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Europeanization of Turkey and LGBTI Rights

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 301 - 325, 17.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771089

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has established an advanced regime for nondiscrimination and LGBTI rights have been included within this regime. EU candidate states are expected to be a part of this regime and launch Europeanizing reforms in the area. While, as an EU candidate state, Turkey is not immune from this, LGBTI rights have remained an area without any reform in the 2000s and even an area full with discrimination experiences. This article examines why there emerged no reforms during the increasing Europeanizing reforms in Turkey in the 2000s. The main argument is that the reasons of inertia in LGBTI rights in the 2000s’ Turkey are the incapability of the EU for driving reforms and the negative mindset of the AKP regarding LGBTI-related issues.

References

  • “2001’den 2015’e AKP’in LGBTİ Tarihi,” Bianet, Eylül 26, 2015, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 27, 2019, https://m.bianet.org/biamag/lgbti/167837-2001-den-2015-eakp-in-lgbti-tarihi
  • “AKP’li Ayşe Doğan: Toplumdaki En Büyük Tehdit Eşcinsellik!” T24, Şubat 17, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 24, 2019, https://t24.com.tr/haber/akpli-aysedogan-toplumdakien-buyuk-tehdit-escinsellik,328556
  • Alpan, Başak and Thomas Diez. “The Devil is in the ‘Domestic’? European Integration Studies the Limits of Europeanization in Turkey,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 1-10.
  • Amnesty International. “‘Ne Bir Hastalık Ne de Bir Suç’ Türkiye’de Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel ve Trans Bireyler Eşitlik İstiyor.” Londra: Uluslararası Af Örgütü Yayınları, 2011.
  • Ataman, H. “Less than Citizens: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Question in Turkey.” In Societal Peace and Ideal Citizenship for Turkey, edited by Rasim Özgür Dönmez and Pınar Enneli, 125-148. (Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2011).
  • Aydın Düzgit, Senem and Gergana Noutcheva. “Lost in Europeanisation: the Western Balkans and Turkey,” West European Politics 35, no. 1(2012): 59–79.
  • “Ayrımcılığa Karşı Gökkuşağı Komisyonu Bakan Şahin Özür Dilesin, İstifa Etsin,” Bianet, Ocak 2, 2012, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 26, 2012, http://bianet.org/bianet/toplumsal-cinsiyet/135165-bakan-sahin-ozur-dilesinistifa-etsin
  • Biçmen, Z. and Z. Bekiroğulları. “Social Problems of LGBT People in Turkey.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 113 (2014): 224-233.
  • Bildirici, Faruk, “Eşcinsellik Hastalık Tedavi Edilmeli,” Hürriyet, Mart 7, 2010, Erişim Tarihi: Temmyuz 27, 2019, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/escinsellik-hastalik-tedavi-edilmeli14031207
  • Can, İ.Özgür, Zehra Demiroğlu, Murat Köker, Halis Ulaş and Serpil Salaçin. “Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey: A Case Report,” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 18, no.1 (2011): 77-88.
  • Cesur Kılıçaslan, S. and T. Işık. “Being LGBTI in Turkey: Views of Society, Rights and Violations.” Journal of Strategic Research in Social Sciences 3, no.1 (2017): 1-15.
  • “Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU,” Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 25, 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT
  • Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journla of the European Union, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28, 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12016E/TXT&from=EN
  • “Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin,” Official Journal of the EU, L180, 19.07.2000.
  • “Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation,” Official Journal of the EU, L303/16, 02.12.2000.
  • “Council Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services,” Official Journal of the EU, L373/37, 21.12.2004.
  • Çınar, Menderes. “Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ Identity and the AKP’s Civilizational Discourse.” Turkish Studies 19, no. 2 (2018): 176-197.
  • “Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast),” Official Journal of the EU, L204/23, 26.07.2006.
  • “Efkan Ala: Eşcinsel Evlilik İnsanlığın Helakıdır,” Radikal, Haziran 2, 2015, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 24, 2019, http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/efkan-alaescinselevlilik-insanligin-helakidir-1371373/
  • Engin, C. “LGBT in Turkey: Policies and Experiences.” Social Sciences 4 (2015): 838-858.
  • “Erdoğan: Hassasiyetini Suriyelilerden Esirgeyenlere Yazıklar Olsun,” Al Jazeera Turk, Mayıs 13, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 23, 2019, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/erdogan-hassasiyetini-suriyelilerdenesirgeyenlere-yaziklar-olsun
  • “Erdoğan 10 Yıl Önce Söz Vermişti “Eşcinsel Hakları Güvenceye Alınmalı,” Bianet, Mayıs 29, 2012, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28, 2019, http://bianet.org/bianet/lgbtt/138693-escinsel-haklari-guvenceye-alinmali
  • European Commission, “Non-discrimination,” Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 23, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamentalrights/your-rights-eu/know-your-rights/equality/non-discrimination_en
  • European Commission. “Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accesion.” SEC (2002)1412. European Commission. “Turkey 2005 Progress Report.” SEC (2005)1426.
  • European Commission. “Turkey 2008 Progress Report.” SEC (2008)2699. European Commission. “Turkey 2010 Progress Report.” SEC (2010)1327.
  • European Commission. “Turkey 2011 Progress Report.” SEC (2011)1201 final. European Commission. “2012 Progress Report.” SWD (2012)336 final.
  • European Commission. “Turkey Report 2013.” SWD (2013)417 final. European Commission. “Turkey Report 2016.” SWD (2016)366 final.
