Subscapularis tendon tears: A narrative review
Year 2024,
, 1 - 6, 30.01.2024
İlhan Çelik
Tacettin Ayanoğlu
Günbay Dirlik
Mustafa Odluyurt
Abdurrahman Vural
Fatih İlker Can
Mustafa Yasin Hatipoglu
Semih Yaş
Batuhan Bahadır
Abstract
The subscapularis muscle, which is the strongest muscle of the rotator cuff, plays important roles in shoulder biomechanics and stability. The emergence of a significant percentage of subscapular tendon tears in rotator cuff tears with advancing arthroscopic techniques has brought the importance of subscapular repair to the agenda along with different dynamics to the arthroscopic perspective. Patient training will reduce postoperative patient morbidity in addition to physical examination, imaging, and medical and surgical approaches to the treatment.
References
- Bakhsh W, Nicandri G. Anatomy and physical examination of the
shoulder. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2018 ;26(3):e10-e22.
- Longo UG, Berton A, Marinozzi A, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Subscapularis
tears. Med Sport Sci. 2012;57:114-121.
- Keating JF, Waterworth P, Shaw-Dunn J, Crossan J: The relative
strengths of the rotator cuff muscles. A cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg
Br 1993;75:137– 140.
- Arai R, Sugaya H, Mochizuki T, Nimura A, Moriishi J, Akita K:
Subscapularis tendon tear: an anatomic and clinical investigation.
Arthroscopy 2008;24:997– 1004.
- Richards DP, Burkhart SS, Tehrany AM, Wirth MA: The subscapularis
footprint: an anatomic descrip- tion of its insertion site. Arthroscopy
2007;23:251– 254.
- Siwetz M, Hammer N, Ondruschka B, Kieser DC. Variations in
subscapularis muscle innervation-a report on case series. Medicina
(Kaunas). 2020;56(10):532.
- Gerber C, Hersche O, Farron A. Isolated rupture of the subscapularis
tendon. Results of operative repair. J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78:1015-23.
- Lee J, Shukla DR, Sánchez-Sotelo J. Subscapularis tears: hidden and
forgotten no more. JSES Open Access. 2018;2(1):74-83.
- Edwards TB, Bradley Edwards T, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L,
Boulahia A, Neyton L, et al. Arthroscopic debridement in the treatment
of patients with isolated tears of the subscapularis. Arthroscopy
2006;22:941-6.
- Saremi H, Seifrabiei M. Subscapularis tendon tear classification
and diagnosis: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg.
2023;10:916694.
- Ghasemi SA, McCahon JAS, Yoo JC, Toussaint B, McFarland EG,
Bartolozzi AR, Raphael JS, Kelly JD. Subscapularis tear classification
implications regarding treatment and outcomes: consensus decisionmaking.
JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2023;3(2):201-208.
- Lafosse L, Lanz U, Saintmard B, Campens C. Arthroscopic repair of
subscapularis tear: surgical technique and results. Orthop Traumatol
Surg Res 2010;96:S99- 108.
- Clark RJ, Marchessault J, Sizer PS Jr, Slauterbeck J. Isolated traumatic
rupture of the subscapularis tendon. J Am Board Fam Pract.
2002;15(4):304-8.
- Gerber C, Krushell RJ. Isolated rupture of the tendon of the
subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases. J Bone Joint Surg
Br. 1991;73(3):389-94.
- Balke M, Banerjee M, Greshake O, Hoeher J, Bouillon B, Liem D. The
coracohumeral distance in shoulders with traumatic and degenerative
subscapularis tendon tears. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(1):198-201.
- Lo IK, Burkhart SS. The etiology and assessment of subscapularis
tendon tears: a case for subcoracoid impingement, the rollerwringer
effect, and TUFF lesions of the subscapularis. Arthroscopy.
2003;19(10):1142-50.
- Houglum PA. Rehabilitation for subacromial impingement starts at
the scapula. J Orthop Trauma Rehabil. 2013;17:54-60.
