Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Pandemi (COVID-19) ve İçeridekilerin Güvenliği: Avrupa Birliği’nin Geleneksel Sınır Politikalarına Yeni Yaklaşımı

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 535 - 562, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1050093

Abstract

Sınırlar yalnızca toprakların nerede başlayıp nerede bittiğini belirlemez, aynı zamanda giriş ve çıkışları düzenlerken içeridekilerle dışarıdakileri de tanımlar. Geçtiğimiz yüzyıl, güvenlik ve sınır sorunlarının dönüşümü açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bununla birlikte son yirmi yılda ortaya çıkan yeni gelişmeler, sert değişimleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Suriye’de devam eden iç savaştan kaynaklanan göç krizinin ardından başta AB olmak üzere dünyanın karşılaştığı en büyük zorluk, sınır güvenliği konusunu daha önce hiç akla hiç gelmeyen yeni bir boyuta taşıyan COVID-19 salgını olmuştur. Bugünün sınır güvenliği politikaları vatandaşları mikroorganizmalardan, virüslerden ve taşıyıcılardan korumak üzerine inşa edilmiş durumdadır ve bu politikaların hem merkezinde hem de dışında ise “ötekiler” bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Akkaya, Adem. “Almanya’nın Zorunlu Tercihi: Mülteci Krizi Ekseninde Türk-Alman Ilişkilerini Yeniden Düşünmek,” Regional Studies 1, no 1 (2016): 23-49.
  • Anatolian Agency, “Avusturya Covid-19 Salgını Nedeniyle İtalya’dan Tren Seferlerini Durdurdu”, 2020, Accessed: August 16, 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/avusturya-kovid-19-salgini-nedeniyle-italyadantren- seferlerini-durdurdu/1742728.
  • Avrupa Birliği Konsey Kararı, 2001/235/AT, Ministry of the EU, Republic of Turkey, Accessed: August 12, 2021, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ AB_Iliskileri/AdaylikSureci/ Kob/Turkiye_Kat_Ort_Belg_2001.pdf.
  • Aydin, Mustafa et al., Strateji ve Güvenlik. Eskişehir: Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları, 2012.
  • Baldwin, David, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies 23, no1 (1997): 5-26.
  • Blake, Michael, “What Exactly Is the Point of the Border?,” 25 July 2018, Accessed: August 12, 2021, https://theconversation.com/what-exactly-is-thepoint-of-the-border-99990.
  • Blanton, Shannon Lindsey and Charles William Kegley, World Politics: Trend and Transformation. Boston: Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, 2016-2017.
  • Brooks, Christopher, “Western Civilization: A Concise History Volume 3: Religious Wars”, 2019, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://pressbooks.nscc.ca/ worldhistory/front-matter/174/.
  • Buzan, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War. London: Pearson Longman, 1991.
  • Buzan, Barry et al., Security: A New Framework of Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. Carr, Matt, “Beyond the Border,” 2013, Accessed: August 16, 2021, https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/beyond-border.
  • Cash, Bill, John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 2012. Chan, Kelvin, “What to Know About the Vaccine Passports Already Being Tested for International Travel”, 2021, Accessed: August 30, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2021/05/26/covid-vaccinepassport-international-travel-vaccine-proof/7444454002/.
  • Cote-Baucher, Karine, Federica Infantino and Mark Salter, “Border security as practice: An agenda for research,” Security Dialogue. No 45 (2014): 195-208.
  • Council of the European Union, “Council Regulation (EC) No:2007/2004,” 26 October 2004, Accessed: September 13, 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ eli/reg/2004/2007/oj.
  • Council of the European Union, “A Fresh Start on Migration: Building Confidence and Striking a New Balance Between Responsibility and Solidarity,” 2020, Accessed: August 30, 2021, ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ detail/en/ip_20_1706.
  • Council of the European Union, “Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control,” 2021, Accessed: August 10, 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we do/policies/borders-and visas/schengen/reintroduction-border-control_en.
  • Delegation of the EU to Turkey, “EU Funded Projects in Turkey,” 2021, Accessed: November 5, 2021, https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/eu-funded-projects-inturkey.
  • Deutsche Welle, “AB’den Yunanistan’a Tam Destek,” 2020, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://www.dw.com/tr/abden-yunanistana-tam-destek/a-52627368. DGMM, “2016 Türkiye Göç Raporu,” Turkish Ministry of Interior - Directorate General for Migration Management, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/YillikGocRaporlari/2016_yiik_go c_raporu_haziran.pdf.
