Comparative Analysis Of The UK And Turkey In Terms Of The Question: Can The UK’s Human Rights Law Be A Model For Turkey To Overcome Its Violations Of Article 3 And Article 10 Of The European Convention On Human Rights?

Year 2013, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 111 - 176, 01.06.2013

Devran Ünlü

Abstract

This dissertation presents the human rights problem in Turkey and it aims to suggest a new way forward which has not proposed previously. Although Turkey has made several legal reforms related to its prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and freedom of expression violations, such violations have continued to pose a problem. Consequent to a comparison of the human rights policies of the United Kingdom and Turkey, this paper suggests that the incorporation the European Convention on Human Rights into Turkish domestic law could be beneficial for the country. The United Kingdom’s law is a convincing example of the advantages of incorporating the Convention. The comparison of the legal frameworks, case law and the statistics of the European Court of Human Rights provide an evidence to underpin this thesis. Consequently, the research concentrates on whether the United Kingdom’s law can be a guide for Turkey to cope with its human rights law deficiencies

Keywords

European Convention on Human Rights, Torture, Inhuman Treatment

References

• PRIMARY SOURCES CASES A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] 2 AC 68 (HL)
• A. v. United Kingdom [1998] Appl. No: 25599/94
• DOM%22%20%7C%203%20%7C%20A.&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed September 2011
• Ahmed and others v. The United Kingdom [1998] Appl. No:22954/93
• &skin=hudoc-en > accessed 28 September 2011
• Austria v. Italy (1961) Application No. 788/60, 4 YEARBOOK 116
• Aydin v. Turkey [judgment of 25 September 1997] 25 EHRR 251, at p. 1103-9
• %7C%20v.%20%7C%20turkey&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 12 August
• Balsytė-Lideikienė v. Lithuania (ECHR (Judgment) 4 November 2008, Case No. 72596/01)
• Barthold v. Germany [1985] 7 ECHR 383 (8734/79)
• Germany&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 23 September 2011
• Başkaya and Okçuoğlu v. Turkey [1999] ECHR 23536/94 and 24408/94 accessed 24 September 2011
• Bowman v United Kingdom [1998] 26 EHRR 1 (141/1996/760/961) accessed 29 September 2011
• British Steel Corporation v. Granada Television Ltd. Case [1981] 1 All ER 417 at 455
• Camelot Group Ltd. v. Centaur Communications Ltd., [1998] 1 All ER 251 CA
• Case of Ürper and others v. Turkey (Applications nos. 55036/07, 55564/07, 1228/08, 1478/08, /08, 6302/08 and 7200/08)
• Turkey&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 05 October 2011
• Ceylan v Turkey [1999] ECHR 23556/94 accessed 26 September 2011
• Chahal v United Kingdom [1997] 23 EHRR 413, Appl. No: 22414/93
• UNITED%20KINGDOM%22%20%7C%203%20%7C%20chahal&sessionid=62680957
• &skin=hudoc-en> accessed 20 September 2011
• Colman v United Kingdom [1993] 18 EHRR 119 (16632/90)
• %7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en.> accessed 23 September 2011
• Costello-Roberts v. The United Kingdom [1993] Appl. No: 13134/87 accessed 21 September 2011
• Cox v. Turkey [2010] ECHR 2933/03 accessed 27 September 2011
• Cyprus v. Turkey (1975) Applications Nos. 5310/71, and 5451/72, 4 EHRR 482 18 YEARBOOK 82
• Denmark v. Greece (1968) Application Nos. 3321, 3322, 3323, 3344/ 67, 11(2) YEAR- BOOK 690, 731
• Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers Ltd and Others [1993] AC 534, [1993]
• All ER 1011, [1993] 2 WLR 449, 91 LGR 179 House of Lords
• Dulas v Turkey Case [2001] ECHR 25801/94
• %7C%20Case&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 19 September 2011
• Erdoğdu and İnce v. Turkey [1999] EHRR Applications nos. 25067/94 and 25068/94 rdogdu%20%7C%20Ince&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 27 September 2011
