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Investigation of the Usability as raw metarials an Fish Feed and Cultivation Ability of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Seed in Our Country

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 108 - 116, 01.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.22392/egirdir.443566

Abstract

Niger
(Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) oil seed
has been cultivated since about 5000 years. It is  heavily cultivated  in South Ethiopia, India, Sudan, Uganda,
Zaire, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe and West Indies, Nepal and Bangladesh. Recently,
It’s cultivate is have been began in America . It is used in soaps, paints,
lubricants, lighting fuels, fertilizers and cosmetics in very small quantities.
The niger oil meal is the main protein supplement for livestock in Ethiopia. It
is used especially in sheep and goat rations for growth, in cattle rations for
milk. Niger meal contains approximately protein (34%) ,cellulose (20%) and ash
(10%). In terms of chemical composition, niger meal, similar to sunflower
meals,. The percentage of cellulose in niger dehulled meal decreases by 2%, the
fat and protein ratios increase. Niger seed is a very rich seed with linoleic
acid content and essential amino acids. In recent years, studies have been
carried out on digestibility and replacing fish meal of niger meal in tilapia
feeds. It has the potential to be cheaper oil source and raw feed material
for  suitable countries for cultivate. It
was carried out  in our review
introduction of the plant, the comparison of the nutritional values of niger
meal with some other fish feed raw metarial, and also a preliminary study for
niger culture in our country

