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MIGRATION-DEVELOPMENT-SECURITY NEXUS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF THE EU POLICIES

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 523 - 552, 12.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.886956

Abstract

This paper questions how migration-development nexus has been conceptualized on the EU policymaking agenda since the early 2000s. To explore this question, this paper focuses on documents laying out Union’s strategy for the external dimensions of the EU migration policy. The empirical evidence is gathered from the content analysis of Council Conclusions, Commission’s Communications and Reports, and the secondary literature on external dimensions of the EU migration policy. Our
study finds that the already existing securitized approach to migrationdevelopment nexus prevailed after 2015, hollowing out the relation between migration and development with an increasingly narrower focus on development and the new narrative of ‘saving lives’. We conclude that the securitization of migration underpins the current ambivalent approach to the migration-development nexus in the EU policy-making context.

References

  • Adepoju, Aderanti, Femke Van Noorloos, and Annelies Zoomers. “Europe’s Migration Agreements with Migrant-Sending Countries in the Global South: A Critical Review.” International Migration 48, no. 3 (2009): 42–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00529.x.
  • Boswell, Christina. “Migration in Europe - International Organization for Migration.” (2005) Accessed July 17, 2020. https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/rs/RS4.pdf.
  • Boswell, Christina. “The ‘External Dimension’ of EU Immigration and Asylum Policy.” International Affairs 79, no. 3 (2003): 619–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00326.
  • Boswell, Christina. European Migration Policies in Flux: Changing Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
  • Carling, Jørgen, and Cathrine Talleraas. “Root causes and drivers of migration.” Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (2016): 1-44.
  • Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. “Informalising readmission agreements in the EU neighbourhood.” The International Spectator 42, no.2 (2007): 179-96.
  • Castles, Stephen. “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2010, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788112376.00007.
  • Chaloff, Jonathan. Co-development-a myth or a workable policy approach. Rome, Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, 2005.
  • Chou, Meng-Hsuan, and Marie Gibert. "From Cotonou to Circular Migration: The EU, Senegal and the “Agreement Duplicity”." Migration: A World in Motion, Maastricht, the Netherlands (2010): 18-20.
  • Chou, Meng-Hsuan. 'EU and the Migration-Development Nexus: What Prospects for EU Wide Policies? Working paper, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, 2006.
  • de Haas, Hein. “Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective.” International Migration Review 44, no. 1 (2010): 227–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x.
  • de Haas, Hein. Turning the Tide? Why ‘Development Instead of Migration’ Policies Are Bound to Fail. IMI Working Papers 2006, 2006.
  • Ellerman, David. “Labour Migration: A Developmental Path or a Low-Level Trap?” Development in Practice 15, no. 5 (2005): 617–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520500128646.
  • Ferreira, Susana. “From Narratives to Perceptions in the Securitisation of the Migratory Crisis in Europe.” E-International Relations, (2018).
  • Geddes, Andrew. The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe. London: Sage, 2003.
  • Guiraudon, Virginie. “The Constitution of a European Immigration Policy Domain: a Political Sociology Approach.” Journal of European Public Policy 10, no. 2 (2003): 263–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350176032000059035.
  • Hampshire, James. “European migration governance since the Lisbon treaty: introduction to the special issue.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, no.4 (2016): 537-553, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1103033, 538-9
  • Huysmans, Jef. The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • IOM. (2016), ‘Dangerous journeys - international migration increasingly unsafe in 2016’, (Geneva).
  • İçduygu, Ahmet. Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri bağlamında uluslararası göç tartışmaları. TÜSİAD Yayınları, no: TÜSİAD-T/2006-12/427, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Karamanidou, Lena and Bernd Kasparek. “Border Management and Migration Control in the European Union.” Working Paper. (2018),
  • Kipp, David, and Anne Koch. “Looking for External Solutions: Instruments, Actors, and Strategies for European Migration Cooperation with African Countries.” In Profiteers of Migration? Authoritarian States in Africa and European Migration Management, edited by Anne Koch, Annette Weber, and Isabelle Werenfels, 9-21. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2018.
  • Lazaridis, Gabriella and Dimitris Skleparis. “Securitization of migration and the far right: the case of Greek security professionals.” International Migration 54, no.2 (2016): 176-192.
  • Martin, Philip L., Susan Forbes Martin, and Patrick Weil. Managing migration: The promise of cooperation. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006.
