Bir Genel Bakış: Günümüzden 150.000 ile 25.000 Yıllar Öncesinde Paleolitik Döneme De Karşılık Gelen Zaman Aralığında Avrupa Coğrafyasının Manzarası

Year 2009, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 71 - 114, 01.05.2009

M. Kaya Uysal

Abstract

Neandertallerin ve günümüz insanının ilk atalarının evrimi ve göçleriyle ilgili değerlendirmelerde, yaşadıkları ortam çoğunlukla, son buzul çağında, buzulların ilerlemesinin en zirve değerinde, ortamda mevcut zor yaşam şartlarıyla resmedilir. Bu anlayış yanlıştır. Çünkü buzul çağının bu zirve değeri, Geç Pleistosen’de ancak çok kısa süren bir zaman aralığında ortamı etkilemiştir. Çalışmamızda, Avrupa fiziki coğrafyasının günümüzden 150.000–25.000 yıllar öncesi zaman aralığındaki tarihini incelemekteyiz. Bu araştırmada, buzulların yanında, denizel ve karasal tortullarda yapılan derin sondajlardan elde edilen buzul ve tortul malzemelere uygulanan ölçümlerden yararlanılmıştır. Ölçüm sonuçlarının ortaya çıkardığı, birbirini takip eden buzul ve buzul arası çağların ortaya koyduğu Avrupa Coğrafyası manzarası 4 ayrı haritada gösterilmektedir. Söz konusu zaman aralığındaki Avrupa Coğrafyasını gösteren bu haritalar, özellikle Paleolitik dönemin kritik bir safhasına karşılık gelen, günümüzden 60.000- 25.000 yıllar öncesi zaman aralığının büyük kısmında, genelde düşünülenin aksine, buzulların ortamdaki egemenliğinin daha zayıf olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak, birkaç bin yıllık süreçler halinde gelişen iklimsel değişiklikler saptanmıştır ki bu değişiklikler, belirgin biçimde insanın ve yaşadığı coğrafyanın bir arada evrimleşmesini güvenilir bir yaşlandırmayla yerine oturtmaktadır. Bundan da öte, söz konusu süre boyunca, buzulların etkili olduğu zaman aralıklarında, süreleri bir yüzyıldan birkaç bin yıla kadar değişen sürelerde devam etmiş ve ortamı etkileyen ani iklim değişiklikleri de saptanmıştır. Bu ani iklim değişimlerinin, ortama ve insan faaliyetlerine etkisini anlayabilmek için daha çok araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Paleolitik Dönem, Avrupa, Coğrafya

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