• Erdogdu v. Turkey [2000] ECHR 25723/94 accessed 27 September 2011
• Féret v. Belgium ( ECHR (Judgment) 16 July 2009 Case No. 15615/07)
• Goodwin v. United Kingdom [1996] 22 EHRR 123 Appl. no. 17488/90 accessed 29 September 2011
• Greece v. United Kingdom (1959) Application Nos. 176/56 and 299/57, 2 YEARBOOK , 186
• Groppera Radio AG v Switzerland [1990] 12 EHRR 321 (10890/84)
• Radio%20%7C%20AG%20%7C%20v%20%7C%20Switzerland&sessionid=62680957&ski n=hudoc-en> accessed 23 September 2011
• Halford v United Kingdom [1997] 24 EHRR 523 (20605/92)
• %7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 23 September 2011
• Handyside v. the United Kingdom [1976] 1 EHRR 737 (Appl. no. 5493/72) accessed 30 September 2011
• Harry John Hammond v Department of Public Prosecutions [2004] EWHC 69 (Admin)
• accessed 17 September 2011
• Hashman and Harrup v United Kingdom [1999] 30 EHRR 241 Appl. No: 25594/94 cea07365dc1256847003479cb?OpenDocument> accessed 29 September 2011
• Incal v. Turkey [1998] ECHR 41/1997/825/103 accessed 25 September 2011
• Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25
• DOM%22%20%7C%203%20%7C%20ireland&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 20 September 2011
• Jabari v. Turkey (App.40035/98), Judgment of 11 July 2000 accessed 12 October 2011
• Keenan v United Kingdom [2001] 33 EHRR 38 Appl. no. 27229/95
• Keenan%20%7C%20v%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=62680957
• &skin=hudoc-en> accessed 21 September 2011
• Mark Anthony Norwood v Department of Public Prosecutions [2003] EWHC 1564 (Admin) accessed 17 September 2011
• Mark Anthony Norwood v. United Kingdom Application no. 23131/03 accessed 27 September 2011
• Media FM Reha Radyo ve Iletim Hizm A.S v. Turkey, Appl. No 32842/02 ECHR (2006) DA.
• Omar Othman (aka Abu Qatada) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, SC/15/2005
• United Kingdom: Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) accessed 13 September 2011
• Ozgur Radio and Television Company v Turkey [2009] ECHR 10129/04 accessed 26 September 2011
• R v Chief Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Choudhury [1991] QB 429, [1991] All ER 306, DC
• R Green v. City of Westminster Magistrates’ Court & (1) Jonathan Murray Thoday (2) Mark Thompson [2007] EWHC 2785 (Admin)
• Admin/2007/2785.html > accessed 16 September 2011
• R. v. Lemon [1979] AC 617, [1979] 1 All ER 898 HL
• Rangzieb Ahmed and Habib Ahmed v. The Queen [2011] EWCA Crim 184 accessed 14 September 2011
• Rekvenyi v. Hungary, Eur. Ct. HR, App. No. 25390/94, Judgment of 20 May 1999
• Soering v United Kingdom [1989] 11 EHRR 439 (14038/88)
• %7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom%20%7C%20Case&sessionid=62680957&skin=hu doc-en> accessed 23 September 2011
• Soulas v. France (ECHR (Judgment) 10 July 2008, Case No. 15948/03)
• Steel and others v United Kingdom [1998] 28 EHRR 603 (67/1997/851/1058)
• %7C%20Steel%20%7C%20v%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&sessionid=6268
• &skin=hudoc-en> accessed 29 September 2011
• Stevens v United Kingdom (1986) 46 DR 245
• Steve Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 Admin accessed 11 October 2011
• Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom [1979] 2 EHRR 245 Appl. no. 6538/74
• %7C%20Sunday%20%7C%20Times%20%7C%20v%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kin gdom&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 28 September 2011
• Sunday Times v United Kingdom [1991] 14 EHRR 229 Appl. no. 13166/87
• Sunday%20%7C%20Times%20%7C%20v%20%7C%20United%20%7C%20Kingdom&se ssionid=62680957&skin=hudoc-en> accessed 29 September 2011
• Sürek and Özdemir v. Turkey [1999] Applications Nos. 23927/94 and 24277/94 accessed 25 September 2011
• Tekin v. Turkey [1998] 52/1997/836/1042 accessed 30 July 2011
• The Observer and The Guardian v United Kingdom [1991] 14 EHRR 153 Appl. no.