- Plachel F, Moroder P, Gehwolf R, Tempfer H, Wagner A, Auffarth A,
et al, risk factors for rotator cuff disease: An experimental study on
intact human subscapularis tendons. J Orthop Res. 2020;38(1):182-191.
- Park HB, Gwark JY, Na JB. Risk factors of chronic subscapularis
tendon tear. Clin Shoulder Elb. 2022;25(4):257-264.
- Lo IK, Burkhart SS. The etiology and assessment of subscapularis
tendon tears: a case for subcoracoid impingement, the rollerwringer
effect, and TUFF lesions of the subscapularis. Arthroscopy.
2003;19(10):1142-50.
- Goldberg DB, Tamate TM, Hasegawa M, Kane TJK 4th, You JS,
Crawford SN. Literature review of subscapularis tear, associated
injuries, and the available treatment options. Hawaii J Health Soc
Welf. 2022;81(3 Suppl 1):2-7.
- Rigsby R, Sitler M, Kelly JD. Subscapularis tendon integrity: an
examination of shoulder index tests. J Athl Train. 2010;45(4):404-6.
- Bak K. The practical management of swimmer’s painful shoulder:
etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(5):386-90.
- Mengi A, Akif Guler M. Nocturnal pain in patients with rotator cuff
related shoulder pain: A prospective study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract.
2022;59:102536.
- Seppel G, Voss A, Henderson DJH, Waldt S, Haller B, Forkel P,
et al. Atrophy patterns in isolated subscapularis lesions. BMC
Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):378.
- Günay C. Investigation of clinical effectiveness of specific shoulder
examination tests, Osmangazi Journal of Medicine, 2020;42(6):670-681
- Wahezi SE, Duarte R, Kim C, Sehgal N, Argoff C, Michaud K, et al.
An algorithmic approach to the physical exam for the pain medicine
practitioner: A review of the literature with multidisciplinary
consensus. Pain Med. 2022;23(9):1489-1528.
- Barth JR, Burkhart SS, De Beer JF. The bear-hug test: a new and
sensitive test for diagnosing a subscapularis tear. Arthroscopy.
2006;22(10):1076-84.
- Lee J, Shukla DR, Sánchez-Sotelo J. Subscapularis tears: hidden and
forgotten no more. JSES Open Access. 2018; 2(1):74-83.
- Wang Q, Zhao J, Zhou S, Lv Y, Liu X, Yang H. Quantitative MRI
indicators and features for partial subscapularis tendon tears on
conventional shoulder MRI. Insights Imaging. 2022;13(1):168.
- Sarıkaya B, Bahadır B, Kaya İ, Oklaz B, Bekin Sarıkaya PZ, Kanatlı U.
Can subcoracoid effusion be a more specific finding for subscapularis
tear among rotator cuff pathologies on magnetic resonance imaging? J
Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023;32(1):17-23.
- Bhatnagar A, Bhonsle S, Mehta S. Correlation between MRI and
arthroscopy in diagnosis of shoulder pathology. J Clin Diagn Res.
2016;10(2):RC18-21.
- Aiken AJ, Field LD. Techniques and tips for identification of comma
tissue in subscapularis tears. Arthrosc Tech. 2020 ;9(7):e859-e862.
- Rodriguez HC, Rust B, Hansen PY, Maffulli N, Gupta M, Potty AG,
et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in rotator cuff tears.
Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2023;31(3):67-72.
- Oeding JF, Pareek A, Nieboer MJ, Rhodes NG, Tiegs-Heiden CA,
Camp CL, et al. A machine learning model demonstrates excellent
performance in predicting subscapularis tears based on pre-operative
imaging parameters alone. Arthroscopy. 2023;S0749-8063(23)00766-1.
- Sewick A, Kelly J, Leggin B. Subscapularis tears: diagnosis and
treatment. Univ Pa Orthop J. 2011;21:25-30.
- Brusalis CM, Chan JJ, Jackson GR, Khan ZA, Kaplan DJ, Allahabadi
S, et al. Advanced subscapularis repair techniques. Oper Tech Sports
Med. 2023;31(1); 150981.
