Parasite Zoonoses Associated with Fish

Yıl 2024, , 151 - 167, 01.06.2024

Ahmet Erdem Dönmez

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1310942

Öz

Zoonotic diseases are defined as diseases transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases are caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents and generally are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans. It is reported that more than half of the diseases seen in humans today are zoonotic infections. Therefore these diseases cause a large number of human lives to be lost and large economic losses. Among the zoonotic diseases, those originating from fish and shellfish are considered to be an important public health problem in both developed and developing countries around the world, as they put a large number of people at risk. The demand for seafood has started to increase due to the fact that red meat consumption is associated with potential disease conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and the increase in the world population. As a result of these situations, the aquaculture sector has grown continuously in both production and consumption. However, especially in recent years, the steady increase in global consumption of fishery products, including foods containing raw or undercooked fish, causes an increase in the risks of parasitic zoonotic diseases originating from fisheries among these zoonoses. To date, many species of parasites have been reported in humans, including aquaculture associated with protozoon, trematoda, nematode and cestode. Due to global climate change, the species diversity is expected to increase even more. It has also been determined that among these parasites, Giardia, Toxoplasma, Clinostomum and Anisakis have a global distribution. Since the importance of parasitic diseases in terms of public health is underestimated compared to other disease agents, the knowledge about biology of the parasitic zoonoses agents originating from fisheries, their transmission routes, the diseases they cause and how they can be controlled is insufficient. This review aims to provide a general overview of parasitic fish zoonoses.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fish, infection, parasite, zoonosis, infestation

Paraziter Balık Zoonozları

Öz

Zoonoz hastalıklar hayvanlardan insanlara geçen hastalıklar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu hastalıklar bakteriyel, viral, fungal ve paraziter etkenlerden kaynaklanmakta ve genellikle omurgalı hayvanlardan insanlara geçmektedir. Günümüzde insanlarda görülen hastalıkların yarısından fazlasının zoonotik enfeksiyon ve enfestasyonlar olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu nedenle de çok fazla can kaybına ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadırlar. Zoonoz hastalıklar arasında balık ve kabuklu deniz ürünlerinden kaynaklananlar, dünya genelinde hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan birçok ülkede ve çok fazla sayıda insanı risk altına sokması nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kırmızı et tüketiminin kanser ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gibi potansiyel hastalık durumları ile ilişkilendirilmesi nedeniyle ve dünya nüfusundaki artışla birlikte su ürünlerine olan talep de artmaya başlamıştır. Bu durumun sonucu olarak da su ürünleri sektörü hem üretim hem de tüketimde devamlı olarak büyüme göstermiştir. Fakat özellikle son yıllarda çiğ veya az pişmiş balık içeren gıdalar da dahil olmak üzere küresel su ürünleri tüketiminin düzenli bir şekilde artması bu zoonozlar arasında su ürünleri kaynaklı paraziter zoonoz hastalık risklerinin de artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bugüne kadar insanlarda su ürünleri ile ilişkili protozoon, trematoda, nematoda ve cestoda’lar dahil olmak üzere çok fazla parazit türü bildirilmiştir. Küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak bu tür çeşitliliğinin sayısının daha da artması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca bu parazitler arasında Giardia, Toxoplasma, Clinostomum ve Anisakis gibi olanlarının küresel bir dağılıma sahip olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Paraziter hastalıkların halk sağlığı açısından önemi, diğer hastalık etkenlerine kıyasla daha hafife alındığından, su ürünleri kaynaklı paraziter zoonoz etkeninin biyolojleri, bulaşma yolları, yol açtıkları hastalıklar ve kontrolleri konusunda önemli eksiklikler bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme, paraziter balık zoonozlarına dair genel bir değerlendirme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Balık, enfeksiyon, parazit, zoonoz, enfestasyon

Kaynakça

• Adlard, R.D, Miller, T.L, Smit, N.J. (2015). The butterfly effect: parasitediversity, environment, and emerging disease in aquatic wildlife. Trends in Parasitology, 31(4), 160-166. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pt.2014.11.001
• Ahmadiara, E. (2017). Is Ligula intestinalis really a probable threat for public health? Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control, 4, 36.