• /88 accessed September 2011
• Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. The United Kingdom [1995] 20 EHRR 4421995 Appl. no. 18139/91 ght=10%20%7C%20Tolstoy%20%7C%20Miloslavsky&sessionid=62680957&skin=hudoc- en> accessed 29 September 2011
• Turkington and others v Times Newspapers Limited [2000] 4 All ER 913 (HL) accessed 07 September 2011
• Ümit Gül v. Turkey [2009] Application no. 7880/02 accessed 19 September 2011
• Vogt v. Germany [1995] 21 EHRR 205 Appl. No: 17851/91
• ?OpenDocument> accessed 28 September 2011
• Wingrove v. the United Kingdom [1996] 24 EHRR 1 Appl. No: 17419/90 accessed 30 September 2011
• Yazar, Karatas, Aksoy and the People’s Party (HEP) v Turkey [2002] 36 EHRR 59 Applica- tions nos. 22723/93, 22724/93 and 22725/93 accessed 26 September 2011
• Zana v. Turkey [1997] EHRR Appl. No: 69/1996/688/880
• &skin=hudoc-en> accessed 24 September 2011
• LEGISLATIONS AND TREATIES Broadcasting Act 1990 (1990 c.42) accessed 13 September 2011
• Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (1924)
• &Itemid=65&lang=en> accessed 14 September 2011
• Council of Europe, ‘Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’ (2010)
• C9014916D7A/0/ENG_CONV.pdf > accessed 29 August 2011
• Criminal Codes, ‘Legislation Online’ accessed 13 September 2011
• Criminal Justice Act 1988 c.33 s.134 accessed 14 September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights, ‘Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’
• B457-5C9014916D7A/0/ENG_CONV.pdf> accessed 22 September 2011
• House of Commons, ‘The Bill of Rights 1689’ accessed 14 September 2011
• Terrorism Act 2006 (2006 c.11) accessed 14 September 2011
• The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (2008, c.4) accessed 12 September 2011
• Theatres Act 1968 (1968 c. 54) accessed 13 September 2011
• Turkish Republic, ‘Constitution’ (As amended on May 22, 2004, Article 17)
• LIC_OF_TURKEY.pdf> accessed 29 August 2011
• United Nations, ‘Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’ (Periodic Reports, 2001) accessed 10 September 2011
• United Nations, ‘Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ (1969) accessed 13 October 2011
• World Law Direct, ‘Article 301 of Turkish Penal Code’ accessed 09 September 2011 SECONDARY SOURCES BOOKS
• Barendt Eric, Freedom of Speech (2nd edn Oxford University Press, New York 2005)
• Barnhart Stephen R., International Terrorism and Political Violence: The Entity of Trans- National Criminal Organizations and New Terrorisms in the Balkans-Middle East and Eastern Europe, and Its Effect on the Entire World (Trafford Publishing, 2002) accessed 18 August 2011
• Blackburn Robert , Kennon Andrew , Wheeler-Booth Sir Michael , Griffith J.A.G., and Ryle Michael , Parliament: Functions, Practice and Procedures ( Sweet & Maxwell, London 1989)
• Clayton Richard and Tomlinson Hugh , Privacy and Freedom of Expression (Reprinted from the Law of Human Rights Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006)
• Dickson Brice, Human Rights and the European Convention ( Sweet &Maxwell, London 1997)
• Feldman David, Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales (2nd edn Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002)
• Foster Steve , Human Rights and Civil Liberties (Pearson Education Limited, Essex 2003)
• Foster Steve , Human Rights & Civil Liberties (2nd edn Pearson Education Limited, Essex 2008)
• Foster Steven, The Judiciary Civil Liberties and Human Rights (Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2006)
• Harris David J, Boyle MO, Bates EP and Buckley CM, Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (2nd edn, Oxford University Press, 2009)