- Boudreault J, Desmeules F, Roy JS, Dionne C, Frémont P, Macdermid
JC. The efficacy of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for
rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J
Rehabil Med. 2014;46(4):294-306.
- Gruson KI, Ruchelsman DE, Zuckerman JD. Subacromial corticosteroid
injections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(1 Suppl):118S-130S.
- Sengodan VC, Kurian S, Ramasamy R. Treatment of partial rotator cuff
tear with ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma. J Clin Imaging Sci.
2017;7:32.
- Harrison A, Shatsky J, Parsons B, Flatow E, Outcomes of open and
arthroscopic subscapularis repairs (SS-18). Arthroscopy, 27(5), 2011;
e38-e39.
- Hernigou P, Flouzat Lachaniette CH, Delambre J, Zilber S, Duffiet P,
Chevallier N, et al. Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair with
mesenchymal stem cells during arthroscopy improves healing and
prevents further tears: a case-controlled study. Int Orthop. 2014:1811-8.
- Oh JH, Chung SW, Kim SH, Chung JY, Kim JY. 2013 Neer Award:
Effect of the adipose-derived stem cell for the improvement of fatty
degeneration and rotator cuff healing in rabbit model. J Shoulder
Elbow Surg. 2014 :445-55.
- Burkhart SS, Tehrany AM. Arthroscopic subscapularis tendon repair:
Technique and preliminary results. Arthroscopy. 2002 18(5):454-63.
- Edwards P, Ebert J, Joss B, Bhabra G, Ackland T, Wang A. Exercise
rehabilitation in the non-operative management of rotator cuff tears:
A review of the literature. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(2):279-301.
- Warner JJ, Higgins L, etal. Diagnosis and treatmen to fanterosu
periorro tato rcufftears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10:37-46.
- Adams CR, Schoolfield JD, Burkhart SS. The results of arthroscopic
subscapularis tendon repairs. Arthroscopy. 2008 24(12):1381-9.
- Barlow JD, Everhart JS. Arthroscopic subscapularis repair through a
single anterior portal. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(5):e1593-e1598.
- Lalehzarian SP, Agarwalla A, Liu JN. Management of proximal biceps
tendon pathology. World J Orthop. 2022;13(1):36-57.
- Vopat ML, Yang SY, Gregor CM, Kallail KJ, Saunders BM. Medial
dislocation of the long head of the biceps without concomitant
subscapularis tear: A case report. J Orthop Case Rep. 2020;9(6):6-10.
- Valenti P, Maroun C, Schoch B, Arango SO, Werthel JD. Arthroscopic
trillat coracoid transfer procedure using a cortical button for chronic
anterior shoulder instability. Arthrosc Tech. 2019;8(2):e199-e204.
- Ahmed AS, Lafosse T, Graf AR, Karzon AL, Gottschalk MB, Wagner
ER. Modern treatment of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome:
Pathoanatomy, diagnosis, and arthroscopic surgical technique. J Hand
Surg Glob Online. 2023;5(4):561-576.
- Zielinska N, Tubbs RS, Podgórski M, Konschake M, Aragonés P,
Grzelecki D, et al. Relationships among coracobrachialis, biceps
brachii, and pectoralis minor muscles and their correlation with
bifurcated coracoid process. biomed res int. 2022;2022:8939359.
- Burkhart S.S., Brady P.C. Arthroscopic subscapularis repair: surgical
tips and pearls A to Z. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:1014–1027.
- Pearce SS, Ruzbarsky JJ, Ernat JJ, Rakowski DR, Hanson JA,
Millett PJ. Arthroscopic subcoracoid decompression, coracoplasty,
and subscapularis repair for subscapularis tears in the Setting of
Subcoracoid impingement. Arthrosc Tech. 2022;11(3):e333-e338.
- Dilisio MF, Neyton L. Comma sign-directed repair of anterosuperior
rotator cuff tears. Arthrosc Tech. 2014;3(6):e695-8.
- Altintas B, Bradley H, Logan C, Delvecchio B, Anderson N, Millett PJ.
Rehabilitation following subscapularis tendon repair. Int J Sports Phys
Ther. 2019;14(2):318-332.