• Aibinu, I.E., Smooker, P.M., &Lopata, A.L. (2019). Anisakis Nematodes in Fishand Shellfish- from infection to allergies. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasitesand Wildlife,9, 384-393.
• Akmirza, A., (1997). Samples from parasites of Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1786. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Water Products, 14 (1–2): 173–181.
• Akmirza, A., (1998). The Parasite fauna of horse mackerel. III. National Symposium of Aquatic Products, 333–344, Erzurum
• Akmirza, A., (2000). Metazoon parasites of red mullet (Mullus surmuletus) caught near Gökçeada. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 26(1): 129-140.
• Akmirza, A., (2001). Metazoan parasites of striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus L.) from the vicinity of Gökçeada. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 26(1): 129-140.
• Akmirza, A., (2012). Metazoan Parasite Fauna of Conger Eel (Conger conger L.) Near Gökçeada, Northeasten Aegean Sea, Turkey. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(5): 845-848. https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2012.6624
• Aktaş, E., Taşlıdere, N. &Canöz, Ö. 2010. Dapson tedavisine tam yanıt alınan eozinofilik pannikülit; olgu sunumu.Türk Dermatoloji Dergisi, 4, 94-96. https://doi.org/10.5152/tdd.2010.16
• Aldık, R., Çakır, F., & Tonguç Yayıntaş, Ö. (2023). Çanakkale (Türkiye) balık pazarından alınan üç ekonomik balık türünden izole edilen nematodların moleküler incelenmesi Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 40(2), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.40.2.01
• Arslan, M.Ö., Yılmaz, M., & Taşçı, G.T. (2015). Infections of Ligula intestinalis on Freshwater Fish in Kars Plateau of North-Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 39, 218-21. https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2015.4168
• Aydoğdu, A., Emre, Y., Emre, N., & Altunel, F.N. (2011). The occurrence of helminth parasites (Nemathelminthes) in some freshwater fish from streams discharging into Antalya Bay in Antalya, Turkey: two new host records from Antalya. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(6), 859-864. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0912-16
• Bardhan, A.(2022). Fish borne parasites proficient in zoonotic diseases: a mini review. Insights in Veterinary Science,6,005-012. https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001035
• Beceriklisoy, Ö.G., Aşti, C., Gönenç, B. (2020). Anisakis spp. infection in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Linnaeus 1758) from the Sea of Marmara. Veteriner Hekimler Dernegi Dergisi, 91(1): 80-85. https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.599455
• Borges, J.N., Costa, V.S., Mantovani, C., Barros, E., Santos, E.G.N., Mafra, C.L., &Santos, C.P. (2017). Molecular characterization and confocallaserscanning microscopic study of Pygidiopsis macrostomum (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) parasites of guppies Poecilia vivipara. Journal of Fish Diseases, 40, 191-203.
• Bouzid, W., Lek, S., Mace, M., Ben Hassine, B., Etienne, R., Legal, L., & Loot, G. (2008). Genetic diversity of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) based on analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Journal of Zoological Systematics Evolutionary Research, 46(4), 289-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00471.x
• Caccio, S.M.,&Ryan, U. (2008). Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 160, 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.04.006
• Chai, J.Y., Darwin Murrell, K., &Lymbery, A.J. (2005). Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues. International Journal for Parasitology, 35, 1233-1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.013
• Chai, J.Y., Sohn, W.M., Yong, T.S., Eom, K.S., Min, D.Y., Lee, M.Y., Lim, H., Insisiengmay, B., Phommasack B. &Rim H.J. (2013). Centrocestus formosanus (Heterophyidae): human infections and the infections ourceın Lao Pdr. The Journal of Parasitology, 99(3), 531- 536.