References

  • Anonim2018a.https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Ethiopia%E2%80%99s%20Oilseed%20Sector%20Set%20to%20Expand%20%20%20_Addis%20Ababa_Ethiopia_6-14-2018.pdf Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2018
  • Anonim 2018b.http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Guizotia_abyssinica_(PROTA). Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2018
  • Anonim 2018c. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/12373. Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2018
  • Alceste, C., & Jory, D. E. (2000). Tilapia alternative protein sources in tilapia feed formulation. Aquaculture Magazıne-Arkansas, 26(4), 70-75.
  • NRC.(1993). National Research Council -Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy of Science of Washington, Washington, USA.
  • Almaz, A., Tamir, B., & Melaku, S. (2012). Feed intake, digestibility and live weight change of lambs fed finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw supplemented with atella, noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake and their mixtures. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 45(3), 105-111.
  • Bhagya, S., & Sastry, M. S. (2003). Chemical, functional and nutritional properties of wet dehulled niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) seed flour. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 36(7), 703-708.
  • Bhavsar, G. J., Syed, H. M., & Andhale, R. R. (2017). Characterization and quality assessment of mechanically and solvent extracted Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) Seed oil. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(2), 17-21.
  • Bulcha, W., 2007. Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Record from PROTA4U. van der Vossen, H.A.M., & Mkamilo, G.S. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
  • Burnette, R. (2010). The recent ıntroduction of niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica) production in northern thailand. echo asia notes, a regional supplement to echo development notes. retrived on december, 6, 13.
  • Ciabotti, S., Silva, A. C. B. B., Juhasz, A. C. P., Mendonça, C. D., Tavano, O. L., Mandarino, J. M. G., & Gonçalves, C. A. A. (2016). Chemical composition, protein profile, and isoflavones content in soybean genotypes with different seed coat colors. International Food Research Journal, 23(2). 621-629.
  • Dawud, I. Y., Bolu, S. A. O., Abu, O. A., & Aklilu, H. A. (2014). Effects of noug seed cake (guızotıa abyssınıca) on the performance of growing white bovan cockerels in ethiopian highland. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 13(1), 25-33.
  • Deme, T., Haki, G. D., Retta, N., Woldegiorgis, A., & Geleta, M. (2017). Mineral and Anti-Nutritional Contents of Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica (Lf) Cass., Linseed (Linumusitatissimum L.) and Sesame (Sesamumindicum L.) Varieties Grown in Ethiopia. Foods, 6(4), 27.
  • Dessie, T., & Ogle, B. (1997). Effect of maize (Zea mays) and noug (Guizotia abyssinica) cake supplementation on egg production performance of local birds under scavenging conditions in the central highlands of Ethiopia. In Proceedings of INFPD Workshop, M'Bour, Senegal, ( 9 ) 13.155-168.
  • Erdoğan, F. (2008). Alabalık yemlerinde alternatif protein kaynakları kullanımı ve kültür balıkçılığının geleceği açısından önemi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 74-85.
  • Evon, P., Vandenbossche, V., Pontalier, P. Y., & Rigal, L. (2012). Direct extraction of oil from sunflower seeds by twin-screw extruder according to an aqueous extraction process: Feasibility study and influence of operating conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, Elsevier, 2, 351-359
  • Fatima, A., Villani, T. S., Komar, S., Simon, J. E., & Juliani, H. R. (2015). Quality and chemistry of niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica) grown in the United States. Industrial Crops and Products, 75, 40-42.
  • Geremew, A., Getahun, A., & Rana, K. (2015). Digestibility of soybean cake, niger seed cake and linseed cake in juvenile nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 6(5), 1-5.
  • Getinet, A., & Sharma, S. M. (1996). Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.) promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 5. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,
  • Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.59p
  • Getinet, A., & A. Teklewold. (1995). An agronomic and seed-quality evaluation of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) germplasm grown in Ethiopia. Plant Breeding 114,375-376.
  • Hendricks, K. J., & Bailey, G. S., (1989). Adventitues toxin in fish nutrition (Second Editione). Academic Press Inc. New York. USA
  • Ingale, S., & Shrivastava, S. K. (2011). Amino acid profile of some new varieties of oil seeds. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol, 3(2), 111-115.
  • Jain, R., & Singla, N. (2016). Formulation and nutritional evaluation of food products supplemented with niger seeds. Nutrition & Food Science, 46(4), 604-614.
  • Lin, E. (2005). Production and processing of small seeds for birds. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 47p.
  • Little, D. A., Anderson, F. M., & Durkin, J. W. (1987). A note on the effect of supplementation with noug cake (Guizotia abyssinica) on the milk production of crossbred cows. In Utilization of Agricultural By-products as Livestock Feeds in Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ryall's Hotel, Blantyre, Malawi, 136-141.
  • Marini, F., Magrì, A. L., Marini, D., & Balestrieri, F. (2003). Characterization of the lipid fraction of Niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) from different regions of Ethiopia and India and chemometric authentication of their geographical origin. European Journal Of Lipid Science and Technology, 105(11), 697-704.
  • Nadeem, M., Anjum, F. M., Arshad, M. U., & Hussain, S. (2010). Chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of different sunflower hybrids and their utilization in bread. African Journal of Food Science, 4(10), 618-626.
  • Nagaraj, G. (1990). Fatty acid and amino acid composition of niger varieties. Journal of the Oil Technologists' Association of India, 22(4), 88-89.
  • Nasirullah, D., Mallika, T., Rajalakshmi, S., Pashupathi, K. S., Ankaiah, K. N., Vibhakar, S.,Krishnamurthy, M. N., Nagaraja, K. V., & Kapur O.P. (1982). Studies on niger (Guizotia abyssinica) seed oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 19(4), 147-149.
  • Nega, A., & Melaku, S. (2009). Feed intake, digestibility and body weight change in Farta sheep fed hay supplemented with rice bran and/or noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) meal. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(4), 507-515.
  • NRC,. (1977). Nutrient Requirements of warmwater fishes. 87 p. ISBN 978-0-309-02616-1 | DOI 10.17226/20664.
  • NRC., (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish Subcommittee on Fish Nutrition, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-59629-7, 124 p.
  • NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 408 p ISBN 978-0-309-38815-3 | DOI 10.17226/9825
  • Quinn, J., & Myers, R. L. (2002). Nigerseed: Specialty grain opportunity for Midwestern US. Trends in New Crops and New Uses, 174-182.
  • Rosa, P. M., Antoniassi, R., Freitas, S. C., Bizzo, H. R., Zanotto, D. L., Oliveira, M. F., & Castiglioni, V. B. R. (2009). Chemical composition of brazilian sunflower varieties/composicıón químıca de las variedades de girasol brasıleñas/composıtıon chımıque de sortes de tournesol brésılıennes. Helia, 32(50), 145-156.
  • Salunkhe, D. K., Chavan, J. K., Adsule, R. N., & Kadam, S. S. (1992). Sunflower. World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization, 97-139.
  • Seegeler, C. J. P. (1983). Oil plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance, 16, 368p.
  • Shahidi, F., Desilva, C., & Amarowicz, R. (2003). Antioxidant activity of extracts of defatted seeds of niger (Guizotia abyssinica). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 80(5), 443-450.
  • Sharma, S. M. (1990). Nigerseed in India: present status of cultivation, research achievements and strategies. In Oil crops: proceedings of the three meetings held at Pantnagar and Hyderabad, India, 4-17 Jan. 1989: 1. The Brassica Subnetwork-II; 2. The Other Oil Crops Subnetwork-I; 3. The Oil Crops Network Steering Committee-I. IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA.
  • Singh, T. N., Srivastava, J. P., Verma, A. K., & Gupta, B. S. (1983). Utilization of niger-cake (Guizotia abyssinica) as a nitrogen supplement in growing calf rations. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India).53(8):887-889.
  • Tadesse, A. (2017). Aquaponics productivity response for Niger seed cake (Guizotia abyssinica) inclusion and increased level of mineral supplementation in fish diet (Doctoral dissertation, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia).
  • Yiğit, N. Ö., Dulluç, A., Koca, S. B., & Didinen, B. I. (2013). Aynalı sazan (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758) yemlerinde soya küspesi yerine kanola küspesi kullanımının büyüme ve vücut kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 19, 140-147.
  • Wan, P. J., Baker, G. W., Clark, S. P., & Matlock, S. W. (1979). Characteristics of sunflower seed and meal. Cereal Chemistry.

Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Tohumunun Balık Yemi Hammaddesi Olarak Kullanılabilirliği ve Ülkemizde Yetiştirilebilirliğinin Araştırılması

Year 2019, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 108 - 116, 01.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.22392/egirdir.443566

Abstract

 Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) yağlı
tohumunun yaklaşık 5000 yıldan beri kültürü yapılmakta, Güney Etiyopya, Hindistan,
Sudan, Uganda,
Zaire, Tanzanya, Malavi,
Zimbab
ve
, Batı Hint Adaları, Nepal ve Bangladeş’te yoğun şekilde
yetiştirilmektedir. Son yıllarda Amerika’ da da üretime başlanmıştır.
Sabun , boya, yağlayıcı, aydınlatma yakıtı, gübre  ve çok az miktarda da kozmetikte
kullanılır. 
Etiyopya'da niger yağlı küspeleri hayvancılık için ana
protein takviyesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle
koyun ve keçi rasyonlarında büyüme veya besi amaçlı, sığır rasyonlarında süt
verimi için kullanılmaktadır.
Niger küspesi yaklaşık %34 protein,  %20 selüloz ve % 10 kül içermekte, kimyasal
kompozisyon bakımından ayçiçeği küspesine benzerlik göstermektedir. Nigerin
kabuksuz küspelerinin selüloz oranları %2 kadar düşürülmekte, yağ ve protein
oranları yükseltilebilmektedir.
Niger tohumu linoleic asit içeriği ve
esansiyel amino asitlerce oldukça zengin bir tohumdur. Son yıllarda niger
küspesinin tilapia yemlerinde sindirilebilirlik ve balık unu yerine kullanımıyla
ilgili çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Yetiştiriciliğine uygun ülkeler için daha ucuz
yağ kaynağı ve yem ham maddesi olabilme potansiyeline sahip bir bitkidir. Bu
amaçla derlememizde bitkinin tanıtılması, niger küspesinin diğer bazı balık
yemi hammaddeleri ile besinsel değerlerinin karşılaştırılması ve aynı zamanda ülkemizde
yetiştirilebilirliği ile ilgili bir ön çalışma yapılmıştır.

