Analysis of International Student Mobility from Turkey via Erasmus+ Program

Year 2019, , 259 - 278, 25.01.2019

Fatma Feyza Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.511771

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the student flow from
Turkey to different countries which takes place by means of Erasmus+ program in
2015 with the gravity model. The variables reflecting the economical size of the
countries and the variable representing the distance between Turkey and the country
visited were added to the gravity model formed and the statistical significance of the
model was tested. Moreover, at which level the student potential which wanted to have
an education with Erasmus+ was affected by the quality of the visited country’s
universities, visited country’s having a Mediterranean climate, its foreign language’s
being English and its being an OECD country were analyzed as dummy variables. 

Keywords

Gravity model, Erasmus+ program, international student mobility

Erasmus+ Programı ile Türkiye'den Gerçekleşen Uluslararası Öğrenci Hareketliliğinin Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı 2015 yılında Türkiye’ den Erasmus+ programı ile farklı
ülkelere gerçekleşen öğrenci akımını etkileyen faktörleri çekim modeli yöntemi ile
açıklamaktır. Çekim modeline, ülkelerin ekonomik büyüklüklerini yansıtan
değişkenlerin yanısıra Türkiye ile gidilen ülke arasındaki uzaklığı belirten değişken
eklenerek modelin istatistiksel anlamlılığı test edilmiştir. Ayrıca Erasmus+ programı
ile eğitim almak isteyen öğrenci potansiyelinin, kukla değişkenler olan gidilen ülkenin  üniversitelerinin niteliği, akdeniz iklimine sahip olması, ana dilinin İngilizce olması
ve OECD ülkesi olması durumlarından ne düzeyde etkilendiği incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Çekim modeli, Erasmus+ programı, uluslararası öğrenci hareketliliği