  • European Commission. “Turkey Report 2018.” SWD (2018)153 final. European Commission, “Turkey 2019 Report,” SWD (2013)220 final.
  • EU Agency for Fundamental Rights and Council of Europe, Handbook on European Non-discrimination law, 2018.
  • Evsen, Mehmet. “Disability Rights in Turkey: Time for Change,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 13, no.4 (2015): 165-171.
  • Fox, Kara and Dilay Yalçın. “‘They turn their Backs’ In Turkey Homophobia festers in Erdoğan’s Shadow,” CNN, Haziran 23, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 25, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/23/europe/turkey-homophobiaviolence/index.html
  • “Guardian: AKP Türkiye’de LGBTİ Hakları Hareketinin Faaliyetlerini Engellemeye Çalışıyor,” BCC News, Kasım 21, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 23, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-42062152
  • Guiraidon, Virginie. “Equality in the Making: Implementing European Nondiscrimination Law,” Citizenship Studies 13, no.5 (2009): 527-549.
  • Güner, Umut, Pelin Kalkan, Yasemin Öz, Elif Ceylan Özsoy and Fırat Söyle. “Türkiye’de Cinsel Yönelim veya Cinsiyet Kimliği Temelinde Ayrımcılığın İzlenmesi Raporu 1 Ocak – 30 Haziran 2010.” (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Yayınları, 2011).
  • Güney, Mercan Efe and İrem Ayhan Selçuk. “LGBTTs of Turkey between the East and the West – the City and the World through their Eyes in the Case of İzmir.” Gender, Place & Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography 23, no. 10 (2016): 1392-1403.
  • LBGT News Turkey, “Constitutional Court’s Changes to Article 40 are now in Effect.” 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Temuz 5, 2019, https://lgbtinewsturkey.com/2018/03/23/the-constitutional-courts-changes-toarticle-40-are-now-in-effect/
  • Kaliber, Alper. “Contextual and Contested: Reassessing Europeanization in the Case of Turkey,” International Relations 37, no. 1 (2012): 52–73.
  • KAOS GL. “Hükümet LGBT’leri İnkar Etmeye Devam Ediyor.” Mayıs 29, 2013. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 5, 2019, http://kaosgl.org/sayfa.php?id=14251
  • Keyman, Fuat E., and Ziya Öniş. Turkish Politics in a Changing World: Global Dynamics and Domestic Transformations. (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press, 2007).
  • Kurban, Dilek. Country Report Non-discrimination Turkey 2018, European Network of Legal Experts in Gender Equality and Non-discrimination, European Commission, 2018.
  • McClain, Michael and Olenka Waite-Wright. “The LGBT Community in Turkey: Discrimination, Violance, and the Struggle for Equality.” Creighton International and Comparative Journal 7, no. 1 (2016): 152-181.
  • Muedini, Fait. LGBTI Rights in Turkey Sexuality and the State in the Middle East. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
  • Mutluer, N. “The Intersectionality of Gender, Sexuality, and Religion: Novelties and Continuties in Turkey during the AKP Era.” Southeast European and Black Sea 19, no.1 (2019): 99-118.
  • Müftüler-Bac, Meltem. 2005. “Turkey’s Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union,” South European Society and Politics 10 (1): 17–31.
  • Narbone, Luigi, and Nathalie Tocci. “Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 9, no. 3 (2007): 233–245.
  • Öniş¸ Ziya. “Conservative Globalists Versus Defensive Nationalists: Political Parties and Paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 9, no. 3(2007): 247–261.
  • Patton, Marcie J. “AKP Reform Fatigue in Turkey: What Has Happened to the EU Reform Process?” Mediterranean Politics 12, no. 3 (2007): 339–358.
  • “Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation,” COM(2008)426 final, 02.07.2008.
  • Schimmelfenning, Frank, and Ulrich Sedelmeier, eds. The Europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
  • Süral, Nurhan. “Anti-Discrimination Rules and Policies in Turkey,” Comparative Labor Law & Policy 29 (2008): 191-208.
  • Taşkın, Yüksel. “AKP’s Move to ‘Conquer’ the Center-Right: Its Prospects and Possible Impacts on the Democratization Process,” Turkish Studies 9, no.1 (2008): 53-72.
  • “TC Anayasası,” Resmi Gazete, Kanun no: 2709, 18.10.1982.
  • Tocci, Nathalie. “Europeanisation in Turkey: trigger or anchor for reforms?” South
  • European Society and Politics, 10, no.1 (2005), 73-83.
  • “Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı ve Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği,” Resmi Gazete, Kanun No: 29885, 11.11.2016.
  • “Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Kanunu,” Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28, 2019, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k6701.html
  • “Türkiye LGBT+ Hakları Konusunda En Kötü Ülkeler Arasında,” T24, Mayıs 14, 2019, Erişim Tarihi, Temmuz 28, 2019, https://t24.com.tr/haber/turkiye-lgbthaklarikonusunda-en-kotu-ulkeler-arasinda,821291
  • Yilmaz, Gözde. “From Euphoria to EU-phobia? Changing Turkish Narratives in EU-Turkey Relations,” Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no.1 (2019): 20-32.
  • Yilmaz, Gözde. “From Europeanisation to de-Europeanisation: the Europeanisation process of Turkey in 1999–2014,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 24, no. 1 (2016): 86–100.
  • Yilmaz, Gözde. “EU Conditionality is Not the Only Game in Town! Domestic Drivers of Turkey’s Europeanization,” Turkish Studies 15, no. 2 (2014): 303–321.
  • Yilmaz, Gözde and Diğdem Soyaltin. “Zooming into the ‘Domestic’ in Europeanization: Promotion of Minority Rights and Fight Against Corruption in Turkey,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 11–29.
  • Yilmaz, Volkan. “Yeni Anayasa Sürecinde LGBTİ Hakları Hareketi’nin Eşit Yurttaşlık Mücadelesi: Çoğunlukçu Demokrasiye Karşı Anayasal Demokrasi,” içinde Farklılıkların Birlikteliği Türkiye ve Avrupa’da Birarada Yaşama Tartışmaları, ed. Ayhan Kaya, 169-181. (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Yayınları, 2014).