  • Olesen, Henrik. “Migration, Return, and Development: An Institutional Perspective.” International Migration 40, no. 5 (2002): 125–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00214.
  • Papagianni, Georgia. Institutional and Policy Dynamics of E.U. Migration Law, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
  • Scipioni, Marco. “Failing forward in EU migration policy? EU integration after the 2015 asylum and migration crisis.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no.9 (2018): 1357-1375, DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2017.1325920
  • Verhaeghe, Paul. “Coherence between Migration and Development Policies.” In European Social Watch Report 2009: Migrants in Europe as Development Actors Between Hope and Vulnerability, edited by Simon Stocker, 8–10. Brussels: Eurostep, 2009.
  • Weil, Patrick. “Towards a Coherent Policy of Co–Development.” International Migration 40, no. 3 (2002): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00196.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “On a Community Immigration Policy”, COM(2000) 757 final, Brussels, 22 November 2000.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “On a Community Policy on Illegal Migration”, COM(2001) 672 final, Brussels, 15 November 2001.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Integrating Migration Issues in the European Union's Relations with Third Countries”, COM(2002) 703 final, Brussels, December 3, 2002.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations”, COM(2005) 390 final, Brussels, 1 September 2005.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission “Policy Plan on Legal Migration {SEC(2005)1680}”, COM(2005) 669 final, Brussels, 21 December 2005.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “The global approach to migration one year on: towards a comprehensive European migration policy” COM(2006) 735 final, Brussels, 30 November 2006.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council “Contribution to the EU Position for the United Nations' High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development”, COM(2006) 409 final, Brussels, 14 July 2006.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “On circular migration and mobility partnerships between the European Union and third countries” COM(2007) 248 final, Brussels, 16 May 2007.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper “On an EU approach to managing economic migration” (presented by the Commission), COM(2004) 811 final, Brussels, 11 January 2005.
  • Council of the European Union, A New Strategic Agenda (2019-2024), 20 June 2019, available at https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/39914/a-newstrategic-agenda-2019-2024-en.pdf
  • Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, Brussels, 25 May 2009.
  • Council of the European Union, European Council 26/27 June 2014 Conclusions, Brussels, 27 June 2014.
  • Council of the European Union, European Council Presidency Conclusions, Laeken, 14-15 December 2001, Annex I: Laeken Declaration on the Future of the European Union, Luxembourg, 15 December 2001.
  • Council of the European Union, European Pact on Migration and Asylum (13189/08), Brussels, 24 September 2008.
  • Council of the European Union, Tampere European Council 15 and 16 October 1999 - Presidency conclusions, Brussels, 16 October 1999.
  • Council of the European Union, The Hague Programme: strengthening freedom, security and justice in the European Union, Brussels, 3 March 2005.
  • Council of the European Union, The Stockholm Programme – An open and secure Europe serving and protecting the citizens, Brussels, 2 December 2009.
  • Council of the European Union, Thessaloniki European Council 19 and 20 June 2003 Presidency conclusions, Strasbourg, 20 June 2003.
  • European Commission Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “A European Agenda on Migration”, COM(2015) 240 final, Brussels, 13 May 2015.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility {SEC(2011) 1353 final}”, COM(2011) 743 final, Brussels, 18 November 2011.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Maximising the Development Impact of Migration The EU contribution for the UN High-level Dialogue and next steps towards broadening the development-migration nexus”, COM(2013) 292 final, Brussels, 21 May 2013.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Investment Bank “On establishing a new Partnership Framework with third countries under the European Agenda on Migration”, COM(2016) 385 final, Strasbourg, 7 June 2016.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Investment Bank “Strengthening European Investments for jobs and growth: Towards a second phase of the European Fund for Strategic Investments and a new European External Investment Plan”, COM(2016) 581 final, Brussels, 9 September 2016.
  • European Commission. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council “on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of seasonal employment”, COM (2010) 379 final, Brussels, 13 July 2010.
  • European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council “First Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum (2009) {SEC(2010) 535}” COM(2010 )214 final, Brussels, 6 May 2010.
  • European Council, Valletta Summit, 11–12 November 2015, 12 November 2015, available at https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/internationalsummit/2015/11/11-12/
  • European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals, Brussels, 18 June 2009.