• Chai,J.Y., &Jung,B.K. (2017). Fish borne zoonotic heterophyid in fections: An update. Food and Waterborne Parasitology,8,933-63.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2017.09.001
• Cong, W., &Elsheikha, H.M. (2021). Biology, Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, andTreatment of Selected Fish-borne Parasitic Zoonoses. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine,94, 297-309.
• Çolak, S. (2013). The helminth community of the sands melt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810) from Lake Iznik, Turkey. Journal of Helminthology, 87, 129-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X11000770
• Demir, S. &Karakişi, H. (2016). Metazoan parasite fauna of the Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) (Cyprinidae), from Marmara Lake, Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 68(2), 265-268.
• Demirtaş, M. (2011). Terkos Gölü’nde Yaşayan Kadife Balıklarının (Tinca tinca L. 1758) Helmint Parazitlerinin Mevsimsel Dağılımı ve Etkileri. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 35, 159-63. https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2011.40
• Doğanay, A. (1994). Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi 1802) pattern in cods Merlangius merlangus which is caught from Black Sea. Ankara Journal of Veterinary, 41 (2): 208-217.
• Dorny, P., Praet, N., Deckers, N., &Gabriel, S. (2009). Emerging food-borne parasites. Veterinary Parasitology, 163, 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.026
• Geldiay R, & Balık S. Türkiye Tatlı Su Balıklarında Rastlanılan Başlıca İç ve Dış Parazitler. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Seri No: 14, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova, 1974.
• Ghadam, M., Banaii, M., Mohammed, E. T., Suthar, J., &Shamsi, S. (2018). Morphological and molecular characterization of selected species of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) from marine fish in Iraqi waters. Journal of Helminthology, 92(1), 116-124. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/S0022149X17000128
• Gupta, D., Gupta, N. &Gupta, A.(2015). Trypanosoma tengari n. sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) A new haemoflagellate from the blood of Mystus vittatus. Journal of Environmental Bio-Sciences, 29(1), 93-98.
• Hajipour,N,, Valizadeh, H., &Ketzis, J. (2022).A review on fish-borne zoonotic parasites in Iran. Veterinary and Medicine Science, 9(2), 748-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.981
• Hale, D.C., Blumberg, L., &Frean, J. (2003). Case Report: Gnathostomiasis in Two Travelers to Zambia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 68(6),707-709.
• İnci A, Doğanay M, Özdarendeli A, Düzlü Ö & Yıldırım A. (2018). Overview of Zoonotic Diseases in Turkey: The One Health Concept and Future Threats. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi,42, 39-80.https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2018.5701
• İnnal, D., Keskin, N., &Erk’akan F. (2007). Distribution of Ligula intestinalis (L.) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 7, 19-22.
• İnnal, D., Stavrescu-Bedivan, M., Öztürk, M.O., &Özmen, Ö. (2020). First record of Contracaecum rudolphii Hartwich, 1964 in Carassius gibelio (Bloch,1782) from Turkey. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 35 (1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE2019566509
• İşmen, A.,&Bingel, F. (1999). Nematode infection in the whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus off Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Fisheries Research, 42, 183-189.
• Kalay, M., Dönmez, A.E., Koyuncu, C.E., Genç, E. & Şahin, G. (2009). Seasonal variation of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) infestation in sparid fishes in the Northeast Mediterranean Sea. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 33(6): 517-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-0703-12
• Keser, R., Bray, R.A., Oğuz, M.C., Çelen, S., Erdoğan, S., Doğutürk, S., Aklanoğlu, G., &Martı, B. (2007). Helminth parasites of digestive tract of some teleost fish caught in the Dardanelles at Çanakkale, Turkey. Helminthologia, 44(4), 217-221.https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-007-0035-3
• Koyun, M. & Altunel, F. N. (2007). Metazoonparasites of bleak (Alburnus alburnus), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and golden carp (Carassius auratus) in Enne Dam Lake, Turkey. International Journal of Zoological Research, 1(2), 1-7.