• Hoffman David and Rowe John Q.C., Human Rights in the UK an Introduction to the Human Rights Act 1998 (3rd edn Pearson Education Limited, Essex 2010)
• Janis Mark W., Kay Richards and Bradley Anthony W., European Human Rights Law Text and Materials (2nd edn Oxford University Press, New York 2000)
• Mowbray Alastair, Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights ( nd edn Oxford University Press, New York 2007)
• Ovey Clare and White Robin, Jacobs and White, The European Convention on Human Rights (4th edn Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006)
• Robertson A H and Merrills J G, Human Rights in Europe; a Study of the European Con- vention on Human Rights (3rd edn Manchester University Press, Manchester & New York 1993)
• Rowe Peter, ‘Control over Armed Forces Exercised by the European Court of Human Rights in Vankovska’ (eds), Legal Framing of the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Security Sector: Norms and Realities (Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces 2001)
• Shorts Edwin and Than Claire de, Human Rights Law in the UK (Sweet & Maxwell, London ) Smith Rhona K M, Texts and Materials on International Human Rights ( 2nd edn Routledge , London&New York 2010)
• Spencer Maureen and Spencer John, Human Rights Law in a Nutshell (3rd edn Sweet & Maxwell, London 2007)
• Starmer Keir, European Human Rights Law ( Legal Action Group, London 1999)
• Than Claire de and Shorts Edwin , International Criminal Law and Human Rights (Sweet & Maxwell Limited, London 2003)
• Wadham John, Mountfield Helen and Edmundson Anna, Blackstone’s Guide to The Human Rights Act 1998 (5th edn Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009) REPORTS
• Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, ‘2010 Human Rights Report: United King- dom’ accessed 06 September 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘2001 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress towards
• Accession’ (Brussels, 13.11.2001)
• Progress/Turkey_Progress_Report_2001.pdf> accessed 02 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘2003 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress
• Towards Accession’ accessed 01 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2004 Progress Report’ (Brussels 10.2004) accessed 02 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2005 Progress Report’ (Brussels 11.2005) accessed 5 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2006 Progress Report’ (Brussels 11.2006) accessed 03 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2007 Progress Report’ (Brussels 11.2007) accessed 03 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2008 Progress Report’ (Brussels 11.2008) accessed 03 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2009 Progress Report’ (Brussels 10.2009) accessed 04 October 2011
• Commission of the European Communities, ‘Turkey-2010 Progress Report’ (Brussels 09.2010) accessed 04 October 2011
• European Commission, ‘Enlargement Strategy and Progress Reports 2010’ accessed 06 Sep- tember 2011
• European Court of Human Rights ‘Annual Report 2010’ (2011)
• EN.pdf > accessed 18 September 2011
• United Nations, ‘Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’ (Periodic Reports, 2001) accessed 10 September 2011
• United States Department of State, ‘Country Reports on Terrorism’ (2007) accessed 18 August 2011
• Articles And Other Sources Algan Bulent, ‘The Brand New Version of Article 301 of Turkish Penal Code and the Future of Freedom of Expression Cases in Turkey’ (2009) 12 German Law Journal 2237 accessed 24 April 2011
• Aral Berdal, ‘The Idea of Human Rights Perceived in the Ottoman Empire’ (2004) 26(2)