AB Politikalarının Dış Boyutları Bağlamında Göç-Kalkınma-Güvenlik İlişkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 523 - 552, 12.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.886956

Abstract

Bu çalışma, göç-kalkınma ilişkisinin 2000'li yılların başından bu yana Avrupa Birliği (AB) politikalarında nasıl kurulduğunu sorgulamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bu makale, AB göç politikasının dış boyutları stratejisini ortaya koyan belgelere odaklanmaktadır. Ampirik veriler; Avrupa Konseyi sonuçları, AB Komisyonunun tebliğ ve raporlarının içerik analizinden ve AB göç politikasının dış boyutları hakkındaki ikincil literatürden elde edilmiştir. Çalışmamız, göç-kalkınma ilişkisine dair 2015 öncesi de var olan güvenlikleştirilmiş yaklaşımın 2015 sonrası, dar bir kalkınma anlayışı ve bu dönemde ortaya çıkan 'hayat kurtarma' anlatısı ile birlikte, daha çok öne çıktığını ortaya koyar. Göçün güvenlikleştirilmesinin, AB politika oluşturma bağlamında göç-kalkınma ilişkisine yönelik mevcut ikircikli yaklaşımın temelini oluşturduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Adepoju, Aderanti, Femke Van Noorloos, and Annelies Zoomers. “Europe’s Migration Agreements with Migrant-Sending Countries in the Global South: A Critical Review.” International Migration 48, no. 3 (2009): 42–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00529.x.
  • Boswell, Christina. “Migration in Europe - International Organization for Migration.” (2005) Accessed July 17, 2020. https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/gcim/rs/RS4.pdf.
  • Boswell, Christina. “The ‘External Dimension’ of EU Immigration and Asylum Policy.” International Affairs 79, no. 3 (2003): 619–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.00326.
  • Boswell, Christina. European Migration Policies in Flux: Changing Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
  • Carling, Jørgen, and Cathrine Talleraas. “Root causes and drivers of migration.” Oslo: Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (2016): 1-44.
  • Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. “Informalising readmission agreements in the EU neighbourhood.” The International Spectator 42, no.2 (2007): 179-96.
  • Castles, Stephen. “Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2010, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788112376.00007.
  • Chaloff, Jonathan. Co-development-a myth or a workable policy approach. Rome, Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, 2005.
  • Chou, Meng-Hsuan, and Marie Gibert. "From Cotonou to Circular Migration: The EU, Senegal and the “Agreement Duplicity”." Migration: A World in Motion, Maastricht, the Netherlands (2010): 18-20.
  • Chou, Meng-Hsuan. 'EU and the Migration-Development Nexus: What Prospects for EU Wide Policies? Working paper, Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, 2006.
  • de Haas, Hein. “Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective.” International Migration Review 44, no. 1 (2010): 227–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x.
  • de Haas, Hein. Turning the Tide? Why ‘Development Instead of Migration’ Policies Are Bound to Fail. IMI Working Papers 2006, 2006.
  • Ellerman, David. “Labour Migration: A Developmental Path or a Low-Level Trap?” Development in Practice 15, no. 5 (2005): 617–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520500128646.
  • Ferreira, Susana. “From Narratives to Perceptions in the Securitisation of the Migratory Crisis in Europe.” E-International Relations, (2018).
  • Geddes, Andrew. The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe. London: Sage, 2003.
  • Guiraudon, Virginie. “The Constitution of a European Immigration Policy Domain: a Political Sociology Approach.” Journal of European Public Policy 10, no. 2 (2003): 263–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350176032000059035.
  • Hampshire, James. “European migration governance since the Lisbon treaty: introduction to the special issue.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 42, no.4 (2016): 537-553, DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1103033, 538-9
  • Huysmans, Jef. The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • IOM. (2016), ‘Dangerous journeys - international migration increasingly unsafe in 2016’, (Geneva).
  • İçduygu, Ahmet. Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkileri bağlamında uluslararası göç tartışmaları. TÜSİAD Yayınları, no: TÜSİAD-T/2006-12/427, İstanbul, 2006.
  • Karamanidou, Lena and Bernd Kasparek. “Border Management and Migration Control in the European Union.” Working Paper. (2018),
  • Kipp, David, and Anne Koch. “Looking for External Solutions: Instruments, Actors, and Strategies for European Migration Cooperation with African Countries.” In Profiteers of Migration? Authoritarian States in Africa and European Migration Management, edited by Anne Koch, Annette Weber, and Isabelle Werenfels, 9-21. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2018.
  • Lazaridis, Gabriella and Dimitris Skleparis. “Securitization of migration and the far right: the case of Greek security professionals.” International Migration 54, no.2 (2016): 176-192.
  • Martin, Philip L., Susan Forbes Martin, and Patrick Weil. Managing migration: The promise of cooperation. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006.
  • Olesen, Henrik. “Migration, Return, and Development: An Institutional Perspective.” International Migration 40, no. 5 (2002): 125–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00214.
  • Papagianni, Georgia. Institutional and Policy Dynamics of E.U. Migration Law, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
