Amerikan yavru çürüklüğünde bakteriyofaj kullanımı

Abstract

Bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.), ekonomik açıdan bitkisel tarım ürünlerinin dünyadaki en önemli tozlaştırıcısıdır. Bal arılarını olumsuz etkileyen etkenler, onların yaşama gücünü ve verimini düşürebilmektedir. Bu tehditlerden biri de Paenibacillus larvae’nın neden olduğu Amerikan Yavru Çürüklüğü (AYÇ) enfeksiyonudur. P. larvae Gram pozitif, sporlu, mortalite oranı yüksek, dünya genelinde yayılmış olan epizootik nitelikte enfeksiyona neden olmaktadır. AYÇ, özellikle larva döneminde %100'e varan ölümlere neden olarak küresel arıcılık sektöründe önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açan ciddi bir enfeksiyondur. Özellikle ERIC I suşu ile enfekte larvaların 12 gün içinde %100 öldüğü, ERIC II suşu ile enfekte larvaların ise yaklaşık 7 gün içinde öldüğü görülmüştür. Günümüzde antibiyotik kullanımının yasaklanması, AYÇ tedavisinde alternatif yaklaşımlara olan ihtiyacı artırmıştır. Bu kapsamda bakteriyofajlar, özgül etkileri, çevresel güvenlik profilleri ve bal arılarının mikrobiyotasına minimal etkileri sayesinde umut vadeden biyolojik ajanlar olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede, AYÇ’nin etkeni olan P. larvae’nın biyolojisi, yayılımı, mevcut teşhis yöntemleri ve bakteriyofaj temelli biyokontrol yaklaşımları güncel literatür ışığında ele alınmıştır. AYÇ’nün kontrolünde bakteriyofajlarla yapılan mücadele yöntemleri henüz yaygın olarak uygulanmamasına rağmen, yapılan araştırmalar bakteriyofajların bal arılarını bu enfeksiyondan koruma ve tedavide potansiyelinin yüksek düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Apis mellifera L.
• Amerikan yavru çürüklüğü
• Bal arısı
• Bakteriyofaj
• Paenibacillus larvae.

Use of bacteriophages in american foulbrood

Abstract

The honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is the world's most important pollinator of plant-based agricultural products in terms of economics. Factors that negatively affect honey bees can reduce their vitality and productivity. One of these threats, American Foulbrood (AFB), is a globally widespread, high-mortality, spore-forming, epizootic bacterial infection caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. AFB is a serious infection that can cause up to 100% mortality, especially in the larval stage, leading to significant economic losses in the global beekeeping industry. Specifically, ERIC I strain cause 100% mortality in infected larvae within 12 days, while ERIC II strain kills infected larvae in about 7 days. The contemporary ban on antibiotic use has increased the demand for alternative approaches in the treatment of AFB. In this context, bacteriophages (phages) stand out as promising biological agents due to their specific effects; environmental safety profiles, and minimal impact on the honey bee microbiota. This review examines the biology, spread, current diagnostic methods, and bacteriophage-based biocontrol approaches for P. larvae, the causative agent of AFB, in light of current literature. Although control methods using bacteriophages against AFB are not yet widely implemented, research demonstrates the potential of this method.

Keywords

• Honey bee
• Apis mellifera L.
• American foulbrood
• Paenibacillus larvae
• Bacteriophage

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