• Hum. Rts. Q. 454 accessed 12 October 2011
• Balkan Sadik, Uysal Ahmet E. and Karpat Kemal H., ‘Constitution of the Turkish Republic’ (Ankara, 1961) < http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/1961constitution-text.pdf > accessed 12 September
• Bozarslan Hamit, ‘Human Rights and the Kurdish Issue in Turkey: 1984-1999’ (2001)
• (1) Human Rights Review 45 accessed 10 October 2011
• British Council, ‘Overview of Human Rights in the United Kingdom’ accessed 17 September 2011
• Cameron Iain, ‘Turkey and Article 25 of the European Convention on Human Rights’ (1998) 37(4) ICLQ 887
• BConvention%2Bon%2BHuman%2BRights%2BIain%2BCameron%26gw%3Djtx%26pr q%3DHamit%2BBozarslan%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&Search= yes> accessed 09 October 2011
• Christensen Christian, ‘Breaking the News: Concentration of Ownership, the Fall of Unions and Government Legislation in Turkey’ accessed 17 August 2011
• Erdal Murat, Ekiz Gulşah, Aksin Selim, and Güngör Necmi Murat, ‘Restricted Access and Blocking Websites, Internet Regulations and Turkey Practices’ (2010) accessed 15 September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights, ‘Chahal v. The United Kingdom’ (1997) 9 (1) Int J
• Refugee Law 86-121. accessed September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights, ‘Pending Applications allocated to a Judicial Formation’ Pending_applications_chart.pdf > accessed 18 September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights ‘Violations by Article and by Country’ (2009) accessed 17 September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights ‘Violations by Article and by Country’ (2010) accessed 16 September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights ‘Violations by Article and by Country’ (31.12.2010)
• Tableau_de_violations_19592010_ENG.pdf> accessed 18 September 2011
• European Court of Human Rights ‘Violations by Article and by Country’ (2011)
• VIOLATIONS_2010_EN.pdf > accessed 17 September 2011
• European Parliament, ‘Turkey Human Rights’ (Brussels, 10.03.2006) accessed 19 August 2011
• Fitzpatrick Joan, ‘Speaking Law to Power: The War against Terrorism and Human Rights’ (2003) EJIL 14(2) 241 accessed October 2011
• Foreign Affairs Ministry of Turkey, ‘Press statement on the 2001 regular report on Turkey’s progress towards accession and the strategy paper prepared by the EU Commission- November
• ’ (2001) accessed 11 October 2011
• Foster Steve, ‘Prison Conditions and Human Rights: the Development of Judicial Protec- tion of Prisoners’ Rights’ (2009) accessed September 2011
• Freedom House, ‘Freedom on the Net: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media’ accessed 13 September 2011
• Herrmann Joachim, ‘Implementing the Prohibition of Torture on Three Levels: United Nations –Council of Europe – Germany’ accessed 21 September 2011
• Hicks Neil, ‘Legislative Reform in Turkey and European Human Rights Mechanisms’ (1999)
• (1) Human Rights Review 78 accessed 13 October 2011
• House of Lords, ‘Debate on 19 May: the European Convention on Human Rights’
• ECHR.pdf> accessed 17 September 2011
• House of Lords, ‘Judgments–Regina v. Secretary of State for Education and Employment and others (Respondents) ex parte Williamson (Appellant) and others’ (Session 2001-2002) accessed 21 September 2011
• Human Rights Watch, ‘Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey’ (2002) accessed 15 September 2011
• Human Rights Watch, ‘Turkey: Government Amendments Will Not Protect Free Speech–Arti- cle 301 Should Be Abolished’ (17 April 2008) accessed 15 September 2011
• Johnson Nigel, ‘The Human Rights Act 1998: A Bridge between Citizenship and Justice?’