References

• Abbott, Andrew and Silles, Mary. “Determinants of International Student Migration.” The World Economy 39, No 5 (2016): 621- 635.
• Achard, Pascal. “The Regulation of International Air Cargo Services. PhD Thesis. Groupe d’Economie Mondiale, Sciences Po.2009.
• Altbach, Philip G. “Globalisation and the University: Myths and Realities in an Unequal World.” Tertiary Education & Management 10, No 1 (2004): 3-25.
• Anderson, J. E. “A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation.” The American Economic Review 69, No:1 (1979), 106-116.
• Beine, Michel; Noel, Romain and Ragot, Lionel. “Determinants of the International Mobility of Students.” Economics of Education Review, 41(2014): 40-54.
• Bennell, Paul and Pearce Terry. “The Internationalisation of Higher Education: Exporting Education to Developing and Transitional Economies.” International Journal of Educational Development 23, No 2 (2003): 215-232.
• Bergstrand, Jeffrey H. "The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence." Re- view of Economics and Statistics 67, No 3 (1985): 474-81.
• Bessey, Donata. “International Student Migration to Germany.” Empirical Economics, 42, No 1 (2012): 345-361.
• Bos, J. W. B., & Van de Laar, M. M. “Explaining Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe: An Extended Gravity Approach.” Netherlands Central Bank, DNB Working Papers, No 008 (2004).
• Cantwell, Brendan; Luca, Sandra G. and Lee, Jenny J. “Exploring the Orientations of International Students in Mexico: Differences by Region of Origin.” Higher Education, 57, No 3 (2009): 335-354.
• Deardorff, Alan V. “Determinants of Bilateral Trade: Does Gravity Work in a Neoclassic World?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 5377. Cambridge, MA, USA.,1995.
• Dinçer, Çağlayan; Aslan, Berna and Bayraktar, Ayşegül. “Ankara Üniversitesi Erasmus Koordinatörlerinin Erasmus Programına İlişkin Görüşleri.” Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 50, No 2 (2017): 201-223.
• Dinçer, Gönül. “Dış Tı̇caret Kuramında Çekı̇m Modelı̇.” Ekonomik Yaklaşım 24, No 88 (2013): 1-34.
• Golovko, A. “Çekim Modeli: Avrasya Ülkelerinin Dış Ticareti”, paper presented at the annual meeting EconAnadolu: Anadolu Uluslararası İktisat Kongresi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, 2009.
• González, Carlos R.; Mesanza, Ricardo B.; Mariel, Petr. “The Determinants of International Student Mobility Flows: An Empirical Study on The Erasmus Programme.” Higher Education, 62, No 4 (2011): 413-430.
• Hatısaru, Vesife. “A Review on Turkey's Participation in Erasmus+: The Case of Strategic Partnerships and Knowledge Alliances.” Ankara Review of European Studies, 16, No 2 (2017): 65-83.
• Helpman, E. “Imperfect Competition and International Trade: Evidence from Fourteen Industrial Countries.” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 1, No 1 (1987): 62-81.
• Kaplan, Fatih. “Türkiye’nin Meyve ve Sebze İhracatı: Bir Çekim Modeli Uygulaması.” Journal of Yaşar University 11, No 42 (2016) : 77-83.
• Knight, Jane. “Cross-border Higher Education: Issues and Implications for Quality Assurance and Accreditation.” Report: Higher Education in the World 2007: (2007):134-146.
• Larsen, Kurt; Martin, John P and Morris, Rosemary. “Trade in Educational Services: Trends and Emerging Issues.” World Economy 25, No 6 (2002): 849-868.
• Levent, Faruk and Karaevli, Özge. “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Eğitimine Yönelik Politikalar ve Türkiye için Öneriler.” Journal of Educational Sciences 38 (2013): 97-117.
• Li, Mei and Bray, Mark. “Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push– Pull Factors and Motivations of Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong and Macau.” Higher Education 53, No 6 (2007): 791-818.
• Linnemann, Hans. “An Econometric Study of International Trade Flows” Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1966.
• Mazzarol, Tim; Soutar, Geoffrey N. “Push-Pull Factors Influencing International Student Destination Choice.” International Journal of Educational Management, 16 (2002): 82-90.
• Mcmahon, Mary E. “Higher Education in a World Market.” Higher Education 24, No 4 (1992): 465-482.
• Olcay, Gökçen A. and Nasır, Vesile A. “Internationalization in Higher Education: A Look at the Years 1999-2013 from the Perspectives of the Countries with the Most International Students and Turkey,” Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi 6, No 3 (2016): 288-297.
• Özkan, Ayşen; Mutdoğan, Selin. “Erasmus Programı’nın Tasarım Öğrencilerinin Yaşam ve Eğitimlerine Katkısı.” The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication 8, No 2 (2018): 153-165.
• Polat, Soner; Arslan, Yaser. “Uluslararası Öğrencilerin Üniversite Seçimini Etkileyen Etmenler.” Journal of Higher Education/Yüksekögretim Dergisi 7, No 2 (2017): 94-104.
• Pöyhönen, Pentti. “A Tentative Model for the Volume of Trade between Countries.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 90 (1963), 93-100.
• Sa, Carla; Florax, Raymond Jgm; Rietveld, Piet. “Determinants of the Regional Demand for Higher Education in The Netherlands: A Gravity Model Approach.” Regional Studies 38, No 4 (2004): 375-392.
• Tinbergen, Jan. “An Analysis of World Trade Flows.” Shaping the World Economy 3 (1962):1-117.
• Van Bouwel, L., and Veugelers, R. “The Determinants of Student Mobility in Europe: the Quality Dimension, European Journal of Higher Education 3, No 2 (2013): 172-190.
• Van Mol, Christof; Timmerman, Christiane. “Should I stay, or should I go? An Analysis of the Determinants of Intra‐European Student Mobility.” Population, Space and Place 20, No 5 (2014): 465-479.
• Zheng, Ping. “Antecedents to International Student Inflows to UK Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Business Research 67, No 2 (2014): 136-143.