Review

Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence

Volume: 7 Number: 3 September 16, 2026
EN TR

Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence

Abstract

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint degenerative disorder in which cartilage loss, subchondral bone remodeling, synovial inflammation, and biomechanical dysfunction restrict durable regenerative repair. This systematic translational review compared current guideline-based management of knee OA and cartilage injuries with preclinical animal-model evidence to define the gap between experimental regeneration and clinically achievable outcomes. Conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020, the review used OARSI, AAOS, ESSKA, ICRS, and FIFA-Aspetar guidance as human clinical benchmarks and synthesized in vivo studies of OA, post-traumatic OA, and focal chondral or osteochondral defects. Interventions were grouped as cell-based therapies, cell-free biologics, biomaterial scaffolds, and gene/RNA-based approaches; outcomes were classified as symptom modifying, structure modifying, or regenerative. Clinical guidance consistently prioritizes pain relief and function, and no approved therapy has demonstrated durable disease modification or hyaline cartilage regeneration in generalized knee OA. Animal models indicate that mesenchymal stromal cells, platelet-derived products, extracellular vesicles, advanced scaffolds, and gene/mRNA therapies can reduce inflammation, enhance matrix synthesis, and partially restore cartilage and osteochondral structure. Large-animal and spontaneous OA models further show that biomechanical loading and subchondral bone strongly determine repair durability. Nevertheless, restoration of native hyaline cartilage under long-term load remains inconsistent, especially in advanced joint-wide degeneration. True cartilage and osteochondral-unit regeneration is therefore currently most achievable in selected focal defects. Future disease-modifying strategies will likely require integrated biologic, structural, and molecular approaches tested in biomechanically relevant models with long-term, clinically meaningful endpoints.

Keywords

knee osteoarthritis, cartilage regeneration, biomaterials, animal models, Translational Medical Research, Mesenchymal stem cells, Osteochondral unit, Gene therapy, Disease-modifying therapy, Platelet-rich plasma

Supporting Institution

No external funding was received for this study.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable. This review synthesized previously published studies and did not involve the direct use of human participants, identifiable human data, or animals by the authors.

Thanks

None.

References

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APA
Erginoğlu, S. E., Gazeloğlu, A. O., Baylar, Ü., & Arslan, A. K. (2026). Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence. Archives of Current Medical Research, 7(3), 490-510. https://doi.org/10.47482/acmr.1878314
AMA
1.Erginoğlu SE, Gazeloğlu AO, Baylar Ü, Arslan AK. Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence. Arch Curr Med Res. 2026;7(3):490-510. doi:10.47482/acmr.1878314
Chicago
Erginoğlu, Sadık Emre, Ali Okan Gazeloğlu, Ünsal Baylar, and Arslan Kağan Arslan. 2026. “Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence”. Archives of Current Medical Research 7 (3): 490-510. https://doi.org/10.47482/acmr.1878314.
EndNote
Erginoğlu SE, Gazeloğlu AO, Baylar Ü, Arslan AK (September 1, 2026) Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence. Archives of Current Medical Research 7 3 490–510.
IEEE
[1]S. E. Erginoğlu, A. O. Gazeloğlu, Ü. Baylar, and A. K. Arslan, “Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence”, Arch Curr Med Res, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 490–510, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.47482/acmr.1878314.
ISNAD
Erginoğlu, Sadık Emre - Gazeloğlu, Ali Okan - Baylar, Ünsal - Arslan, Arslan Kağan. “Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence”. Archives of Current Medical Research 7/3 (September 1, 2026): 490-510. https://doi.org/10.47482/acmr.1878314.
JAMA
1.Erginoğlu SE, Gazeloğlu AO, Baylar Ü, Arslan AK. Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence. Arch Curr Med Res. 2026;7:490–510.
MLA
Erginoğlu, Sadık Emre, et al. “Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence”. Archives of Current Medical Research, vol. 7, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 490-1, doi:10.47482/acmr.1878314.
Vancouver
1.Sadık Emre Erginoğlu, Ali Okan Gazeloğlu, Ünsal Baylar, Arslan Kağan Arslan. Translational Challenges in Cartilage Regeneration for Knee Osteoarthritis: Bridging Clinical Guidelines and Animal Model Evidence. Arch Curr Med Res. 2026 Sep. 1;7(3):490-51. doi:10.47482/acmr.1878314