• (2004) 3(2) Social Policy and Society 113 accessed 18 September 2011
• Karcılıoğlu Kaan, ‘Article 301 of the Turkish Criminal Code Amended’ accessed 18 September 2011
• Letsas George, ‘Two Concepts of the Margin of Appreciation’ (2006) 26(4) Oxford J. of
• Leg. Studies 705 accessed 28 September 2011
• Magnarella Paul J., ‘The Legal, Political and Cultural Structures of Human Rights Protec- tions and Abuses in Turkey’ (1994) 3 J. Int’l L. & Prac. 439 accessed October 2011
• Marks Susan, ‘Civil Liberties at the Margin: The UK Derogation and the European Court of Human Rights’ (1995) 15(1) Oxford J. of Legal Studies 69 accessed 19 September 2011
• Neumayer Eric, ‘Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights?’ (2005) 49(6) The Journal of Conflict Resolution 925
• O’Boyle Michael, ‘Torture and Emergency Powers under the European Convention on Human Rights: Ireland v. The United Kingdom’ (1977) 71(4) AJIL 674 accessed 17 September 2011
• O’Donnell Thomas A., ‘Margin of Appreciation Doctrine: Standards in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights’ (1982) 4 Hum. Rts. Q. 474
• HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hurq4&div=35&id=&page=> accessed 23 September 2011
• Official Gazette Law on Changes made to Various Laws (Law no. 4771 Adopted: 03.08.2002) > accessed 19 August 2011
• Reidy Aisling, ‘A Guide to the Implementation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights’ (2003)
• EEBEAD50C3/0/DG2ENHRHAND062003.pdf > accessed 09 September 2011
• Reidy Aisling, ‘The Prohibition of Torture’ (2003) accessed 21 September 2011
• Schilling David, ‘European Islamaphobia and Turkey–Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) v. Turkey’ (2003-2004) 26 Loy. L.A. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. 501
• Starmer Keir, ‘The European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act ’
• > accessed 17 September 2011
• Stokłosa Arkadiusz, ‘Human Rights in Turkey’ (2009) accessed 14 September 2011
• Tate Jahnisa, `Turkey’s Article 301: A Legitimate Tool for Maintaining Order or a Threat To Freedom Of Expression?` (2008-2009) 37 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 181
• HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.jou rnals%2Fgjicl37%26div%3D8%26collection%3Djournals%26set_as_cursor%3D23%26men_ tab%3Dsrchresults%26terms%3D%28freedom%2520AND%2520of%2520AND%2520exp ression%2520AND%2520Turkey%2520AND%2520article%2520AND%252010%29%26t ype%3Dmatchall> accessed 18 July 2011
• The Representative on Freedom of the Media Miklos Haraszti, ‘Review of the Draft Turkish Penal Code: Freedom of Media Concerns’ (2005) accessed September 2011
• Thienel Tobias, ‘The Admissibility of Evidence Obtained by Torture under International Law’ (2006) 17 EJIL 2 < http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/17/2/78.pdf> accessed 17 September 2011
• Today’s Zaman, ‘EU Welcomes 301 Amendment But Calls For More’ (01.05.2008) accessed 13 September 2011
• Turk Hikmet Sami, ‘Human Rights in Turkey’ (December 1998–February 1999) Volume
• III–Number 4 J.Int’l Aff. accessed 13 September 2011
• UK Parliament, ‘Blasphemy’ accessed 18 August 2011
• UK Parliament, ‘Human Rights Standards and Deaths in Custody’ accessed 21 September 2011
• UK Parliament, ‘Select Committee on Religious Offences in England and Wales’ ( 2003, First Report) accessed 30 September 2011
• U.S. English Foundation Research, ‘Turkey Legislation’ accessed 15 September 2011
• Voorhoof Dirk, `Freedom Of Expression Under The European Human Rights System` ( ) accessed 22 August 2011
• Watts Nicole F., ‘Allies and Enemies: Pro-Kurdish Parties in Turkish Politics, 1990-94’ (1999)
• Int. J. Middle East Stud. 631 accessed 14 September 2011