References

  • Anonim2018a.https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Ethiopia%E2%80%99s%20Oilseed%20Sector%20Set%20to%20Expand%20%20%20_Addis%20Ababa_Ethiopia_6-14-2018.pdf Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2018
  • Anonim 2018b.http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Guizotia_abyssinica_(PROTA). Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2018
  • Anonim 2018c. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/12373. Erişim tarihi: 13.06.2018
  • Alceste, C., & Jory, D. E. (2000). Tilapia alternative protein sources in tilapia feed formulation. Aquaculture Magazıne-Arkansas, 26(4), 70-75.
  • NRC.(1993). National Research Council -Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy of Science of Washington, Washington, USA.
  • Almaz, A., Tamir, B., & Melaku, S. (2012). Feed intake, digestibility and live weight change of lambs fed finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw supplemented with atella, noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake and their mixtures. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica, 45(3), 105-111.
  • Bhagya, S., & Sastry, M. S. (2003). Chemical, functional and nutritional properties of wet dehulled niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) seed flour. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 36(7), 703-708.
  • Bhavsar, G. J., Syed, H. M., & Andhale, R. R. (2017). Characterization and quality assessment of mechanically and solvent extracted Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) Seed oil. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(2), 17-21.
  • Bulcha, W., 2007. Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Record from PROTA4U. van der Vossen, H.A.M., & Mkamilo, G.S. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
  • Burnette, R. (2010). The recent ıntroduction of niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica) production in northern thailand. echo asia notes, a regional supplement to echo development notes. retrived on december, 6, 13.
  • Ciabotti, S., Silva, A. C. B. B., Juhasz, A. C. P., Mendonça, C. D., Tavano, O. L., Mandarino, J. M. G., & Gonçalves, C. A. A. (2016). Chemical composition, protein profile, and isoflavones content in soybean genotypes with different seed coat colors. International Food Research Journal, 23(2). 621-629.
  • Dawud, I. Y., Bolu, S. A. O., Abu, O. A., & Aklilu, H. A. (2014). Effects of noug seed cake (guızotıa abyssınıca) on the performance of growing white bovan cockerels in ethiopian highland. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 13(1), 25-33.
  • Deme, T., Haki, G. D., Retta, N., Woldegiorgis, A., & Geleta, M. (2017). Mineral and Anti-Nutritional Contents of Niger Seed (Guizotia abyssinica (Lf) Cass., Linseed (Linumusitatissimum L.) and Sesame (Sesamumindicum L.) Varieties Grown in Ethiopia. Foods, 6(4), 27.
  • Dessie, T., & Ogle, B. (1997). Effect of maize (Zea mays) and noug (Guizotia abyssinica) cake supplementation on egg production performance of local birds under scavenging conditions in the central highlands of Ethiopia. In Proceedings of INFPD Workshop, M'Bour, Senegal, ( 9 ) 13.155-168.
  • Erdoğan, F. (2008). Alabalık yemlerinde alternatif protein kaynakları kullanımı ve kültür balıkçılığının geleceği açısından önemi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 74-85.
  • Evon, P., Vandenbossche, V., Pontalier, P. Y., & Rigal, L. (2012). Direct extraction of oil from sunflower seeds by twin-screw extruder according to an aqueous extraction process: Feasibility study and influence of operating conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, Elsevier, 2, 351-359
  • Fatima, A., Villani, T. S., Komar, S., Simon, J. E., & Juliani, H. R. (2015). Quality and chemistry of niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica) grown in the United States. Industrial Crops and Products, 75, 40-42.
  • Geremew, A., Getahun, A., & Rana, K. (2015). Digestibility of soybean cake, niger seed cake and linseed cake in juvenile nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 6(5), 1-5.
  • Getinet, A., & Sharma, S. M. (1996). Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.) promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 5. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,
  • Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.59p
  • Getinet, A., & A. Teklewold. (1995). An agronomic and seed-quality evaluation of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) germplasm grown in Ethiopia. Plant Breeding 114,375-376.
  • Hendricks, K. J., & Bailey, G. S., (1989). Adventitues toxin in fish nutrition (Second Editione). Academic Press Inc. New York. USA
  • Ingale, S., & Shrivastava, S. K. (2011). Amino acid profile of some new varieties of oil seeds. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol, 3(2), 111-115.