  • DGMM, “İstatistikler – Düzensiz Göç – 2021,” Turkish Ministry of Interior – Directorate General for Migration Management, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzensiz-goc-istatistikler.
  • Edsall, Nicholas C., Richard Cobden: Independent Radical. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014. Erdoğan, M. Murat, “Securitization from Society” and “Social Acceptance”: Political Party-Based Approaches in Turkey to Syrian Refugees,” Uİ Dergisi. 17, no 68 (2020): 73-92.
  • Erdoğan, M. Murat, “Açık Kapı Politikasından Açık Sınır Politikasına Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler,” Accessed: August 29, 2021, https://www.uikpanorama.com/blog/ 2020/03/09/acik-kapi-politikasindan-acik-sinir-politikasina-turkiyedekisuriyeliler-murat-erdogan/.
  • FRONTEX, “Key Facts”, 2021, Accessed: September 11, 2021, https://frontex.europa.eu/faq/key-facts/.
  • FRONTEX, “Origin and Tasks”, 2021, Accessed: September 11, 2021, https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/origin-tasks/.
  • Hollifield, James F., “The Emerging Migration State,” The International Migration Review. 38, no 3 (2004): 885-912. Hugo, Victor, “Speech of Victor Hugo to the Peace Congress at Paris”, The Sydney Morning Herald, December 26, 1849.
  • International Organization for Migration, “Compilation of Available Data and Information – 2015,” Accessed: September 11, 2021, https://www.iom.int/ sites/default/files/situation_reports/file/Mixed-Flows-Mediterranean-andBeyond-Compilation-Overview-2015.pdf.
  • Kant, Immanuel, “Perpetual Peace,” In: Reiss, H. (ed.) Kant’s Political Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Karakoç Dora, Zuhal, “International Migrants as a Matter of Security: Open Door Policy and Syrians in Turkey,” Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi – Journal of Security. 9, no 2 (2020): 501-524.
  • Karakoç Dora, Zuhal, “Turkey-EU Relations in Context of Syrian Crisis: Readmission Agreement and Visa Liberalisation,” MAKU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. No 32 (2020): 100-112
  • Karakoç Dora, Zuhal, “Borders, Terror and Immigration: the ISIS Case,” in Securites Issues in the Context of Political Violence and Terrorism of the 21st Century, Eds. Hasan Kirişçi, Kemal et al., “The EU’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum is Missing a True Foundation,” 2020, Accessed: August 30, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/11/06/the-eus-newpact-on-migration-and-asylum-is-missing-a-true-foundation/.
  • Lodewyckx, Ina et al., “From Nation State to Migration State,” Economics and Sociology. 3, no 2 (2010): 9-22.
  • Loescher, Gil, The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Maslow, Abraham H., “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Physiological Review. 50, no 4 (1943): 370-396.
  • Miles, Tom and Mariana Depetris, “October’s Migrant, Refugee Flow to Europe Roughly Matched Whole of 2014”, Reuters UK, November 2, 2015, Accessed July 30, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-un/octobers-migrant-refugee-flow-to-europe-roughly-matched-whole-of-2014- idUSKCN0SR15P20151102.
  • Mill, John Stuart, Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. 1st Ed. London: John W. Parker, 1848.
  • O’Dowd, Liam, “From a ‘Borderless World’ to a ‘World of Borders: Bringing History Back In,” Society and Space, no 28 (2010): 1031-1050.
  • Ovalı, A. Şevket, “Ütopya ile Pratik Arasında: Uluslararası İlişkilerde İnsan Güvenliği Kavramsallaştırması,” Uİ Dergisi, 3, no 19 (2006): 3-52.
  • Ricardo, David, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray, 1817.
  • Sevastianov, Sergei V., Jussi P. Laine, and Anton A. Kireev, Introduction to Border Studies.
  • Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2015. Tibken, Shara and Joan E. Solsman, “For Refugees on Hungary’s Border, Razor Wire Trumps Tech,” 2016, Accessed: August 17, 2021, https://www.cnet.com/news/for-refugees-on-hungary-serbia-border-razor-fencewire-trumps-tech/.
  • Ullman, Richard H., “Redefining Security,” International Security. 8, no 1 (1983): 129-153.
  • United Nations, “Post-war Reconstruction and Development in the Golden Age of Capitalism,” World Economic and Social Survey 2017, Accessed: August 17, 2021, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/ 45/WESS_2017_ch2.pdf.
  • UN Refugee Agency, “Syria Emergency – 2021,” Accessed: September 19, 2021, https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html.
  • Urker, Ertuğrul, “COVID-19: The Virus Crossing Borders,” 2020, Accessed: August 25, 2021, https://www.internationalaffairshouse.org/covid-19-thevirus-crossing-borders/.
  • Walt, Stephen M., “The Renaissance of Security Studies,” International Studies Quarterly. 35, no 2 (1991): 211-229.
  • Zupancic, Jernej, “The European Refugee and Migrant Crisis and Slovenian Response,” European Journal of Geopolitics. No 4 (2016): 95-121.

