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The Three Seas Initiative with Perspective of Energy

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 121 - 151, 17.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.770838

Abstract

The Three Seas Initiative has been risen as an international platform including Center and Eastern Europe Countries with the attempt of Poland and Croatia in at 2015. The Initiative including Poland, Croatia, Austria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria targeted to improve energy infrastructure and provide security of energy supply as well as to eliminate the deficiency in infrastructure in fields of trasportation and digital in Center and Eastern Europe. The initiative attracted the attention of U.S., EU and China from the beginning because of the geo-economic and geo-strategic importance of Center and Eastern Europe. In this article, the Three Seas Initiative is mainly evaluated from the perspective of energy and probability of its success is queried in this respect.

References

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  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “State Aid: Commission Approves Public Support for Croatian LNG Terminal at Krk Island”, Brüksel, Temmuz 31, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-4910_en.htm
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “The Three Seas Initiative Summit: European Commission Investments in Connectivity Projects”, Eylül 17-18, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/betapolitical/files/the_three_seas_initiative_summit_en.pdf
  • Avrupa Parlamentosu. “Energy as a Tool of Foreign Policy of Authoritarian States, in Particular Russia”, Nisan 27, 2018:20, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603868/EXPO_STU(2018)603868_EN.pdf
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  • Doğu Araştırmaları Merkezi. “The Emergence of a European Project Three Summits for the Three Seas Initiative”, (2018), Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.newstrategycenter.ro/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/NSC_OSW_3SI_policy_paper.pdf
  • Engdahl, F. William. “The Geopolitics of Poland’s Three Seas Initiative”, Center of Research on Globalization, Aralık 8, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-geopolitics-of-polands-three-seasinitiative/5621888
  • “EU Fears Divisions as China Woos Eastern European Nations”, Deutsche Welle, Temmuz 5, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/eufearsdivisions-as-china-woos-eastern-european-nations/a-44542971
  • “EU Imports of Energy Products-Recent Developments”, Eurostat, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/EU_imports_of_energy_products_-_recent_developments
  • Gorka, Marek. “Three Seas Initiative as a Political Challenge for the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe", Politics in Central Europe 14 , no 3 (2018): 55- 73.
  • Hasselbach, Christoph ve Romaniec, Rosalia. “Berlin Takes a New Approach to the Three Seas Initiative”, Deutsche Welle, Haziran 5, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-takes-a-new-approach-to-the-threeseas-initiative/a-49076663
  • Holz, Sebastian. “Poland, Trump and the Three Seas Initiaitve”, Economic Forum, Temmuz 14, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, http://www.forumekonomiczne.pl/poland-trump-and-the-three-seas-initiative/?lang=en
  • Jing, Long. The Transition of EU’s Attitude Towards “16+1”, (Afterthoughts: Riga 2016 International Forum of China and Central and Eastern European Countries sunulan tebliğ, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Riga, Letonya, Kasım 4, 2016: 1-64.
  • Kakışım, Cemal. “Enerji Krizlerinin Etkisiyle Şekillenen Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi 10, no 2, (2019): 460-472.
  • Kietlinska, Ella. “Three Seas Initiative: Boosting Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe While Enhancing Region’s Energy Security”, The Epoch Times, Haziran 20, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/three-seas-initiative-boosting-economicgrowth-in-central-and-eastern-europe-while-enhancing-regions-energysecurity_2968408.html
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  • Nalecz, Daria. “Intermarium vs Three Seas Initiative”, New Eastern Europe, Temmuz 6-7, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, http://neweasterneurope.eu/2017/07/06/intermarium-vs-the-three-seasinitiative/
  • Nienaber, Michael. “U.S. Warns German Companies of Possible Sanctions Over Russia Pipeline”, Reuters, Ocak 13, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-usa-russia-pipeline/us-warnsgerman-companies-of-possible-sanctions-over-russian-pipelineidUSKCN1P70FR
  • Penda, Ivor Altaras. “Three Seas Initiative– Between Economic Diplomacy And Geopolitics”, Acta Economica Turistica 4, no 1, (2018): 5-34.
  • Przygoda, Miroslaw. “The Three Seas Initiative as A New Important Factor in the Integration of Central and Eastern Europe”, (26th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Building Resilient Society sunulan tebliğ – Zagreb, Croatia, Aralık8-9 2019, 657-673).
  • Raimi, Daniel. “Energy Dominance: the Right Goal for US Policy?” Oxford Insitute for Energy Studies, Oxford Energy Forum Issue 111, Kasım 2017, 15-17.
  • “Remarks by President Trump at the Three Seas Initiative Summit”, Beyaz SarayBasın Sekreterliği Ofisi, Temmuz 6, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://translations.state.gov/2017/07/06/remarks-by-president-trump-at-thethree-seas-initiative-summit-july-6-2017/
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  • O’Sullivan, L. Meghan. “Us Energy Diplomacy in an Age of Energy Adundance”, Oxford Insitute for Energy Studies, Oxford Energy Forum Issue 111, Kasım 2017.
  • Scislowska, Monika. “ Poland Signs Deal for Long-term Deliveries of US Gas”, AP News, Kasım 8, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://apnews.com/72568e5c41bd49d0a3515926311ebc7b
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ENERJİ PERSPEKTİFİYLE ÜÇ DENİZ GİRİŞİMİ

