Kentsel ısı adası, sıcaklık dalgaları ve halk sağlığı ilişkisi

Abstract

Gelecekte devam etmesi öngörülen küresel ısınma tahmini ile hem ısı dalgalarının görülme sıklığının hem de yoğunluğunun giderek artması muhtemeldir. Özellikle şehir merkezlerinde oluşan kentsel ısı adalarının da giderek şiddetleneceği ve kentte yaşayan insanların sağlığını pek çok açıdan olumsuz etkileyeceği potansiyel bir gerçektir. Türkiye’de kentsel ısı adası ile ilgili birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bunların en kapsamlılarından biri olan yazarın doktora tezi çalışmasında, 2013 yılı itibariyle nüfusu 500.000 ve üzeri 17 kent ve mukayese istasyonu şehir ısı varlığı açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sen’in Trend Analizi metodu ile araştırma yapılan tezde çalışılan kentlerden 11 tanesinde şehir ısı adası varlığı tespit edilmiştir. ŞIA varlığı tespit edilen kentler, Türkiye’nin kalabalık nüfuslu kentleridir. Bu kentlerde yaşayan halkın sağlığı ve refahının, gelecek yıllarda sıcak hava dalgaları nedeniyle olumsuz şekilde etkileneceği öngörülmektedir. Bu kapsamda gerek yerel yönetimlerin gerekse de ilgili kent planlamacıların halihazırda var olan şehirlerin yapılanmalarında iyileştirmeye gidilmesi ve önlem alınması konusundaki girişimcileri, halkın büyük bir kesiminin sıcak hava dalgalarından etkilenmemesi adına son derece önemlidir.

Keywords

• şehir ısı adası
• halk sağlığı
• sıcak hava dalgaları

The relationship of the city heat island, temperature waves and public health

Abstract

With the forecast of global warming predicted to continue in the future, both the incidence and intensity of heat waves are likely to increase gradually. It is a potential reality that urban heat islands, especially in city centers, will become increasingly severe and adversely affect the health of people living in the city in many respects. Many studies have been carried out on urban heat island in Turkey. In the author's doctoral thesis, which is one of the most comprehensive of these, 17 cities and comparison stations with a population of 500,000 and above as of 2013 were evaluated in terms of urban heat availability. In 11 of these cities, the presence of urban heat island has been detected. Cities in which the presence of Urban Heat Island (UHI) has been detected are the crowded cities of Turkey. It is predicted that the health and welfare of the people living in these cities will be adversely affected in the coming years due to heat waves. In this context, the initiatives of both local governments and relevant urban planners to improve the existing cities and take precautions are extremely important in order to prevent a large part of the population from being affected by heat waves.

Keywords

• şehir ısı adası
• halk sağlığı
• sıcak hava dalgaları

References

1. Basu, R. (2009). High ambient temperature and mortality: a review of epidemiologic studies from 2001 to 2008. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(2), 167-172
2. Basu, R., & Samet, J. M. (2002). Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiologic Reviews, 24(2), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/ mxf007
3. Campbell-Lendrum, D., & Corvalán, C. (2007). Climate change and developing-country cities: Implications for environmental health and equity. Journal of Urban Health, 84, 109-117.
4. Collier, C. G. (2006). The impact of urban areas on weather. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 132, 1-25.
5. Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
6. D’Ippoliti, D., Michelozzi, P., Marino, C., De’Donato, F., Menne, B., Katsouyanni, K., et al. (2010). The impact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: results from the EuroHEAT project. Environmental Health, 9(1), 37.
7. EPA. (2010). Office of Air and Radiation (6207J) EPA 430-F-10-003, April 2010.
8. Gasparrini, A., Guo, Y., Hashizume, M., Lavigne, E., Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J., et al. (2015). Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet, 386(9991), 369–375.

9. Hajat, S., Vardoulakis, S., Heaviside, C., Eggen, B., Vardoulakis, S., Heaviside, C., et al. (2014). Climate change effects on human health: projections of temperature-related mortality for the UK during the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68(7), 641–648.
10. Hester, E. T., & Bauman, K. S. (2013). Stream and retention pond thermal response to heated summer runoff from urban impervious surfaces. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 49(2), 328–342.
11. Institute of Occupational Medicine. (Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK).
12. Interagency Working Group on Climate Change and Health (IWGCCH). (2010). A Human Health Perspective On Climate Change: A Report Outlining the Research Needs on the Human Health Effects of Climate Change, April 22, 2010.
13. IPCC. (2007). IPCC Assessment Report IV.
14. Laaidi, K., Zeghnoun, A., Dousset, B., Bretin, P., Vandentorren, S., Giraudet, E., et al. (2012). The impact of heat islands on mortality in Paris during the August 2003 heat wave. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 254–9.
15. NCEI. (2022). Global Temperature Anomalies. National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved from https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/ access/monitoring/global-temperature-anomalies/mean
16. Oke, T. R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island (Symons Memorial Lecture, 20 May 1980). Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, 108, 1–24.
17. Oklahoma State University Environmental Health and Safety. (n.d.). Heat Index. Retrieved December 1, 2022, from http://ehs.okstate.edu/ heatindx
18. Özalp, Y. (2021). Isı Dalgası - Isı Endeksi. Meteroloji Genel Müdürlüğü.
19. Rafferty, J. P. (2018). Heat wave. In Encyclopedia Britannica.
20. Robinson, P. J. (2001). On the Definition of a Heat Wave. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 40(4), 762-775.
21. Tong, S., Wang, X. Y., & Barnett, A. G. (2010). Assessment of heatrelated health impacts in Brisbane, Australia: comparison of different heatwave definitions. PLoS One, 5(8), e12155.
22. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done. Geneva: World Health Organization.
23. World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach. Geneva: World Health Organization.
24. Xu, L. Y., Yin, H., & Xie, X. D. (2014). Health risk assessment of inhalable particulate matter in Beijing based on the thermal environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(12), 12368-12388.
25. Xu, Z., FitzGerald, G., Guo, Y., Jalaludin, B., & Tong, S. (2016). Impact of heatwave on mortality under different heatwave definitions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental International, 89-90, 193-203.