RISE OF THE PANDEMIC (COVID-19) AND SECURITY OF THE INSIDERS: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR TRADITIONAL BORDER POLICIES IN THE EU

Year 2021, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 535 - 562, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1050093

Abstract

Borders not only determine where the territories start and end; but also determine the insiders and the outsiders while regulating entrances and exits. Last century was of great importance in transformation of security and border issues. However, for two decades, sharp changes started to turn up due to evolving challenges that we face. After migration crisis, arising from the ongoing civil war in Syria, the biggest challenge the world, notably the EU, has faced is the COVID-19 pandemic which carried the border security issue to a new dimension that never came to mind. Today’s border security policies are built on protecting citizens from microorganisms, viruses and carriers and it seems that “others” will continue to be both at the centre and out of these policies.

References

  • Akkaya, Adem. “Almanya’nın Zorunlu Tercihi: Mülteci Krizi Ekseninde Türk-Alman Ilişkilerini Yeniden Düşünmek,” Regional Studies 1, no 1 (2016): 23-49.
  • Anatolian Agency, “Avusturya Covid-19 Salgını Nedeniyle İtalya’dan Tren Seferlerini Durdurdu”, 2020, Accessed: August 16, 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/avusturya-kovid-19-salgini-nedeniyle-italyadantren- seferlerini-durdurdu/1742728.
  • Avrupa Birliği Konsey Kararı, 2001/235/AT, Ministry of the EU, Republic of Turkey, Accessed: August 12, 2021, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ AB_Iliskileri/AdaylikSureci/ Kob/Turkiye_Kat_Ort_Belg_2001.pdf.
  • Aydin, Mustafa et al., Strateji ve Güvenlik. Eskişehir: Açıköğretim Fakültesi Yayınları, 2012.
  • Baldwin, David, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies 23, no1 (1997): 5-26.
  • Blake, Michael, “What Exactly Is the Point of the Border?,” 25 July 2018, Accessed: August 12, 2021, https://theconversation.com/what-exactly-is-thepoint-of-the-border-99990.
  • Blanton, Shannon Lindsey and Charles William Kegley, World Politics: Trend and Transformation. Boston: Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, 2016-2017.
  • Brooks, Christopher, “Western Civilization: A Concise History Volume 3: Religious Wars”, 2019, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://pressbooks.nscc.ca/ worldhistory/front-matter/174/.
  • Buzan, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War. London: Pearson Longman, 1991.
  • Buzan, Barry et al., Security: A New Framework of Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. Carr, Matt, “Beyond the Border,” 2013, Accessed: August 16, 2021, https://www.historytoday.com/archive/history-matters/beyond-border.
  • Cash, Bill, John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd., 2012. Chan, Kelvin, “What to Know About the Vaccine Passports Already Being Tested for International Travel”, 2021, Accessed: August 30, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2021/05/26/covid-vaccinepassport-international-travel-vaccine-proof/7444454002/.
  • Cote-Baucher, Karine, Federica Infantino and Mark Salter, “Border security as practice: An agenda for research,” Security Dialogue. No 45 (2014): 195-208.
  • Council of the European Union, “Council Regulation (EC) No:2007/2004,” 26 October 2004, Accessed: September 13, 2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ eli/reg/2004/2007/oj.
  • Council of the European Union, “A Fresh Start on Migration: Building Confidence and Striking a New Balance Between Responsibility and Solidarity,” 2020, Accessed: August 30, 2021, ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ detail/en/ip_20_1706.
  • Council of the European Union, “Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control,” 2021, Accessed: August 10, 2021, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we do/policies/borders-and visas/schengen/reintroduction-border-control_en.
  • Delegation of the EU to Turkey, “EU Funded Projects in Turkey,” 2021, Accessed: November 5, 2021, https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/eu-funded-projects-inturkey.
  • Deutsche Welle, “AB’den Yunanistan’a Tam Destek,” 2020, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://www.dw.com/tr/abden-yunanistana-tam-destek/a-52627368. DGMM, “2016 Türkiye Göç Raporu,” Turkish Ministry of Interior - Directorate General for Migration Management, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/YillikGocRaporlari/2016_yiik_go c_raporu_haziran.pdf.
  • DGMM, “İstatistikler – Düzensiz Göç – 2021,” Turkish Ministry of Interior – Directorate General for Migration Management, Accessed: August 14, 2021, https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzensiz-goc-istatistikler.
  • Edsall, Nicholas C., Richard Cobden: Independent Radical. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014. Erdoğan, M. Murat, “Securitization from Society” and “Social Acceptance”: Political Party-Based Approaches in Turkey to Syrian Refugees,” Uİ Dergisi. 17, no 68 (2020): 73-92.
