The Role of the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership in Interdependence Between the European Union and Russia

Year 2014, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 153 - 183, 01.10.2014

Uğur Burç Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.1501/Avraras_0000000212

Cited By: 1

Abstract

One of the significant impacts of globalization is the increasing interdependence between countries through political, economic, cultural, technological, environmental and other areas of cooperation. This interdependence deepens trust between countries, making it less likely for such countries to resort to military force in response to potential problems between them. In addition, interdependence provides opportunities for countries to develop common policies against soft security threats such as terrorism, illegal immigration, and trafficking in arms, people and drugs. With these benefits in mind, the European Union has aimed to develop interdependence with Russia in the post-Cold War era as one of its foreign policy priorities. This led, as a result of Finland’s initiatives, to the European Union creating the Northern Dimension. This study aims to analyze the role of the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, one of the thematic partnerships of the Northern Dimension, in the development of interdependence between the European Union and Russia. The study argues that various projects, successfully developed in environmental protection and nuclear safety under the framework of the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, have significantly contributed to increasing economic interdependence between the two partners

Avrupa Birliği – Rusya Karşılıklı Bağımlılığında Kuzey Boyutu Çevre Ortaklığı’nın Rolü

Abstract

Küreselleşmenin uluslararası politikaya yapmış olduğu en önemli etkilerden biri devletler arasındaki siyasi, ekonomik, sosyal, teknolojik, çevresel ve diğer alanlardaki işbirliğini geliştirerek karşılıklı bağımlılığı artırması olmuştur. Aralarında karşılıklı bağımlılık olan devletlerin birbirlerine olan güven marjının artması nedeniyle, ortaya çıkabilecek sorunların çözümünde askeri güce başvurmaları günümüzde çok düşük bir olasılıktır. Ayrıca, karşılıklı bağımlılık, işbirliğinin önünde engel teşkil eden terörizm, yasa dışı göç, uyuşturucu, silah ve insan kaçakçılığı gibi yumuşak güvenlik sorunlarıyla mücadelede taraflara ortak politikalar geliştirme fırsatı sunmaktadır. Bu getirileri göz önünde bulunduran AB’nin Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemdeki dış politika önceliklerinden biri Rusya ile ilişkileri geliştirerek karşılıklı bağımlılığı artırmak olmuştur. Bu çerçevede, Kuzey Boyutu politikası, Finlandiya’nın başlattığı girişimlerin neticesinde Avrupa Birliği tarafından Rusya ile karşılıklı bağımlılığı artırmak amacıyla yaratılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Kuzey Boyutu’nun tematik ortaklıklarından biri olan Kuzey Boyutu Çevre Ortaklığı’nın Avrupa Birliği ile Rusya arasındaki karşılıklı bağımlılığın gelişimindeki rolü analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmada ortaya konulan temel iddia; Kuzey Boyutu Çevre Ortaklığı kapsamında geliştirilen çevrenin korunması ve nükleer güvenliğe yönelik başarılı projelerin taraflar arasındaki ekonomik karşılıklı bağımlılığın artışına önemli katkı sağladığıdır

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği, Rusya, Finlandiya, Karşılıklı Bağımlılık

