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Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate earthquake-induced damage in historic masonry structures that have undergone repeated restoration interventions through a damage classification–based approach, using the Teze Mosque in Malatya as a case study. The structure, which has been repaired multiple times over different periods, was damaged and restored again following the earthquakes of 1893, 1964, 2020, and 2023. The research was conducted in two stages: a literature review and an archival analysis. In the first stage, a damage classification approach was developed based on commonly observed in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors, connection deficiencies, and material deterioration in unreinforced masonry structures. This approach is grounded in internationally recognized references such as FEMA 306 and EMS-98 and is further supported by the element-level analytical method proposed by Vlachakis et al. (2020). In the second stage, archival data were used to examine the damage patterns the structure experienced during past earthquakes, and the recurrence and evolution of these damages over time were analyzed. The findings indicate that restoration interventions carried out after previous earthquakes did not improve the structural performance of the building in subsequent seismic events; on the contrary, in some cases, the intervened areas became more vulnerable to damage. The main causes of damage include differences in rigidity arising from double-walled construction systems, inadequate structural connections, the use of weak bonding materials, and soil conditions. This study demonstrates that a systematic approach based on damage classification provides important contributions to understanding recurring damage mechanisms and highlights that focusing solely on repairing existing damage in restoration processes is insufficient. In addition, the proposed approach offers a practical analytical tool applicable to similar historic masonry structures.
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Architecture for Disaster Relief, Architectural Heritage and Conservation
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
June 23, 2026
Submission Date
April 14, 2026
Acceptance Date
June 12, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 1
APA
Karataş Billor, L. (2026). Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque. A+Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design, 12(1), 60-78. https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ
AMA
1.Karataş Billor L. Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque. ARCH. 2026;12(1):60-78. https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ
Chicago
Karataş Billor, Lale. 2026. “Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque”. A+Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design 12 (1): 60-78. https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ.
EndNote
Karataş Billor L (June 1, 2026) Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque. A+Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design 12 1 60–78.
IEEE
[1]L. Karataş Billor, “Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque”, ARCH, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 60–78, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ
ISNAD
Karataş Billor, Lale. “Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque”. A+Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design 12/1 (June 1, 2026): 60-78. https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ.
JAMA
1.Karataş Billor L. Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque. ARCH. 2026;12:60–78.
MLA
Karataş Billor, Lale. “Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque”. A+Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design, vol. 12, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 60-78, https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ.
Vancouver
1.Lale Karataş Billor. Recurring Seismic Damage in Repeatedly Restored Historic Masonry: A Damage Classification-Based Evaluation of Malatya Teze Mosque. ARCH [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;12(1):60-78. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA92XT74AJ