- Miranda H, Viikari-Juntura E, Martikainen R, Takala EP, Riihimäki H.
A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as
predictors of shoulder pain. Occup Environ Med. 2001a;58(8):528-34.
Year 2024,
, 1 - 6, 30.01.2024
İlhan Çelik
Tacettin Ayanoğlu
Günbay Dirlik
Mustafa Odluyurt
Abdurrahman Vural
Fatih İlker Can
Mustafa Yasin Hatipoglu
Semih Yaş
Batuhan Bahadır
References
- Bakhsh W, Nicandri G. Anatomy and physical examination of the
shoulder. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2018 ;26(3):e10-e22.
- Longo UG, Berton A, Marinozzi A, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Subscapularis
tears. Med Sport Sci. 2012;57:114-121.
- Keating JF, Waterworth P, Shaw-Dunn J, Crossan J: The relative
strengths of the rotator cuff muscles. A cadaver study. J Bone Joint Surg
Br 1993;75:137– 140.
- Arai R, Sugaya H, Mochizuki T, Nimura A, Moriishi J, Akita K:
Subscapularis tendon tear: an anatomic and clinical investigation.
Arthroscopy 2008;24:997– 1004.
- Richards DP, Burkhart SS, Tehrany AM, Wirth MA: The subscapularis
footprint: an anatomic descrip- tion of its insertion site. Arthroscopy
2007;23:251– 254.
- Siwetz M, Hammer N, Ondruschka B, Kieser DC. Variations in
subscapularis muscle innervation-a report on case series. Medicina
(Kaunas). 2020;56(10):532.
- Gerber C, Hersche O, Farron A. Isolated rupture of the subscapularis
tendon. Results of operative repair. J Bone Joint Surg 1996;78:1015-23.
- Lee J, Shukla DR, Sánchez-Sotelo J. Subscapularis tears: hidden and
forgotten no more. JSES Open Access. 2018;2(1):74-83.
- Edwards TB, Bradley Edwards T, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L,
Boulahia A, Neyton L, et al. Arthroscopic debridement in the treatment
of patients with isolated tears of the subscapularis. Arthroscopy
2006;22:941-6.
- Saremi H, Seifrabiei M. Subscapularis tendon tear classification
and diagnosis: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Surg.
2023;10:916694.
- Ghasemi SA, McCahon JAS, Yoo JC, Toussaint B, McFarland EG,
Bartolozzi AR, Raphael JS, Kelly JD. Subscapularis tear classification
implications regarding treatment and outcomes: consensus decisionmaking.
JSES Rev Rep Tech. 2023;3(2):201-208.
- Lafosse L, Lanz U, Saintmard B, Campens C. Arthroscopic repair of
subscapularis tear: surgical technique and results. Orthop Traumatol
Surg Res 2010;96:S99- 108.
- Clark RJ, Marchessault J, Sizer PS Jr, Slauterbeck J. Isolated traumatic
rupture of the subscapularis tendon. J Am Board Fam Pract.
2002;15(4):304-8.
- Gerber C, Krushell RJ. Isolated rupture of the tendon of the
subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases. J Bone Joint Surg
Br. 1991;73(3):389-94.
- Balke M, Banerjee M, Greshake O, Hoeher J, Bouillon B, Liem D. The
coracohumeral distance in shoulders with traumatic and degenerative
subscapularis tendon tears. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(1):198-201.
- Lo IK, Burkhart SS. The etiology and assessment of subscapularis
tendon tears: a case for subcoracoid impingement, the rollerwringer
effect, and TUFF lesions of the subscapularis. Arthroscopy.
2003;19(10):1142-50.
- Houglum PA. Rehabilitation for subacromial impingement starts at
the scapula. J Orthop Trauma Rehabil. 2013;17:54-60.
- Plachel F, Moroder P, Gehwolf R, Tempfer H, Wagner A, Auffarth A,
et al, risk factors for rotator cuff disease: An experimental study on
intact human subscapularis tendons. J Orthop Res. 2020;38(1):182-191.