TÜRKİYE’NİN AVRUPALILAŞMASI VE LGBTI HAKLARI

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 301 - 325, 17.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771089

Abstract

Avrupa Birliği (AB) ayrımcılıkla mücadele konusunda gelişmiş bir yapıya sahip olmasıyla beraber LGBTI hakları da bu çerçevede ele alınmıştır. AB aday ülkeleri de bu rejimin bir parçası olmaları ve ilgili politika alanlarında reform yapmaları konusunda AB talepleriyle karşılaşmaktadır. Türkiye de bir AB aday ülkesi olarak bu durumdan bağımsız değilken ülkede LGBTI haklarında 2000’ler süresince bir gelişme yaşanmamış ve hatta bu alan ayrımcılığın sıklıkla tecrübe edildiği bir alan olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu makale 2000’li yıllarda hızını arttıran Avrupalılaşma reformları süresince Türkiye’de LGBTI haklarında herhangi bir gelişme olmadığını ortaya koymakta ve bunun nedenlerini incelemektedir. Makalenin ana argümanı AB’nin bu hassas konudaki etkisizliğinin ve 2000’ler boyunca tek başına iktidar partisi olan Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP)’nin LGBTI ile ilgili konulardaki olumsuz zihniyet yapısının LGBTI haklarındaki durağanlığın nedeni olduğudur.