• Koyun, M., Ulupınar, M. & Gül, A. (2015). Seasonal Distribution of Metazoan Parasites on Kura Barbell (Barbus lacerta) in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Pakistan Journal Zoology, 47(5), 1253-1261.
• Kuran. K., Koç. H. T., Erdoğan Z., & Oğuz. M. C., (2021). Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809), Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) and Pseodoterranova decipiens (Krabbe 1878) (Nematoda; Anisakidae) parasites in some commercial fish species from Edremit Bay (Northern Aegean Sea). Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 64-76.
• Li, M., Ponce-Gordo, F.,Norman Grim, J., Wang, C. & Nilsen, F. (2014). New insights into the molecular phylogeny of Balantidium (Ciliophora, Vetibuliferida) based on the analysis of new sequences of species from fish hosts. Parasitology Research, 113(12), 4327-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4195-z
• Limados Santos,C.A.M. &Howgate,P.(2011).Fish borne zoonotic parasites and aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture, 318, 253-261.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.05.046
• Liu, G.H.,Sun, M.M., Elsheikha, H.M., Fu, Y.T,Sugiyama, H., Ando, K.,Sohn, W.M.,Zhu, X.Q, &Yao, C. (2020). Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis. Parasites & Vectors, 13(1), 616. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04494-4
• Ljubojevic, D., Novakov, N., Djordjevic, V., Radosavljevic, V., Pelica, M., &Cirkovic, M. (2015). Potential parasitic hazards for humans in fish meat. Procedia Food Science, 5, 172-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2015.09.049
• Lopes, A.S., Pulido Murillo, E.A., Melo, A.L., &Pinto, H.A. (2020). Haplorchis pumilio (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) as a new fish borne zoonotic agent transmitted by Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) in Brazil: A morphological and molecular study. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 85, 104495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104495
• Macpherson C.N.L. (2005). Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. International Journal for Parasitology,35, 1319-1331.
• Mahasri, G., Koesdarto, S., Kismiyati, Sari, D.P.W., Santamurti, M.B., Kandi, I.W., Fitr, S.T.S., Amin, M. (2019). Prevalence and intensity of Trypanosoma sp. in wild swampeels (Synbranchus bengalensis) marketed in Surabaya, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(11), 3262-3268.https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201119
• Mahdy, O.A., Abdel-Maogood, S.Z., Abdelsalam, M., Shaalan, M., Abdelrahman, H.A., &Salem, M.A. (2021). Epidemiological study of fish-borne zoonotic trematodes infecting Nile tilapia with first molecular characterization of two heterophyid flukes. Aquaculture Research, 52(9), 4475-4488. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15286
• Marino, A.M.F., Giunta, R.P.,Salvaggio, A., Castello, A., Alfonzetti, T., Barbagallo, A., Aparo, A., Scalzo, F., Reale, S., Buffolano, W., &Percipalle, M. (2019). Toxoplasma gondii in edible fishes captured in the Mediterranean basin. Zoonoses Public Health, 66 (7), 826-834. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12630
• Menconi, V., Manfrin, C.,Pastorino, P., Mugetti, D.,Cortinovis, L., Pizzul, E.,Pallavicini, A., &Prearo, M. (2020). First Report of Clinostomum complanatum (Trematoda: Digenea) in European Perch (Perca fluviatilis) from an Italian Subalpine Lake: A Risk for Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health, 17(4), 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041389
• Merdivenci A. (1983). Son 30 yıl (1952-1982) içinde Türkiye’de varlığını ilk kez bildirdiğimiz parazitler. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 13, 23-38.
• Metin, S., Didinen, B.I., Boyacı, Y.Ö., Kubilay, A., Emre, N., Didinen, H., & Emre, Y. (2014). Occurrence of Eustrongylides excisus Jägerskiöld, 1909 Larvae (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) in Pike perch (Sander lucioperca, L.) in Lake Eğirdir. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi,10(1): 20-24.