- Park HB, Gwark JY, Na JB. Risk factors of chronic subscapularis
tendon tear. Clin Shoulder Elb. 2022;25(4):257-264.
- Lo IK, Burkhart SS. The etiology and assessment of subscapularis
tendon tears: a case for subcoracoid impingement, the rollerwringer
effect, and TUFF lesions of the subscapularis. Arthroscopy.
2003;19(10):1142-50.
- Goldberg DB, Tamate TM, Hasegawa M, Kane TJK 4th, You JS,
Crawford SN. Literature review of subscapularis tear, associated
injuries, and the available treatment options. Hawaii J Health Soc
Welf. 2022;81(3 Suppl 1):2-7.
- Rigsby R, Sitler M, Kelly JD. Subscapularis tendon integrity: an
examination of shoulder index tests. J Athl Train. 2010;45(4):404-6.
- Bak K. The practical management of swimmer’s painful shoulder:
etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(5):386-90.
- Mengi A, Akif Guler M. Nocturnal pain in patients with rotator cuff
related shoulder pain: A prospective study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract.
2022;59:102536.
- Seppel G, Voss A, Henderson DJH, Waldt S, Haller B, Forkel P,
et al. Atrophy patterns in isolated subscapularis lesions. BMC
Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):378.
- Günay C. Investigation of clinical effectiveness of specific shoulder
examination tests, Osmangazi Journal of Medicine, 2020;42(6):670-681
- Wahezi SE, Duarte R, Kim C, Sehgal N, Argoff C, Michaud K, et al.
An algorithmic approach to the physical exam for the pain medicine
practitioner: A review of the literature with multidisciplinary
consensus. Pain Med. 2022;23(9):1489-1528.
- Barth JR, Burkhart SS, De Beer JF. The bear-hug test: a new and
sensitive test for diagnosing a subscapularis tear. Arthroscopy.
2006;22(10):1076-84.
- Lee J, Shukla DR, Sánchez-Sotelo J. Subscapularis tears: hidden and
forgotten no more. JSES Open Access. 2018; 2(1):74-83.
- Wang Q, Zhao J, Zhou S, Lv Y, Liu X, Yang H. Quantitative MRI
indicators and features for partial subscapularis tendon tears on
conventional shoulder MRI. Insights Imaging. 2022;13(1):168.
- Sarıkaya B, Bahadır B, Kaya İ, Oklaz B, Bekin Sarıkaya PZ, Kanatlı U.
Can subcoracoid effusion be a more specific finding for subscapularis
tear among rotator cuff pathologies on magnetic resonance imaging? J
Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023;32(1):17-23.
- Bhatnagar A, Bhonsle S, Mehta S. Correlation between MRI and
arthroscopy in diagnosis of shoulder pathology. J Clin Diagn Res.
2016;10(2):RC18-21.
- Aiken AJ, Field LD. Techniques and tips for identification of comma
tissue in subscapularis tears. Arthrosc Tech. 2020 ;9(7):e859-e862.
- Rodriguez HC, Rust B, Hansen PY, Maffulli N, Gupta M, Potty AG,
et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in rotator cuff tears.
Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2023;31(3):67-72.
- Oeding JF, Pareek A, Nieboer MJ, Rhodes NG, Tiegs-Heiden CA,
Camp CL, et al. A machine learning model demonstrates excellent
performance in predicting subscapularis tears based on pre-operative
imaging parameters alone. Arthroscopy. 2023;S0749-8063(23)00766-1.
- Sewick A, Kelly J, Leggin B. Subscapularis tears: diagnosis and
treatment. Univ Pa Orthop J. 2011;21:25-30.
- Brusalis CM, Chan JJ, Jackson GR, Khan ZA, Kaplan DJ, Allahabadi
S, et al. Advanced subscapularis repair techniques. Oper Tech Sports
Med. 2023;31(1); 150981.
- Boudreault J, Desmeules F, Roy JS, Dionne C, Frémont P, Macdermid
JC. The efficacy of oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for
rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J
Rehabil Med. 2014;46(4):294-306.
- Gruson KI, Ruchelsman DE, Zuckerman JD. Subacromial corticosteroid
injections. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(1 Suppl):118S-130S.
