Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Çevrenin Korunması: Avrupa’nın Kavşağında Kıbrıs

Öz

Her geçen gün artan çevre kirliliğine bağlı olarak, Avrupa ekosisteminin korunması Avrupa Birliği (AB) için daha da önemli bir mesele haline gelmektedir. Avrupa Çevre Politikaları çerçevesinde birtakım araçlar bu bağlamda mevcuttur ancak Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC), topluluk müktesebatının siyasi bir çözüme kadar askıya alındığı sıra dışı bir durum olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu makale, AB'nin kendi sınırları içinde çevre korumanın bir unsuru olarak çevre güvenliğini sağlama becerisini birlikte incelemekte ve AB'nin KKTC'deki katılımını ve adadaki çevre korumasını sorunsallaştırmaktadır. Makale, AB’nin Kıbrıs özelinde çevrenin korunması bağlamında kapasitesini artırabilmesi için Kıbrıslı Türk otoritelerle daha fazla ilişki kurmasını önermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevrenin Korunması
• Avrupalılaşma
• Kuzey Kıbrıs
• Avrupa Birliği

THE EU AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: CYPRUS AT THE CROSSROADS OF EUROPE

Abstract

Environmental challenges are on the increase every day and the protection of European ecosystems is becoming more critical for the European Union (EU). Through the European environment policy framework, various instruments have been introduced but the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) is an exceptional case where the acquis communautaire is suspended until a political settlement is reached. This paper examines together the EU’s ability in providing environmental security as an element of environmental protection within its borders and problematizes the EU engagement in the TRNC and environmental protection on the island. The EU’s abilities and its capacity in the protection of the environment in Cyprus can be enhanced by engaging more with the Turkish Cypriot authorities on the issues of environmental protection.

Keywords

• Environmental Protection
• Europeanization
• North Cyprus
• the European Union

References

1. Dresse, Anaïs, Fischhendler Itay, Jonas Ø. Nielsen and Zikos Dimitrios. “Environmental peacebuilding: Towards a theoretical framework.” Cooperation and Conflict 54, no.1 (2019):99–119.
2. Aid Programme for The Turkish Cypriot Community. 2020. European Commission - European Commission. Accessed August 13. 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/funding-opportunities/fundingprogrammes/overview-funding-programmes/aid-programme-turkish-cypriotcommunity_en.
3. Baldwin, David Allen. “The Concept of Security”, Review of international studies 23, no. 1 (1997): 5-26.
4. Bilecenoğlu, Murat. “Controlling the Lionfish Invasion in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea”, In Lionfish Invasion and Its Management in the Mediterranean Sea, ed. Fatih M. Hu seyinoğlu and Bayram O ztu rk. (Istanbul: Turkish Marine Research Foundation, TUDAV: 2018), 1-10.
5. Bo rzel, Tanja A., “Europeanization: How the European Union Interacts with its Member States”, In The member states of the European Union. ed. Simon, Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, (USA: Oxford University Press: 2005), 45–69.
6. Bo rzel, Tanja, A. “Environmental Policy”. In Europeanization: New Research Agendas. ed. Paolo\ Graziano and Maarten Vink (Palgrave Macmillan: 2008), 226-238.
7. Bo rzel, Tanja and Thomas Risse, “Conceptualising the Domestic Impact of Europe”, In The Politics of Europeanization. ed. Kevin Featherstone and Claudio M. Radaelli, (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2003), 57–79.
8. Caporaso, James, “The Three Worlds of Regional Integration Theory”. In Europeanization: New Research Agendas. ed. Paolo, Graziano and Maarten Vink, (Palgrave, Macmillan: 2008), 23-25.