References

  • “2001’den 2015’e AKP’in LGBTİ Tarihi,” Bianet, Eylül 26, 2015, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 27, 2019, https://m.bianet.org/biamag/lgbti/167837-2001-den-2015-eakp-in-lgbti-tarihi
  • “AKP’li Ayşe Doğan: Toplumdaki En Büyük Tehdit Eşcinsellik!” T24, Şubat 17, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 24, 2019, https://t24.com.tr/haber/akpli-aysedogan-toplumdakien-buyuk-tehdit-escinsellik,328556
  • Alpan, Başak and Thomas Diez. “The Devil is in the ‘Domestic’? European Integration Studies the Limits of Europeanization in Turkey,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 1-10.
  • Amnesty International. “‘Ne Bir Hastalık Ne de Bir Suç’ Türkiye’de Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel ve Trans Bireyler Eşitlik İstiyor.” Londra: Uluslararası Af Örgütü Yayınları, 2011.
  • Ataman, H. “Less than Citizens: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Question in Turkey.” In Societal Peace and Ideal Citizenship for Turkey, edited by Rasim Özgür Dönmez and Pınar Enneli, 125-148. (Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2011).
  • Aydın Düzgit, Senem and Gergana Noutcheva. “Lost in Europeanisation: the Western Balkans and Turkey,” West European Politics 35, no. 1(2012): 59–79.
  • “Ayrımcılığa Karşı Gökkuşağı Komisyonu Bakan Şahin Özür Dilesin, İstifa Etsin,” Bianet, Ocak 2, 2012, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 26, 2012, http://bianet.org/bianet/toplumsal-cinsiyet/135165-bakan-sahin-ozur-dilesinistifa-etsin
  • Biçmen, Z. and Z. Bekiroğulları. “Social Problems of LGBT People in Turkey.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 113 (2014): 224-233.
  • Bildirici, Faruk, “Eşcinsellik Hastalık Tedavi Edilmeli,” Hürriyet, Mart 7, 2010, Erişim Tarihi: Temmyuz 27, 2019, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kelebek/escinsellik-hastalik-tedavi-edilmeli14031207
  • Can, İ.Özgür, Zehra Demiroğlu, Murat Köker, Halis Ulaş and Serpil Salaçin. “Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey: A Case Report,” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 18, no.1 (2011): 77-88.
  • Cesur Kılıçaslan, S. and T. Işık. “Being LGBTI in Turkey: Views of Society, Rights and Violations.” Journal of Strategic Research in Social Sciences 3, no.1 (2017): 1-15.
  • “Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU,” Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 25, 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT
  • Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journla of the European Union, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28, 2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12016E/TXT&from=EN
  • “Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin,” Official Journal of the EU, L180, 19.07.2000.
  • “Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation,” Official Journal of the EU, L303/16, 02.12.2000.
  • “Council Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services,” Official Journal of the EU, L373/37, 21.12.2004.
  • Çınar, Menderes. “Turkey’s ‘Western’ or ‘Muslim’ Identity and the AKP’s Civilizational Discourse.” Turkish Studies 19, no. 2 (2018): 176-197.
  • “Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast),” Official Journal of the EU, L204/23, 26.07.2006.
  • “Efkan Ala: Eşcinsel Evlilik İnsanlığın Helakıdır,” Radikal, Haziran 2, 2015, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 24, 2019, http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/efkan-alaescinselevlilik-insanligin-helakidir-1371373/
  • Engin, C. “LGBT in Turkey: Policies and Experiences.” Social Sciences 4 (2015): 838-858.
  • “Erdoğan: Hassasiyetini Suriyelilerden Esirgeyenlere Yazıklar Olsun,” Al Jazeera Turk, Mayıs 13, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 23, 2019, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/erdogan-hassasiyetini-suriyelilerdenesirgeyenlere-yaziklar-olsun