• Moratal, S., AuxiliadoraDea-Ayuela, M., Cardells, J., Marco-Hirs, N.M, Puigcercós, S., Lizana, V., &López-Ramon, J. (2020). Potential Risk of Three Zoonotic Protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii) Transmission from Fish Consumption. Foods, 9, 1913. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121913
• Nawa, Y., &Nakamura-Uchiyama, F. (2004). An Overview of Gnathostomiasis in The World. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 35(1).
• Oğuz, M.C. (1995). Helminthsseen in someteleostfishes in coast of Mudanya [Doktora tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi]
• Oğuz, M. C., Güre, H., Özdemir, H., Öztürk, M. O. & Savaş, Y. (2000). Investigation of Anisakis simplex of some economically important teleost fishes in coast of Çanakkale. Journal Turkish Parasitology, 24(4), 431-434.
• Önalan, Ş, Atıcı, A.A, Sepil, A., & Şen, F. (2022). First Report of Ligula intestinalis (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in Barbus ercisianus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Nemrut Crater Lake, Turkey. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1005928
• Özbek, M & Öztürk, M.O. (2010). Investigations on Ligula intestinalis plerocercoid L., 1758 infection of some fishes from Dam Lake Kunduzlar (Kirka, Eskişehir). Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 34(2), 112-117.
• Özer, A. & Kırca, D.Y. (2013). Parasite fauna of Golden Grey Mullet Liza aurata (Risso, 1810) collected from Lower Kızılırmak Delta in Samsun, Turkey. Helminthologia, 50(4), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-013-0140-4
• Özer, A. & Kırca, D.Y. (2015). Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relation ship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea, Turkey. Journal of Natural History, 49(15-16), 933-956.https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2014.979259
• Özkan, Y., Aksakal, E. & Oguz, M. C. (2010). Determination of compared abundance, intensity, and prevalance of nematod larvae reported from mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, L. 1758). Journal of Biological Sciences, 1, 145-147.
• Özmen, Ö. Stavrescu-Bedivan,M.M.,&İnnal, D. (2021). Histopathological aspects caused by nematod parasite Eustrongylides excisus observed in some fish species of Eğirdir Lake, Turkey. AgroLife Scientific Journal, 10(1), 172-178.
• Quiazon, K.M.A. (2015). Updates on Aquatic Parasites in Fisheries: Implications to Food Safety, Food Security and Environmental Protection. Journal of CoastZone Management, 18(1), 1000396. https://doi.org/10.4172/2473-3350
• Pekmezci, G.Z., Onuk, E.E., Bölükbaş, C.S., Yardımcı, B., Gürler, A.T., Acıcı, M. &Umur,Ş. (2014). Molecular identification of Anisakis species (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from marine fishes collected in Turkish waters. Veterinary Parasitology, 201(1-2), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.005
• Pekmezci, G.Z., Yardımcı, B. & Onuk, E.E. (2017). Kızılırmak-Yeşilırmak deltaları arasında kalan tatlı su kaynaklarında yakalanıp insan tüketimine sunulan farklı türdeki balıklarda ülkemiz açısından önemli olan balık kökenli zoonoz parazitlerin araştırılması: Enfeksiyon oranları, yoğunluk ve bolluklarının ortaya konulması. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi (Journal of Health Sciences), 26 (1), 60-63.
• Pekmezci, G.Z., Onuk, E.E. & Yardımcı, B. (2023). Ongoing Data from Presence of Zoonotic Anisakis Larvae in Imported Fish in Turkish Supermarkets: Frozen Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Smoked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 8(2), 146-150. https://doi.org/ 10.35229/jaes.1259143
• Radacovska, A., Bazsalovicsova, E., Costa,I.B., Orosova, M., Gustinelli, A., &Kralova-Hromadova, I. (2019). Occurrence of Dibothriocephalus latus in European perch from Alpine lakes, an important focus of diphyllobothriosis in Europe. RevueSuisse de Zoologie, 126(2), 219-225.