  • Scipioni, Marco. “Failing forward in EU migration policy? EU integration after the 2015 asylum and migration crisis.” Journal of European Public Policy 25, no.9 (2018): 1357-1375, DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2017.1325920
  • Verhaeghe, Paul. “Coherence between Migration and Development Policies.” In European Social Watch Report 2009: Migrants in Europe as Development Actors Between Hope and Vulnerability, edited by Simon Stocker, 8–10. Brussels: Eurostep, 2009.
  • Weil, Patrick. “Towards a Coherent Policy of Co–Development.” International Migration 40, no. 3 (2002): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00196.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “On a Community Immigration Policy”, COM(2000) 757 final, Brussels, 22 November 2000.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “On a Community Policy on Illegal Migration”, COM(2001) 672 final, Brussels, 15 November 2001.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Integrating Migration Issues in the European Union's Relations with Third Countries”, COM(2002) 703 final, Brussels, December 3, 2002.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations”, COM(2005) 390 final, Brussels, 1 September 2005.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission “Policy Plan on Legal Migration {SEC(2005)1680}”, COM(2005) 669 final, Brussels, 21 December 2005.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “The global approach to migration one year on: towards a comprehensive European migration policy” COM(2006) 735 final, Brussels, 30 November 2006.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council “Contribution to the EU Position for the United Nations' High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development”, COM(2006) 409 final, Brussels, 14 July 2006.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “On circular migration and mobility partnerships between the European Union and third countries” COM(2007) 248 final, Brussels, 16 May 2007.
  • Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper “On an EU approach to managing economic migration” (presented by the Commission), COM(2004) 811 final, Brussels, 11 January 2005.
  • Council of the European Union, A New Strategic Agenda (2019-2024), 20 June 2019, available at https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/39914/a-newstrategic-agenda-2019-2024-en.pdf
  • Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment, Brussels, 25 May 2009.
  • Council of the European Union, European Council 26/27 June 2014 Conclusions, Brussels, 27 June 2014.
  • Council of the European Union, European Council Presidency Conclusions, Laeken, 14-15 December 2001, Annex I: Laeken Declaration on the Future of the European Union, Luxembourg, 15 December 2001.
  • Council of the European Union, European Pact on Migration and Asylum (13189/08), Brussels, 24 September 2008.
  • Council of the European Union, Tampere European Council 15 and 16 October 1999 - Presidency conclusions, Brussels, 16 October 1999.
  • Council of the European Union, The Hague Programme: strengthening freedom, security and justice in the European Union, Brussels, 3 March 2005.
  • Council of the European Union, The Stockholm Programme – An open and secure Europe serving and protecting the citizens, Brussels, 2 December 2009.
  • Council of the European Union, Thessaloniki European Council 19 and 20 June 2003 Presidency conclusions, Strasbourg, 20 June 2003.
  • European Commission Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “A European Agenda on Migration”, COM(2015) 240 final, Brussels, 13 May 2015.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “The Global Approach to Migration and Mobility {SEC(2011) 1353 final}”, COM(2011) 743 final, Brussels, 18 November 2011.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Maximising the Development Impact of Migration The EU contribution for the UN High-level Dialogue and next steps towards broadening the development-migration nexus”, COM(2013) 292 final, Brussels, 21 May 2013.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Investment Bank “On establishing a new Partnership Framework with third countries under the European Agenda on Migration”, COM(2016) 385 final, Strasbourg, 7 June 2016.
  • European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Investment Bank “Strengthening European Investments for jobs and growth: Towards a second phase of the European Fund for Strategic Investments and a new European External Investment Plan”, COM(2016) 581 final, Brussels, 9 September 2016.
  • European Commission. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council “on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of seasonal employment”, COM (2010) 379 final, Brussels, 13 July 2010.
  • European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council “First Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum (2009) {SEC(2010) 535}” COM(2010 )214 final, Brussels, 6 May 2010.
  • European Council, Valletta Summit, 11–12 November 2015, 12 November 2015, available at https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/internationalsummit/2015/11/11-12/
  • European Parliament and Council of the European Union, Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals, Brussels, 18 June 2009.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayşen Üstübici This is me 0000-0002-1498-0025

Kübra Ergün This is me 0000-0001-9365-5150

Publication Date March 12, 2021
Submission Date July 25, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Üstübici, Ayşen, and Kübra Ergün. “MIGRATION-DEVELOPMENT-SECURITY NEXUS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF THE EU POLICIES”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 19, no. 2 (March 2021): 523-52. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.886956.