  • Jain, R., & Singla, N. (2016). Formulation and nutritional evaluation of food products supplemented with niger seeds. Nutrition & Food Science, 46(4), 604-614.
  • Lin, E. (2005). Production and processing of small seeds for birds. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 47p.
  • Little, D. A., Anderson, F. M., & Durkin, J. W. (1987). A note on the effect of supplementation with noug cake (Guizotia abyssinica) on the milk production of crossbred cows. In Utilization of Agricultural By-products as Livestock Feeds in Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ryall's Hotel, Blantyre, Malawi, 136-141.
  • Marini, F., Magrì, A. L., Marini, D., & Balestrieri, F. (2003). Characterization of the lipid fraction of Niger seeds (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) from different regions of Ethiopia and India and chemometric authentication of their geographical origin. European Journal Of Lipid Science and Technology, 105(11), 697-704.
  • Nadeem, M., Anjum, F. M., Arshad, M. U., & Hussain, S. (2010). Chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of different sunflower hybrids and their utilization in bread. African Journal of Food Science, 4(10), 618-626.
  • Nagaraj, G. (1990). Fatty acid and amino acid composition of niger varieties. Journal of the Oil Technologists' Association of India, 22(4), 88-89.
  • Nasirullah, D., Mallika, T., Rajalakshmi, S., Pashupathi, K. S., Ankaiah, K. N., Vibhakar, S.,Krishnamurthy, M. N., Nagaraja, K. V., & Kapur O.P. (1982). Studies on niger (Guizotia abyssinica) seed oil. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 19(4), 147-149.
  • Nega, A., & Melaku, S. (2009). Feed intake, digestibility and body weight change in Farta sheep fed hay supplemented with rice bran and/or noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) meal. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(4), 507-515.
  • NRC,. (1977). Nutrient Requirements of warmwater fishes. 87 p. ISBN 978-0-309-02616-1 | DOI 10.17226/20664.
  • NRC., (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish Subcommittee on Fish Nutrition, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-59629-7, 124 p.
  • NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 408 p ISBN 978-0-309-38815-3 | DOI 10.17226/9825
  • Quinn, J., & Myers, R. L. (2002). Nigerseed: Specialty grain opportunity for Midwestern US. Trends in New Crops and New Uses, 174-182.
  • Rosa, P. M., Antoniassi, R., Freitas, S. C., Bizzo, H. R., Zanotto, D. L., Oliveira, M. F., & Castiglioni, V. B. R. (2009). Chemical composition of brazilian sunflower varieties/composicıón químıca de las variedades de girasol brasıleñas/composıtıon chımıque de sortes de tournesol brésılıennes. Helia, 32(50), 145-156.
  • Salunkhe, D. K., Chavan, J. K., Adsule, R. N., & Kadam, S. S. (1992). Sunflower. World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization, 97-139.
  • Seegeler, C. J. P. (1983). Oil plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance, 16, 368p.
  • Shahidi, F., Desilva, C., & Amarowicz, R. (2003). Antioxidant activity of extracts of defatted seeds of niger (Guizotia abyssinica). Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 80(5), 443-450.
  • Sharma, S. M. (1990). Nigerseed in India: present status of cultivation, research achievements and strategies. In Oil crops: proceedings of the three meetings held at Pantnagar and Hyderabad, India, 4-17 Jan. 1989: 1. The Brassica Subnetwork-II; 2. The Other Oil Crops Subnetwork-I; 3. The Oil Crops Network Steering Committee-I. IDRC, Ottawa, ON, CA.
  • Singh, T. N., Srivastava, J. P., Verma, A. K., & Gupta, B. S. (1983). Utilization of niger-cake (Guizotia abyssinica) as a nitrogen supplement in growing calf rations. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (India).53(8):887-889.
  • Tadesse, A. (2017). Aquaponics productivity response for Niger seed cake (Guizotia abyssinica) inclusion and increased level of mineral supplementation in fish diet (Doctoral dissertation, Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia).
  • Yiğit, N. Ö., Dulluç, A., Koca, S. B., & Didinen, B. I. (2013). Aynalı sazan (Cyprinus carpio, L. 1758) yemlerinde soya küspesi yerine kanola küspesi kullanımının büyüme ve vücut kompozisyonu üzerine etkisi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 19, 140-147.
  • Wan, P. J., Baker, G. W., Clark, S. P., & Matlock, S. W. (1979). Characteristics of sunflower seed and meal. Cereal Chemistry.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Seval Bahadır Koca

Mehmet Pazar This is me

Bekir Atar

Nalan Özgür Yiğit

Publication Date March 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bahadır Koca, S., Pazar, M., Atar, B., Yiğit, N. Ö. (2019). Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) Tohumunun Balık Yemi Hammaddesi Olarak Kullanılabilirliği ve Ülkemizde Yetiştirilebilirliğinin Araştırılması. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 15(1), 108-116. https://doi.org/10.22392/egirdir.443566