References

• “Gürcistan’ın Durumu Finlandiya ve İsveç’te NATO Üyelik Tartışmalarını Yeniden Canlandırdı”, EurActiv, 1 Eylül 2008, (20 Ocak 2014).
• “Hakamies’s Washington Speech Signals New Tack”, Uutiset, 7 Eylül 2007, 8> (20 Ocak 2014).
• “Rus General Finlandiya’yı Tehdit Etti”, Kavkaz Center, 6 Haziran 2012, (20 Ocak 2014).
• Anne Haglund-Morrissey, “Conceptualizing the ‘New’ Northern Dimension: A Common Policy Based on Sectoral Partnerships”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Cilt 16, No 2, 2008.
• Borge Romsloe, “Finland and the Case of a Northern Dimension for the EU: Inclusion by Bargaining or Arguing?”, University of Oslo, Centre for European Studies, Working Paper, No 31, Kasım 2005.
• Carl-Einar Stalvant, “The Northern Dimension: A Policy in Need of an Institution”, (11 Mart 2012).
• Clive Archer ve Tobias Etzold, “The EU’s Northern Dimension: Blurring Frontiers between Russia and the EU North”, Nordeuropaforum, No 1, 2008.
• Council of the European Union, “Action Plan for the Northern Dimension with External and Cross-border Policies of the European Union, 2000- 2003”, Brüksel, 14 Haziran 2000, D_Action_Plan.pdf> (20 Ocak 2014).
• David Arter, “Small States Influence Within the EU: The Case of Finland’s Northern Dimension Initiative”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Cilt 38, No 5, 2000.
• Derek Averre, “Russia and the European Union: Convergence or Divergence”, European Security, Cilt 14, No 2, 2005.
• Dicle Korkmaz, Rusya Federasyonu- Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Üç Temel Belge Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2007.
• EBRD, “NDEP and EU’s Northern Dimension Initiative”, (8 Ocak 2014).
• Edward C. Thaden, Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981.
• European Commission, “Russia”, (28 Mart 2012).
• European Commission, “Russia- Trade Statistics”, (28 Ocak 2014).
• European Commission, “The Second Northern Dimension Action Plan, 2004- 2006”, Brüksel, COM (2003) 343 Final, 10 Haziran 2003, (20 Ocak 2014).
• European Council, “Presidency Conclusions of the Helsinki European Council”, Helsinki, 10-11 Aralık 1999, A4C.htm> (20 Ocak 2014).
• European External Action Service, “Northern Dimension Policy Framework Document”, (26 Mart 2012).
• European External Action Service, “Partnership and Co-operation Agreement”, (23 Ocak 2014).
• Fred Singleton, A History of Finland, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Galym Zhussipbek, “Avrupa Birliği ile Rusya Arasındaki ‘Stratejik Ortaklığın Analizi”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 7, No 25, 2011.
• Hanna Ojanen, “How to Customize Your Union: Finland and the Northern Dimension of the EU”, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (der.), Northern Dimensions, Yearbook of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 1999.
• Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, New York, Knopf, 1985.
• Hasan Saygın, “Türkiye’nin Nükleer Yakıt Döngüsüne İlişkin Stratejisi”, Sinan Ülgen (der.), Nükleer Enerjiye Geçişte Türkiye Modeli -II, Ekonomi ve Dış Politika Araştırma Merkezi, Rapor, 2012, (10 Ocak 2014).
• Hiski Haukkala, “A Problematic Strategic Partnership”, Paris, EU Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper, No 46, 2003.
• Hiski Haukkala, Explaining Russian Reactions to the European Neighbourhood Policy, Richard G. Whitman ve Stefan Wolff (der.), European Neighbourhood Policy in Perspective: Context, Implementation, Impact, Basingstoke ve New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
• Hiski Haukkala, “The Role of the Northern Dimension in Tackling the Challenges of a Growing EU Presence in Northern Europe”, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Occasional Paper Series, No. 36, 2002.
• Ian Bache et al, Politics in the European Union, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Jackie Gower, “The EU and Russia”, Jackie Gower (der.), The European Union Handbook, Londra, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2002.
• Kari Alenius “Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917”, Faravid, Cilt 28, 2004.
• Marja Nissinen (der.), Foreign Ministers‘ Conference on the Northern Dimension, Helsinki, 11-12 November 1999: A Compilation of Speeches, Helsinki, Unit for the Northern Dimension in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2000.
• Mustafa Kashka, “Comprehensive Dismantlement of the Lepse Technical Floating Base”, Paper Presented to CEG Workshop “Dismantlement of Nuclear Service Ships and Surface Vessels with Nuclear Power Installations”, 24-26 Mayıs 2005, Murmansk, Rusya, (13 Ocak.2014).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “Archangelsk Municipal Water Services Project”, (7 Ocak 2014).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “Decommissioning of the Lepse FTB”, (13 Ocak 2014).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “Kaliningrad Water and Environmental Services Rehabilitation”, (7 Ocak 2014).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “NDEP News”, No 32, 2013.
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “NDEP Structure”, (10 Nisan 2012).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “Nuclear Challenges”, (8 Ocak 2014).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “St Petersburg Flood Protection Barrier”, (6 Ocak 2014).
• Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership, “St Petersburg Neva Direct Discharge Closure”, (6 Ocak 2014).
• Paavo Lipponen, “The European Union Needs a Policy for the Northern Dimension”, A Speech at the Barent Region Today Conference, Rovaniemi, 15 Eylül 1997.
• Pami Aalto et al, “Introduction”, Pami Aalto et al (der.), The New Northern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood, Brüksel, Center for European Policy Studies, 2008.
• Pami Aalto et al, “Experiences of Environmental Cooperation between the Nordic Countries and Russia: Lessons Learned and the Way Forward”, Pami Aalto et al (der.), The New Northern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood, Brüksel, Center for European Policy Studies, 2008.
• Robert Jackson ve Georg Sorensen, Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Robert Keohane ve Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, New York, Longman, 3. Baskı, 2001.
• Tapio Raunio ve Teija Tiilikainen, Finland in the European Union, London, Frank Cass, 2003.
• Tayyar Arı, Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, Bursa, MKM Yayıncılık, 6. Baskı, 2010.
• The Bellona Foundation, “Lepse Nuclear Waste Storage Ship Endangering Murmansk for Decades Finally Headed for Dismantlement”, 12 Eylül 2012, lepse-nuclear-waste-storage-ship-endangering-murmansk-for-decades-finally- headed-for-dismantlement> (13 Ocak 2014).
• Tuomo Polvinen, Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898- 1904, Durham, Duke University Press, 1995.