9. “CELEX1, Council Regulation (EC) No 866/2004 Of 29 April 2004 On A Regime Under Article 2 Of Protocol 10 to the Act of Accession”. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/e68c4cc7-5783-4809-af6a-79d708db7a0c.
10. Constantinou, Costas M., and Yiannis Papadakis, “The Cypriot state (s) in situ: Cross-ethnic contact and the discourse of recognition”. Global Society 15, no. 2 (2001): 125-148.
11. Coppieters, Bruno. “‘Statehood’, ‘de facto Authorities’ and ‘Occupation’: Contested Concepts and the EU’s Engagement in its European Neighbourhood.” Ethnopolitics 17, no. 4 (2018): 343-361.
12. Creswell, John W., and J. David Creswell. Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (Los Angeles, Sage: 2017).
13. CYPRUS: Sewage spills, sea pollution the norm for historic harbour town. (2019, September 22). Financial Mirror. Accessed March 09,2021. https://www.financialmirror.com/2019/09/22/cyprus-sewage-spills-seapollution-the-norm-for-historic-harbour-town/
14. Department of Environment. (2020). Retrieved from Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment: http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/environment/environmentnew.nsf/page03_en/pag e03_en?OpenDocument
15. De Waal, Thomas. Uncertain Ground: Engaging with Europe’s de Facto States and Breakaway Territories. (Massachusetts: Carnegie Europe: 2018).
16. Bouris, Dimitris and George Kyris, “Europeanisation, Sovereignty and Contested States: The EU in Northern Cyprus And Palestine”. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19 (4): 755-771(2017). doi:10.1177/1369148117727534.
17. “EUR-Lex - 32006R0389 - EN - EUR-Lex”. 2006. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32006R0389.
18. Global Environment Outlook 1: For Life On Earth”. 1997. UNEP. Accessed August 13,2020. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/global-environmentoutlook-1-life-earth
19. Gündem Kıbrıs Gazetesi. “Balıkçıların Sorunları Neler?” Gündem Kıbrıs Gazetesi, 11 Nov. 2020, Accessed March 12, 2021. www.gundemkibris.com/kibris/balikcilarin-sorunlari-neler-h302654.html.
20. Hadjimichael, Maria and Klitos Papastylianou, “Environmental protection and cooperation in an (ethnically) divided island: The case of Cyprus”, Report 6/2019\ Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway
21. Havadis. “People are Hit by the Fear of Sewage,” July 16, 2017, accessed August 13, 2020, https://www.havadiskibris.com/lagim-korkusu-plajlari-vurdu/.
22. “Integrated Coastal Management - Environment - European Commission”. 2020. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/index_en.htm.
23. Ker-Lindsay, James. “Engagement without recognition: The limits of diplomatic interaction with contested states”. International Affairs 91, no. 2 (2015): 267-285.
24. Kerr, Pauline, “Human security and diplomacy.” In Cavelty, Myriam Dunn, and Victor Mauer, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Routledge, 2010. pp. 115-127.
25. Kıbrıs Ada Haber. “KKTC Sahilleri İçin Tehlike,” October 30, 2013, accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.kibrisadahaber.com/mobi/kktc-sahilleri-icintehlike.html.
26. Kıbrıs Gazetesi. “Arıtma yetersizliği felakete dönüşüyor,” October 06, 2019, accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/kibris/aritmayetersizligi-felakete-donusuyorh75007.html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=5a8339ef0b91ce26f5b6a9c58a47361aaea1883f-1580334695-0-Ac__wJfbvhrav__pTBrxsaEG11OkcR0oRllRqX4K6ysfA87Hqp8iJ9x0kvuYbNdpDvEwZsqR6k7DFFd_cc4idSsqMPLl
27. Killaris, Kyriacos, “Global warming brings jellyfish invasion,” August 10, 2020. Accessed August 14, 2020. https://www.financialmirror.com/2020/08/10/global-warming-brings-jellyfishinvasion/
28. Kyris, George. “The European Union and Cyprus: The Awkward Partnership.” Euractiv. April 2, 2013, accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.euractiv.com/section/euro-finance/opinion/the-european-unionand-cyprus-the-awkward-partnership/.
29. Kyris, George. The Europeanisation of Contested Statehood: The EU in northern Cyprus. Routledge, 2016.
