Approach to Obesity in Childhood

Year 2020, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 6 - 11, 22.09.2020

Veysel Nijat Baş Zehra Aycan

https://doi.org/10.47482/acmr.2020.1

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Childhood obesity prevalence is increasing worldwide. The most common cause of obesity in children is a positive energy balance due to excess caloric intake in contrast to caloric expenditure combined with a genetic predisposition for weight gain. Obesity causes type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and some cancers. There is limited information on the efficacy and safety of medications for weight loss in children. In this paper, definition, etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, co-morbidities, and treatment of obesity in children will be reviewed.

Keywords

Obesity, Childhood, Adolescence, Pediatric, Overweight

References

• 1.Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, et al. Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin EndocrinolMetab. 2017 Mar;102(3):709-57.
• 2. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Available at:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-andoverweight/ (Accessed on 1 June 2020).
• 3. Bereket A, Atay Z. Current status on obesity in childhood and adolescence; prevalence, etiology, co-morbidities and management. Obesity Medicine. 2016 May; (3):1-9.
• 4. Boland CL, Harris JB, Harris KB. Pharmacological management of obesity in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Feb;49(2):220- 32.
• 5. Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, Gao Y, Zayegh A, Ijaz S et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019;7(7):CD001871. Published 2019 Jul 23. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub4
• 6. Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Simple tests for the diagnosis of childhood obesity: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Obes Rev. 2016 Dec;17(12):1301-15.
• 7. Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH et al. Pediatric Obesity-Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice
• 8.Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar 1;102(3):709-57 Sabin MA, Kiess W. Childhood obesity: Current and novel approaches. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun;29(3):327-38.
• 9. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/haberler/turkiye-cocukluk-cagisismanlik/ COSI-TUR-2016-Kitap.pdf (Accessed: 20.05.2020)
• 10. Warner M, Wesselink A, Harley KG, Bradman A, Kogut K, Eskenazi B. Prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and obesity at 9 years of age in the CHAMACOS study cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2014 Jun 1;179(11):1312-22.
• 11. Vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Coe BL, Angle BM, Taylor JA. The estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) and obesity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012 May 6;354(1-2):74-84
• 12. Dugas C, Perron J, Kearney M, Mercier R, Tchernof A, Marc I, et al. Postnatal prevention of childhood obesity in offspring prenatally exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus: where are we now? Obes Facts 2017 Aug;10(4):396-406
• 13. Gilbert-Diamond D, Li Z, Adachi-Mejia AM, McClure AC, Sargent JD. Association of a television in the bedroom with increased adiposity gain in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr 2014 May;168(5):427-34.
• 14. Paolella G, Vajro P. Childhood obesity, breastfeeding, intestinal microbiota, and early exposure to antibiotics. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Aug 1;170(8):735-7.
• 15. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I et al; Avon longitudinal study of parents and children study team. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ. 2005 Jun 11;330(7504):1357.
• 16. Cunnigham SA, Kramer MR, Narayan KM. Incidence of childhood obesity in United States. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jan 30;370(5):403-11.
• 17. McCuen-Wurst C, Ruggieri M, Allison KC. Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge-eating disorder, night-eating syndrome, and weight-related comorbidities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Jan;1411(1):96-105.
• 18. Faulkner B. Monitoring and management of hypertension with obesity in adolescents. Integ Blood Pressure Control. 2017 Nov 20;10:33-39.
• 19. Cook S, Kavey RE. Dyslipidemia and pediatric obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011 Dec;58(6):1363-73
• 20. Haemer MA, Grow HM, Fernandez C, Lukasiewica GJ, Rhodes ET, Shaffer LA, et al. Addressing prediabetes in childhood obesity treatment programs: support from research and current practice. Child Obes. 2014 Aug;10(4):292-303.
• 21. Elder DA, Hornung LN, Herbers PM, Prigeon R, WooJG, D’Allessio DA. Rapid deterioration of insulin secretion in obese adolescents preceding the onset of type 2 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2015 Mar;166(3):672-8.
• 22. Reinehr T. Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: a Critical Approach Considering the Interaction between Pubertal Stage and Insulin Resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2016 Jan;16(1):8.
• 23. Kurtoğlu S, Hatipoğlu N, Mazıcıoğlu M, Kendirici M, Keskin M, Kondolot M. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010 Aug;2(3):100-106.
• 24. GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, Lee A et al. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med 2017 Jul 6;377(1):13-27.
• 25. McDonagh MS, Selph S, Ozpinar A, Foley C. Systematic review of the benefits and risks of metformin in treating obesity in children aged 18 years and younger. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Feb;168(2):178-184.
• 26. Paulus GF, de Vaan LE, Verdam FJ, Bouvy ND, Ambergen TA, van Heurn LW. Bariatric surgery in morbidly obese adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2015 May;25(5):860-78.