  • Erdoğan, M. Murat, “Açık Kapı Politikasından Açık Sınır Politikasına Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler,” Accessed: August 29, 2021, https://www.uikpanorama.com/blog/ 2020/03/09/acik-kapi-politikasindan-acik-sinir-politikasina-turkiyedekisuriyeliler-murat-erdogan/.
  • FRONTEX, “Key Facts”, 2021, Accessed: September 11, 2021, https://frontex.europa.eu/faq/key-facts/.
  • FRONTEX, “Origin and Tasks”, 2021, Accessed: September 11, 2021, https://frontex.europa.eu/about-frontex/origin-tasks/.
  • Hollifield, James F., “The Emerging Migration State,” The International Migration Review. 38, no 3 (2004): 885-912. Hugo, Victor, “Speech of Victor Hugo to the Peace Congress at Paris”, The Sydney Morning Herald, December 26, 1849.
  • International Organization for Migration, “Compilation of Available Data and Information – 2015,” Accessed: September 11, 2021, https://www.iom.int/ sites/default/files/situation_reports/file/Mixed-Flows-Mediterranean-andBeyond-Compilation-Overview-2015.pdf.
  • Kant, Immanuel, “Perpetual Peace,” In: Reiss, H. (ed.) Kant’s Political Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Karakoç Dora, Zuhal, “International Migrants as a Matter of Security: Open Door Policy and Syrians in Turkey,” Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi – Journal of Security. 9, no 2 (2020): 501-524.
  • Karakoç Dora, Zuhal, “Turkey-EU Relations in Context of Syrian Crisis: Readmission Agreement and Visa Liberalisation,” MAKU Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. No 32 (2020): 100-112
  • Karakoç Dora, Zuhal, “Borders, Terror and Immigration: the ISIS Case,” in Securites Issues in the Context of Political Violence and Terrorism of the 21st Century, Eds. Hasan Kirişçi, Kemal et al., “The EU’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum is Missing a True Foundation,” 2020, Accessed: August 30, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/11/06/the-eus-newpact-on-migration-and-asylum-is-missing-a-true-foundation/.
  • Lodewyckx, Ina et al., “From Nation State to Migration State,” Economics and Sociology. 3, no 2 (2010): 9-22.
  • Loescher, Gil, The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
  • Maslow, Abraham H., “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Physiological Review. 50, no 4 (1943): 370-396.
  • Miles, Tom and Mariana Depetris, “October’s Migrant, Refugee Flow to Europe Roughly Matched Whole of 2014”, Reuters UK, November 2, 2015, Accessed July 30, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-un/octobers-migrant-refugee-flow-to-europe-roughly-matched-whole-of-2014- idUSKCN0SR15P20151102.
  • Mill, John Stuart, Principles of Political Economy with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. 1st Ed. London: John W. Parker, 1848.
  • O’Dowd, Liam, “From a ‘Borderless World’ to a ‘World of Borders: Bringing History Back In,” Society and Space, no 28 (2010): 1031-1050.
  • Ovalı, A. Şevket, “Ütopya ile Pratik Arasında: Uluslararası İlişkilerde İnsan Güvenliği Kavramsallaştırması,” Uİ Dergisi, 3, no 19 (2006): 3-52.
  • Ricardo, David, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: John Murray, 1817.
  • Sevastianov, Sergei V., Jussi P. Laine, and Anton A. Kireev, Introduction to Border Studies.
  • Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2015. Tibken, Shara and Joan E. Solsman, “For Refugees on Hungary’s Border, Razor Wire Trumps Tech,” 2016, Accessed: August 17, 2021, https://www.cnet.com/news/for-refugees-on-hungary-serbia-border-razor-fencewire-trumps-tech/.
  • Ullman, Richard H., “Redefining Security,” International Security. 8, no 1 (1983): 129-153.
  • United Nations, “Post-war Reconstruction and Development in the Golden Age of Capitalism,” World Economic and Social Survey 2017, Accessed: August 17, 2021, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/ 45/WESS_2017_ch2.pdf.
  • UN Refugee Agency, “Syria Emergency – 2021,” Accessed: September 19, 2021, https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html.
  • Urker, Ertuğrul, “COVID-19: The Virus Crossing Borders,” 2020, Accessed: August 25, 2021, https://www.internationalaffairshouse.org/covid-19-thevirus-crossing-borders/.
  • Walt, Stephen M., “The Renaissance of Security Studies,” International Studies Quarterly. 35, no 2 (1991): 211-229.
  • Zupancic, Jernej, “The European Refugee and Migrant Crisis and Slovenian Response,” European Journal of Geopolitics. No 4 (2016): 95-121.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zuhal Karakoç Dora This is me 0000-0002-3954-2208

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date September 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Karakoç Dora, Zuhal. “RISE OF THE PANDEMIC (COVID-19) AND SECURITY OF THE INSIDERS: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR TRADITIONAL BORDER POLICIES IN THE EU”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, no. 2 (December 2021): 535-62. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1050093.