  • “Erdoğan 10 Yıl Önce Söz Vermişti “Eşcinsel Hakları Güvenceye Alınmalı,” Bianet, Mayıs 29, 2012, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28, 2019, http://bianet.org/bianet/lgbtt/138693-escinsel-haklari-guvenceye-alinmali
  • European Commission, “Non-discrimination,” Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 23, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/info/aid-development-cooperation-fundamentalrights/your-rights-eu/know-your-rights/equality/non-discrimination_en
  • European Commission. “Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress Towards Accesion.” SEC (2002)1412. European Commission. “Turkey 2005 Progress Report.” SEC (2005)1426.
  • European Commission. “Turkey 2008 Progress Report.” SEC (2008)2699. European Commission. “Turkey 2010 Progress Report.” SEC (2010)1327.
  • European Commission. “Turkey 2011 Progress Report.” SEC (2011)1201 final. European Commission. “2012 Progress Report.” SWD (2012)336 final.
  • European Commission. “Turkey Report 2013.” SWD (2013)417 final. European Commission. “Turkey Report 2016.” SWD (2016)366 final.
  • European Commission. “Turkey Report 2018.” SWD (2018)153 final. European Commission, “Turkey 2019 Report,” SWD (2013)220 final.
  • EU Agency for Fundamental Rights and Council of Europe, Handbook on European Non-discrimination law, 2018.
  • Evsen, Mehmet. “Disability Rights in Turkey: Time for Change,” Turkish Policy Quarterly 13, no.4 (2015): 165-171.
  • Fox, Kara and Dilay Yalçın. “‘They turn their Backs’ In Turkey Homophobia festers in Erdoğan’s Shadow,” CNN, Haziran 23, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 25, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/23/europe/turkey-homophobiaviolence/index.html
  • “Guardian: AKP Türkiye’de LGBTİ Hakları Hareketinin Faaliyetlerini Engellemeye Çalışıyor,” BCC News, Kasım 21, 2017, Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 23, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-42062152
  • Guiraidon, Virginie. “Equality in the Making: Implementing European Nondiscrimination Law,” Citizenship Studies 13, no.5 (2009): 527-549.
  • Güner, Umut, Pelin Kalkan, Yasemin Öz, Elif Ceylan Özsoy and Fırat Söyle. “Türkiye’de Cinsel Yönelim veya Cinsiyet Kimliği Temelinde Ayrımcılığın İzlenmesi Raporu 1 Ocak – 30 Haziran 2010.” (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Yayınları, 2011).
  • Güney, Mercan Efe and İrem Ayhan Selçuk. “LGBTTs of Turkey between the East and the West – the City and the World through their Eyes in the Case of İzmir.” Gender, Place & Culture A Journal of Feminist Geography 23, no. 10 (2016): 1392-1403.
  • LBGT News Turkey, “Constitutional Court’s Changes to Article 40 are now in Effect.” 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Temuz 5, 2019, https://lgbtinewsturkey.com/2018/03/23/the-constitutional-courts-changes-toarticle-40-are-now-in-effect/
  • Kaliber, Alper. “Contextual and Contested: Reassessing Europeanization in the Case of Turkey,” International Relations 37, no. 1 (2012): 52–73.
  • KAOS GL. “Hükümet LGBT’leri İnkar Etmeye Devam Ediyor.” Mayıs 29, 2013. Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 5, 2019, http://kaosgl.org/sayfa.php?id=14251
  • Keyman, Fuat E., and Ziya Öniş. Turkish Politics in a Changing World: Global Dynamics and Domestic Transformations. (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press, 2007).
  • Kurban, Dilek. Country Report Non-discrimination Turkey 2018, European Network of Legal Experts in Gender Equality and Non-discrimination, European Commission, 2018.
