Jonathan, Heike Schroeder, and Björn-Ola Linnér. “The Evolution of the UNFCCC.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources vol. 43, no. 1 (2018): 343-368. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030119
39. Medzhidova, Dzhanneta. “Return of Coal: A Short Visit or a Long Stay?” BRICS Journal of Economics, vol. 3, no. 4 (2022): 209-229. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e94712
40. Mehling, Michael A., Gilbert E. Metcalf, and Robert N. Stavins. “Linking Climate Policies to Advance Global Mitigation.” Science, vol. 359, no. 6379 (2018): 997-998.
41. Murcott, Melanie Jean. “A Just COP26 Outcome for South Africa?” Transnational Legal Theory, vol. 13, no. 2/3 (2022): 352-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2022.2160123
42. Nacke, Lola, Vadim Vinichenko, Aleh Cherp, Avi Jakhmola, and Jessica Jewell. “Compensating Affected Parties Necessary for Rapid Coal Phase-out but Expensive If Extended to Major Emitters.” Nature Communications, vol. 15, no. 1 (2024): 1-16. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47667-w
43. Perino, Grischa, Johannes Jarke-Neuert, Felix Schenuit, Martin Wickel, & Cathrin Zengerling. “Closing the Implementation Gap: Obstacles in Reaching Net-Zero Pledges in the EU and Germany” Politics and Governance, vol. 10, no.3 (2022): 213-225. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v10i3.5326
44. Rogge, Karoline S., and Phil Johnstone. “Exploring the Role of Phase-out Policies for Low-Carbon Energy Transitions: The Case of the German Energiewende.” Energy Research and Social Science, vol.33 (2017): 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.004
45. Schreurs, Miranda A. “The Politics of Phase-Out.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol.68, no.6 (2012): 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096340212464359
46. Scott, Mark. “Planning for a Just Energy Transition: If Not Now, When?” Planning Theory & Practice, vol. 23, no. 3 (2022): 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2022.2082711
47. Shapovalova, Daria. Ban on Coal: Rationale and Legality for Restrictions on Coal Production, Sale, and Use. January 6, 2024. https://ssrn.com/abstract=5084001.
48. Skidmore, Chris, and Will Farrell. “COP-Out? A Brief History of the United Nations Climate Change Conferences: COPs 1–26”. Harvard Kennedy School, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, October 2023. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/mrcbg/files/Final_AWP_119.pdf
49. Sud, Nikita. “Unjust Energy Transition: Vignettes from the COPs, Climate Finance and a Coal Hotspot.” World Development, vol. 190 (2025): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106906
50. Traber, Thure, Franziska Simone Hegner, and Hans-Josef Fell. “An Economically Viable 100% Renewable Energy System for All Energy Sectors of Germany in 2030.” Energies, vol. 14, no. 17 (2021):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175230
51. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-seventh session, held in Sharm el-Sheikh from 6 to 20 November 2022”. March 17, 2023. https://unfccc.int/event/cop-27#decisions_reports
52. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-eighth session, held in the United Arab Emirates from 30 November to 13 December 2023”. March 15, 2024. https://unfccc.int/event/cop-28#decisions_reports
53. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on its sixth session, held in Baku from 11 to 24 November 2024”. March 27, 2025. https://unfccc.int/event/cma-6#decisions_reports
54. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). “Understanding the UN Climate Change Regime”. Accessed June 21, 2025. https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture/#content-understanding-the-un-climate-change-regime
55. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States”. March 6, 2015. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf
56. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. “The Update of the Nationally Determined Contribution of the European Union and its Member States”. December 17, 2020. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/EU_NDC_Submission_December%202020.pdf
57. Vinichenko, Valeriya, Margaux Vetier, and Jessica Jewell. “Phasing out Coal for 2°C Target Requires Worldwide Replication of Most Ambitious National Plans.” Environmental Research Letters, vol. 18, no. 1 (2023): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acadf6
58. Wettengel, Julian. “Germany Says It Will Stick to International Climate Finance Commitment Despite Budget Crisis.” Clean Energy Wire. April 25, 2024. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-says-it-will-stick-international-climate-finance-commitment-despite-budget-crisis
59. Wettengel, Julian. “Germany, EU Remain Heavily Dependent on Imported Fossil Fuels” Clean Energy Wire. April 3, 2024. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-dependence-imported-fossil-fuels