- Sengodan VC, Kurian S, Ramasamy R. Treatment of partial rotator cuff
tear with ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma. J Clin Imaging Sci.
2017;7:32.
- Harrison A, Shatsky J, Parsons B, Flatow E, Outcomes of open and
arthroscopic subscapularis repairs (SS-18). Arthroscopy, 27(5), 2011;
e38-e39.
- Hernigou P, Flouzat Lachaniette CH, Delambre J, Zilber S, Duffiet P,
Chevallier N, et al. Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair with
mesenchymal stem cells during arthroscopy improves healing and
prevents further tears: a case-controlled study. Int Orthop. 2014:1811-8.
- Oh JH, Chung SW, Kim SH, Chung JY, Kim JY. 2013 Neer Award:
Effect of the adipose-derived stem cell for the improvement of fatty
degeneration and rotator cuff healing in rabbit model. J Shoulder
Elbow Surg. 2014 :445-55.
- Burkhart SS, Tehrany AM. Arthroscopic subscapularis tendon repair:
Technique and preliminary results. Arthroscopy. 2002 18(5):454-63.
- Edwards P, Ebert J, Joss B, Bhabra G, Ackland T, Wang A. Exercise
rehabilitation in the non-operative management of rotator cuff tears:
A review of the literature. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(2):279-301.
- Warner JJ, Higgins L, etal. Diagnosis and treatmen to fanterosu
periorro tato rcufftears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10:37-46.
- Adams CR, Schoolfield JD, Burkhart SS. The results of arthroscopic
subscapularis tendon repairs. Arthroscopy. 2008 24(12):1381-9.
- Barlow JD, Everhart JS. Arthroscopic subscapularis repair through a
single anterior portal. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(5):e1593-e1598.
- Lalehzarian SP, Agarwalla A, Liu JN. Management of proximal biceps
tendon pathology. World J Orthop. 2022;13(1):36-57.
- Vopat ML, Yang SY, Gregor CM, Kallail KJ, Saunders BM. Medial
dislocation of the long head of the biceps without concomitant
subscapularis tear: A case report. J Orthop Case Rep. 2020;9(6):6-10.
- Valenti P, Maroun C, Schoch B, Arango SO, Werthel JD. Arthroscopic
trillat coracoid transfer procedure using a cortical button for chronic
anterior shoulder instability. Arthrosc Tech. 2019;8(2):e199-e204.
- Ahmed AS, Lafosse T, Graf AR, Karzon AL, Gottschalk MB, Wagner
ER. Modern treatment of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome:
Pathoanatomy, diagnosis, and arthroscopic surgical technique. J Hand
Surg Glob Online. 2023;5(4):561-576.
- Zielinska N, Tubbs RS, Podgórski M, Konschake M, Aragonés P,
Grzelecki D, et al. Relationships among coracobrachialis, biceps
brachii, and pectoralis minor muscles and their correlation with
bifurcated coracoid process. biomed res int. 2022;2022:8939359.
- Burkhart S.S., Brady P.C. Arthroscopic subscapularis repair: surgical
tips and pearls A to Z. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:1014–1027.
- Pearce SS, Ruzbarsky JJ, Ernat JJ, Rakowski DR, Hanson JA,
Millett PJ. Arthroscopic subcoracoid decompression, coracoplasty,
and subscapularis repair for subscapularis tears in the Setting of
Subcoracoid impingement. Arthrosc Tech. 2022;11(3):e333-e338.
- Dilisio MF, Neyton L. Comma sign-directed repair of anterosuperior
rotator cuff tears. Arthrosc Tech. 2014;3(6):e695-8.
- Altintas B, Bradley H, Logan C, Delvecchio B, Anderson N, Millett PJ.
Rehabilitation following subscapularis tendon repair. Int J Sports Phys
Ther. 2019;14(2):318-332.
- Miranda H, Viikari-Juntura E, Martikainen R, Takala EP, Riihimäki H.
A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as
predictors of shoulder pain. Occup Environ Med. 2001a;58(8):528-34.