• Rahman, T., Sobur, A., Islam, S., Ievy, S., Hossain, J., El Zowalaty, M.E., Rahman, T., &Ashour, H.M. (2020) Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Impact, and Control. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091405
• Rebello, K.M, Borges, J.N., Teixeira, A., Perales, J. &Santos, J.P. (2020). Proteomic analysis of Ascocotyle longa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) metacercariae. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2020.111311
• Robertson, L.J,Graham Clark, C.,Debenham, J.J.,Dubey, J.P.,Kvac,M.,Li, J., Ponce-Gordo, F., Ryan, U., Schares, G., Su, C.,&Tsaousis, A.(2019). Are molecular tools clarifying or confusingour understanding of the public health threat from zoonotic enteric protozoa in wildlife? International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 13(9), 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.01.010
• Ryan, U., Zahedi, A., &Paparini, V. (2016). Cryptosporidium in humans and animals-a one health approachtoprophylaxis. Parasite Immunology, 38(9), 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/pim.12350
• Ryan, U., Hijjawi, N., &Xiao, L.(2018). Food borne cryptosporidiosis. International Journal for Parasitology, 48(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.004
• Saijuntha, W., Sithithaworn, P.,Petney, T.N, Andrews, R.H. (2021). Food borne zoonotic parasites of the family Opisthorchiidae. Research in Veterinary Science, 135, 404-411. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.024
• Scholz, T., &Kuchta, R. (2016). Fish-borne, zoonotic cestodes (Diphyllobothrium and relatives) in cold climates: A never-ending story of neglected and (re)-emergent parasites. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 4, 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2016.07.002
• Scholz, T., Kuchta, R., &Brabec, J. (2019). Broad tapeworms (Diphyllobothriidae), parasites of wildlife and humans: Recent progress and future challenges. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasitesand Wildlife, 9, 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.001
• Selver, M., Aydogdu, A. &Cirak, V. Y. (2009). Helminth communities of the roach (Rutilus rutilus) from Kocadere stream in Bursa, Turkey: occurrence, intensity, seasonality and their infestations linked to host fish size. Bulletin of The European Association of Fish Pathologists, 29, 131-138.
• Shaapan, R.M., Abdel-Ghaffar, F.A., Varjabedian, K.G., &Saad-Alla, G.I. (2022). Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium Infection in Clarias gariepinus Fish in Egypt. Acta Parasitologica, 67(1),437-445. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11686-021-00483-4
• Shamsi, S., Steller, E., &Chen, Y. (2018). New and known zoonotic nematode larvae with in selected fish species from Queensland waters in Australia. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 272, 73-82. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.007
• Shamsi , S.,Poupa, A.,Justine, J.L. (2020). Some adult and larval nematodes from fishes off New Caledonia. Parasitology Research, 119, 2473-2484. https://doi.org/ff10.1007/s00436-020-06755-8ff. ffhal-02879295
• Shamsi, S.,&Barton, D.P. (2023). A critical review of anisakidosis cases occurring globally. Parasitology Research, 122, 1733-1745.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-07881-9
• Shanavas, K.R. (1999). Trypanosoma punctati Hasan and Qasım, 1962 from Channa punctatus Bloch in Kerala, India, with Observations on its Vector-Phase Development and Transmission. Archivfür Protistenkunde, 140, 201-208.
• Şahin, A. G., & Sağlam, N. (2016). Investigation of nematodes in chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus Linnaeus, 1758) and sardines (Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847) caught in Çanakkale Region. Yunus Research Bulletin, 1, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.17693/yunus.58953
• Şahin Taner, G. & Yavuzcan Yıldız, H. (2018) Türkiye’ye ithal edilen iki tatlısu akvaryum balığı türünde saptanan digenetik Centrocestus Sp. metaserkeri (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): hastalık profili ve risk. Aquatic Science and Engineering, 33(3), 106-109.https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE201816
• Tareen I.U. (1981). Türkiye sularında insan paraziti Heterophyes heterophyes (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)’in muhtemel vektörü Mugil cephalus. Türk Parazitoloji Dergisi, 1(18).