  • McClain, Michael and Olenka Waite-Wright. “The LGBT Community in Turkey: Discrimination, Violance, and the Struggle for Equality.” Creighton International and Comparative Journal 7, no. 1 (2016): 152-181.
  • Muedini, Fait. LGBTI Rights in Turkey Sexuality and the State in the Middle East. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
  • Mutluer, N. “The Intersectionality of Gender, Sexuality, and Religion: Novelties and Continuties in Turkey during the AKP Era.” Southeast European and Black Sea 19, no.1 (2019): 99-118.
  • Müftüler-Bac, Meltem. 2005. “Turkey’s Political Reforms and the Impact of the European Union,” South European Society and Politics 10 (1): 17–31.
  • Narbone, Luigi, and Nathalie Tocci. “Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 9, no. 3 (2007): 233–245.
  • Öniş¸ Ziya. “Conservative Globalists Versus Defensive Nationalists: Political Parties and Paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 9, no. 3(2007): 247–261.
  • Patton, Marcie J. “AKP Reform Fatigue in Turkey: What Has Happened to the EU Reform Process?” Mediterranean Politics 12, no. 3 (2007): 339–358.
  • “Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation,” COM(2008)426 final, 02.07.2008.
  • Schimmelfenning, Frank, and Ulrich Sedelmeier, eds. The Europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005).
  • Süral, Nurhan. “Anti-Discrimination Rules and Policies in Turkey,” Comparative Labor Law & Policy 29 (2008): 191-208.
  • Taşkın, Yüksel. “AKP’s Move to ‘Conquer’ the Center-Right: Its Prospects and Possible Impacts on the Democratization Process,” Turkish Studies 9, no.1 (2008): 53-72.
  • “TC Anayasası,” Resmi Gazete, Kanun no: 2709, 18.10.1982.
  • Tocci, Nathalie. “Europeanisation in Turkey: trigger or anchor for reforms?” South
  • European Society and Politics, 10, no.1 (2005), 73-83.
  • “Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı ve Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı Sağlık Yeteneği Yönetmeliği,” Resmi Gazete, Kanun No: 29885, 11.11.2016.
  • “Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Kanunu,” Erişim Tarihi: Temmuz 28, 2019, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kanunlar/k6701.html
  • “Türkiye LGBT+ Hakları Konusunda En Kötü Ülkeler Arasında,” T24, Mayıs 14, 2019, Erişim Tarihi, Temmuz 28, 2019, https://t24.com.tr/haber/turkiye-lgbthaklarikonusunda-en-kotu-ulkeler-arasinda,821291
  • Yilmaz, Gözde. “From Euphoria to EU-phobia? Changing Turkish Narratives in EU-Turkey Relations,” Baltic Journal of European Studies 9, no.1 (2019): 20-32.
  • Yilmaz, Gözde. “From Europeanisation to de-Europeanisation: the Europeanisation process of Turkey in 1999–2014,” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 24, no. 1 (2016): 86–100.
  • Yilmaz, Gözde. “EU Conditionality is Not the Only Game in Town! Domestic Drivers of Turkey’s Europeanization,” Turkish Studies 15, no. 2 (2014): 303–321.
  • Yilmaz, Gözde and Diğdem Soyaltin. “Zooming into the ‘Domestic’ in Europeanization: Promotion of Minority Rights and Fight Against Corruption in Turkey,” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 16, no. 1 (2014): 11–29.
  • Yilmaz, Volkan. “Yeni Anayasa Sürecinde LGBTİ Hakları Hareketi’nin Eşit Yurttaşlık Mücadelesi: Çoğunlukçu Demokrasiye Karşı Anayasal Demokrasi,” içinde Farklılıkların Birlikteliği Türkiye ve Avrupa’da Birarada Yaşama Tartışmaları, ed. Ayhan Kaya, 169-181. (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Yayınları, 2014).
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gözde Yılmaz This is me 0000-0002-8876-953X

Publication Date July 17, 2020
Submission Date August 2, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Yılmaz, Gözde. “TÜRKİYE’NİN AVRUPALILAŞMASI VE LGBTI HAKLARI”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 19, no. 1 (July 2020): 301-25. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.771089.