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 121 - 151, 17.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.770838

Abstract

Üç Deniz Girişimi, 2015’de Polonya ve Hırvatistan’ın girişimiyle Merkez ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinin dâhil olduğu uluslararası bir platform olarak doğmuştur. Polonya, Hırvatistan, Avusturya, Estonya, Letonya, Litvanya, Çekya, Slovenya, Slovakya, Macaristan, Romanya ve Bulgaristan’ın dâhil olduğu bu girişim, Merkez ve Doğu Avrupa’da enerji altyapısının geliştirilmesi ve enerji arz güvenliğinin sağlanmasının yanı sıra ulaştırma ve dijitalleşme alanlarındaki altyapı eksikliklerinin giderilmesini hedeflemiştir. Bu işbirliği, Merkez ve Doğu Avrupa’nın jeo-ekonomik ve jeo-stratejik önemi nedeniyle AB, ABD ve Çin’in ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu makalede, Üç Deniz Girişimi, ağırlıklı olarak enerji perspektifinden değerlendirilmiş ve başarılı bir projeye dönüşüp dönüşemeyeceğinin cevabı aranmıştır.

References

  • “About the Visegrad Group”, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2019, http://www.visegradgroup.eu/about
  • Almanya Dışişleri Bakanı Maas’tan Trump’a Rusya Yanıtı: Tutsak Değiliz, Sputnik, Temmuz 12, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://sptnkne.ws/hZVv
  • Almanya Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “Speech by State Secretary Andreas Michaelis at the Summit of the Three Seas Initiative”, Haziran, 6, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.auswaertiges- amt.de/en/newsroom/news/michaelis-3-seas-initiative/2227006
  • Avrupa Komisyonu, “A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy”, COM (2015) 80 Final, Brüksel, Şubat 25, 2015, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://eurlex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:1bd46c90-bdd4-11e4-bbe1-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1&format=PD
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “EU Invests in Natural Gas Interconnections”, Kopenhag, Mayıs 25, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/eu-invests-clean-gas-interconnections-2018-may-25_en
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “State Aid: Commission Approves Public Support for Croatian LNG Terminal at Krk Island”, Brüksel, Temmuz 31, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-19-4910_en.htm
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. “The Three Seas Initiative Summit: European Commission Investments in Connectivity Projects”, Eylül 17-18, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/betapolitical/files/the_three_seas_initiative_summit_en.pdf
  • Avrupa Parlamentosu. “Energy as a Tool of Foreign Policy of Authoritarian States, in Particular Russia”, Nisan 27, 2018:20, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/603868/EXPO_STU(2018)603868_EN.pdf
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  • Birleşik Devletler Enerji Bilgi Yönetimi. “Natural Gas Explained, Where Our Natural Gas Comes From” Aralık 3, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/where-our-natural-gascomes-from.php
  • Birleşik Devletler Enerji Bilgi Yönetimi. “U.S. Liquefied Natural Gas Export Capacity to More Than Double by the End of 2019”, Aralık 10, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37732
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  • Engdahl, F. William. “The Geopolitics of Poland’s Three Seas Initiative”, Center of Research on Globalization, Aralık 8, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.globalresearch.ca/the-geopolitics-of-polands-three-seasinitiative/5621888
  • “EU Fears Divisions as China Woos Eastern European Nations”, Deutsche Welle, Temmuz 5, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/eufearsdivisions-as-china-woos-eastern-european-nations/a-44542971
  • “EU Imports of Energy Products-Recent Developments”, Eurostat, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/EU_imports_of_energy_products_-_recent_developments
  • Gorka, Marek. “Three Seas Initiative as a Political Challenge for the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe", Politics in Central Europe 14 , no 3 (2018): 55- 73.
  • Hasselbach, Christoph ve Romaniec, Rosalia. “Berlin Takes a New Approach to the Three Seas Initiative”, Deutsche Welle, Haziran 5, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-takes-a-new-approach-to-the-threeseas-initiative/a-49076663