30. Kyris, George. “Sovereignty and engagement without recognition: Explaining the failure of conflict resolution in Cyprus.” Ethnopolitics 17, no. 4 (2018): 426- 442.
31. Lacher, Hannes, and Erol Kaymak, “Transforming Identities: Beyond the Politics of Non-Settlement in North Cyprus.” Mediterranean Politics, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2005), 147–166.
32. “Marine Environment”. European Environment Agency. February 18, 2015 Accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer2015/europe/marine-and-coastal#tab-based-on-indicators.
33. McDonald, B. L., Matthew, R., Barnett, J., & O'Brien, K. (2009). Global Environmental Change and Human Security. The MIT Press.
34. Gündüz, Şerife (The President of “The Bi-communal Technical Committee on Environment” in Cyprus), interview with the authors, February 15, 2020, Nicosia.
35. Ward, Nora, “Microplastic Pollution is at An All-Time High in Cyprus,” Pacific Standard, November 26, 2018, accessed August 13, 2020, https://psmag.com/environment/microplastic-pollution-is-at-an-all-time-highin-cyprus.
36. Nowell, Lorelli S., Jill M. Norris, Deborah E. White, and Nancy J. Moules. "Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria." International journal of qualitative methods 16, no. 1 (2017): 1609406917733847.
37. Özden, Özge Fuller (Academic, Near East University, Cyprus), interview with the authors, February 21, 2020, Nicosia.
38. Özden, Özge Fuller, Sinem Yıldırım, Wayne J. Fuller, and Brendan J. Godley. “Anthropogenic marine litter on the north coast of Cyprus: Insights into marine pollution in the eastern Mediterranean.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 165 (2021): 112167.
39. Radaelli, Claudio. M. and Romain Pasquier. Conceptual Issues. In Europeanization New Research Agendas, ed. Graziano, P. and Vink, M. (Bas’ngstone: Palgrave/ Macmillan: 2008), 35-46.
40. Scientific American, “COVID-19 Has Worsened the Ocean Plastic Pollution Problem”, August 17, 2020. Accessed August 17, 2020, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/covid-19-has-worsened-the-oceanplastic-pollution-problem/.
41. “Security Council Resolution 541 – UNSCR”. 1983. UNSCR. Accessed August 13, 2020. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/541.
42. “Security Council Resolution 550 – UNSCR”. 1984. UNSCR. Accessed August 13, 2020. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/550.
43. Jarraud, Nicolas Stephane and Alexandros Lordos, “Participatory approaches to environmental conflict resolution in Cyprus”. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 29, no. 3 (2012): 261-281.
44. “The Causes of Climate Change.” NASA. February 8, 2021. https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/.
45. “The Global Risks Report 2020”. 2020. World Economic Forum. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2020.
46. “TRNC Prime Minister's Office of EU Coordination Centre”. Accessed August 13, 2020. http://eu.kamunet.net/english/establishment_activities.html.
47. Turker, Umut, Raed Bashitialshaaer and Hüseyin Gokcekus, “Wastewater management analysis for the main cities of Northern Cyprus.” WATMED 2. (2005). Marrakech: Lund University.
48. UNDP. 1994. Human Development Report 1994: New Dimensions of Human Security. Accessed August 13,2020. http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-1994.
49. “6: World Oceans and Coastal Zones.” IPCC. Accessed March 14, 2021. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar1/wg2/world-oceans-and-coastal-zones/.
50. Yenidüzen Gazetesi, “Outdated Sewage Plant Damaging Environment,” June 06, 2018. Accessed August 13, 2020. https://www.lgcnews.com/outdated-sewageplant-damaging-environment/.
51. Yenidüzen Gazetesi, “4 thousand cubic meters of wastewater is pumped into the sea per day,” June 06, 2018. Accessed August 13, 2020. http://www.yeniduzen.com/gunde-4-bin-metrekup-atik-su-denizepompalaniyor-103212h.htm.
52. Yenidüzen Gazetesi, “Waste is Swimming Not People,” September 5, 2017. Accessed August 13, 2020. http://www.yeniduzen.com/insanlar-degil-atiklaryuzdu-93587h.htm.