• Thompson, R.C.A, &Conlan, J.V. (2011). Emerging issues and parasite zoonoses in the SE Asian and Australasian region. Veterinary Parasitology, 181(1), 69-73. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.025
• Torcu Koç, H. & Erdoğan, Z. (2021). Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) case in the small spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula Linneaus, 1758) caught from the sea of Marmara (Turkey). Balikesir Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 23(1), 65-71.
• Torgerson, P.R, &Macpherson, C.N.L. (2011). The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: global trends. Veterinary Parasitology, 182(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.017
• Tsukamoto, Y., Iriko, H., Matsuo, M., Shimono, Y., Miyazaki, J., Tanaka, H., Komatsu, T., Azuma, S., Oota, H., Yamashita, Y.,Ohkouchi, M., Hashikura, Y., &Hirota, S.(2019). Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis infection identified by pathological and genetic analyses -a case report and a recent literature review of human diphyllobothriasis. Human Pathology: Case Reports, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpcr.2019.200298
• Urdeş, A.L., &Hangan, M. (2013). The Epidemiology of Ligula intestinalis (Phylum Platyhelminthes) within the Cyprinid Populations Inhabiting the Danubian Delta. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 46 (1), 273-276.
• Utuk, A.E., Pişkin, F.Ç.&Balkaya, İ. (2012). Molecular Detection of Anisakis pegreffii in Horse Mackerels (Trachurus trachurus) Sold for Human Consumption in Erzurum Province of Turkey. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi,18(2), 303-307.
• Waeschenbach, A., Brabec, J., Scholz, T., Littlewood, D.T.J., &Kuchta, R. (2017). The catholic taste of broadt apeworms – multiple routes to human infection. International Journal for Parasitology, 47(13), 831-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.06.004
• WHO. (2014). Zoonotic disease: emerging public health threats in the region. https://www.emro.who.int/fr/about who/ rc61/zoonoticdiseases
• Williams, M., Hernandez-Jover, M., Shamsi, S. (2022). Parasites of zoonotic interest in selected edible freshwater fish imported to Australia. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 26, e00138.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00138
• Woolhouse, M., &Gaunt, E. (2007). Ecological Origins of Novel Human Pathogens. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 33(4), 231-242. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10408410701647560
• Yang, R., Reid, A., Lymbery, A., &Ryan, U. (2010). Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in fish. International Journal for Parasitology, 40(7), 779-785. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.12.001
• Yardımcı, R.E., Ürkü, Ç., &Yardımcı, C.H. (2018). Parasite Fauna of Fish in Büyükçekmece Dam Lake. Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(2), 158-167.
• Yıldız, H.Y. (2005). Infection with metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in ornamental fish imported intoTurkey. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 25(5), 244-246.
• Zhang, M,,Yang, Z., Wang, S., Tao, L.F., Xu, L.X., Yan, R.F., Song, X.K., &Li, X.R. (2014). Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in shellfish and fish in parts of China. Veterinary Parasitology, 200(1-2), 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.022
• Zhang, E., Kim, M., Rueda, L., Rochman, C., VanWormer, E., Moore, J., &Shapiro, K. (2022). Association of zoonotic protozoan parasites with microplastics in seawater and implications for human and wildlife health. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 6532. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10485-5
• Ziarati, M., Zorriehzahra, M. J., Hassantabar, F., Mehrabi, Z., Dhawan, M.,Sharun, K.,Bin Emran, T., Dhama, K., Chaicumpa, Wanpen. & ShokoofehShamsi. (2022). Zoonotic diseases of fish and their prevention and control. Veterinary Quarterly, 42(1), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2022.2080298