  • Holz, Sebastian. “Poland, Trump and the Three Seas Initiaitve”, Economic Forum, Temmuz 14, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, http://www.forumekonomiczne.pl/poland-trump-and-the-three-seas-initiative/?lang=en
  • Jing, Long. The Transition of EU’s Attitude Towards “16+1”, (Afterthoughts: Riga 2016 International Forum of China and Central and Eastern European Countries sunulan tebliğ, Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Riga, Letonya, Kasım 4, 2016: 1-64.
  • Kakışım, Cemal. “Enerji Krizlerinin Etkisiyle Şekillenen Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi 10, no 2, (2019): 460-472.
  • Kietlinska, Ella. “Three Seas Initiative: Boosting Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe While Enhancing Region’s Energy Security”, The Epoch Times, Haziran 20, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.theepochtimes.com/three-seas-initiative-boosting-economicgrowth-in-central-and-eastern-europe-while-enhancing-regions-energysecurity_2968408.html
  • Kovacevic, Aleksandar. “The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine Gas Crisis in South Eastern Europe”, Oxford Insitute for Energy Studies 29, (2009): 1-19.
  • Kurecic, Petar. “The Three Seas Initiative: Geographical Determinants, Geopolitical Foundations, and Prospective Challenges”, Hrvatski Geografski Glasnik 80, no 1, (2018): 99-124.
  • Loannou, Theo, “Thessaloniki Port Sold to German Fund”, Greek Reporter, Aralık 29, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://greece.greekreporter.com/2017/12/29/thessaloniki-port-sold-to-germanfund/
  • Masson, Francis. “The Three-Seas_Initiative: European Regionalism of Supranational Nature”, Nouvelle Europe, Mart 20, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 8, 2019. http://www.nouvelle-europe.eu/en/three-seas-initiative-europeanregionalism-supranational-nature
  • Nalecz, Daria. “Intermarium vs Three Seas Initiative”, New Eastern Europe, Temmuz 6-7, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, http://neweasterneurope.eu/2017/07/06/intermarium-vs-the-three-seasinitiative/
  • Nienaber, Michael. “U.S. Warns German Companies of Possible Sanctions Over Russia Pipeline”, Reuters, Ocak 13, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-usa-russia-pipeline/us-warnsgerman-companies-of-possible-sanctions-over-russian-pipelineidUSKCN1P70FR
  • Penda, Ivor Altaras. “Three Seas Initiative– Between Economic Diplomacy And Geopolitics”, Acta Economica Turistica 4, no 1, (2018): 5-34.
  • Przygoda, Miroslaw. “The Three Seas Initiative as A New Important Factor in the Integration of Central and Eastern Europe”, (26th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – Building Resilient Society sunulan tebliğ – Zagreb, Croatia, Aralık8-9 2019, 657-673).
  • Raimi, Daniel. “Energy Dominance: the Right Goal for US Policy?” Oxford Insitute for Energy Studies, Oxford Energy Forum Issue 111, Kasım 2017, 15-17.
  • “Remarks by President Trump at the Three Seas Initiative Summit”, Beyaz SarayBasın Sekreterliği Ofisi, Temmuz 6, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://translations.state.gov/2017/07/06/remarks-by-president-trump-at-thethree-seas-initiative-summit-july-6-2017/
  • “Russia to Welcome Hungary’s Joining TurkStream Project-Putin”, Taas, Ekim 30, 2019, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 12, 2019, https://tass.com/politics/1086221
  • O’Sullivan, L. Meghan. “Us Energy Diplomacy in an Age of Energy Adundance”, Oxford Insitute for Energy Studies, Oxford Energy Forum Issue 111, Kasım 2017.
  • Scislowska, Monika. “ Poland Signs Deal for Long-term Deliveries of US Gas”, AP News, Kasım 8, 2018, Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 11, 2019, https://apnews.com/72568e5c41bd49d0a3515926311ebc7b
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There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemal Kakışım 0000-0002-3865-8305

Publication Date July 17, 2020
Submission Date November 19, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Kakışım, Cemal. “ENERJİ PERSPEKTİFİYLE ÜÇ DENİZ GİRİŞİMİ”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 19, no. 1 (July 2020): 121-51. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.770838.