Parasite Zoonoses Associated with Fish

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 151 - 167, 01.06.2024

Ahmet Erdem Dönmez

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1310942

Abstract

Zoonotic diseases are defined as diseases transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases are caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic agents and generally are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans. It is reported that more than half of the diseases seen in humans today are zoonotic infections. Therefore these diseases cause a large number of human lives to be lost and large economic losses. Among the zoonotic diseases, those originating from fish and shellfish are considered to be an important public health problem in both developed and developing countries around the world, as they put a large number of people at risk. The demand for seafood has started to increase due to the fact that red meat consumption is associated with potential disease conditions such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and the increase in the world population. As a result of these situations, the aquaculture sector has grown continuously in both production and consumption. However, especially in recent years, the steady increase in global consumption of fishery products, including foods containing raw or undercooked fish, causes an increase in the risks of parasitic zoonotic diseases originating from fisheries among these zoonoses. To date, many species of parasites have been reported in humans, including aquaculture associated with protozoon, trematoda, nematode and cestode. Due to global climate change, the species diversity is expected to increase even more. It has also been determined that among these parasites, Giardia, Toxoplasma, Clinostomum and Anisakis have a global distribution. Since the importance of parasitic diseases in terms of public health is underestimated compared to other disease agents, the knowledge about biology of the parasitic zoonoses agents originating from fisheries, their transmission routes, the diseases they cause and how they can be controlled is insufficient. This review aims to provide a general overview of parasitic fish zoonoses.

Keywords

Fish, infection, parasite, zoonosis, infestation

Paraziter Balık Zoonozları

Abstract

Zoonoz hastalıklar hayvanlardan insanlara geçen hastalıklar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu hastalıklar bakteriyel, viral, fungal ve paraziter etkenlerden kaynaklanmakta ve genellikle omurgalı hayvanlardan insanlara geçmektedir. Günümüzde insanlarda görülen hastalıkların yarısından fazlasının zoonotik enfeksiyon ve enfestasyonlar olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu nedenle de çok fazla can kaybına ve ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadırlar. Zoonoz hastalıklar arasında balık ve kabuklu deniz ürünlerinden kaynaklananlar, dünya genelinde hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan birçok ülkede ve çok fazla sayıda insanı risk altına sokması nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kırmızı et tüketiminin kanser ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar gibi potansiyel hastalık durumları ile ilişkilendirilmesi nedeniyle ve dünya nüfusundaki artışla birlikte su ürünlerine olan talep de artmaya başlamıştır. Bu durumun sonucu olarak da su ürünleri sektörü hem üretim hem de tüketimde devamlı olarak büyüme göstermiştir. Fakat özellikle son yıllarda çiğ veya az pişmiş balık içeren gıdalar da dahil olmak üzere küresel su ürünleri tüketiminin düzenli bir şekilde artması bu zoonozlar arasında su ürünleri kaynaklı paraziter zoonoz hastalık risklerinin de artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bugüne kadar insanlarda su ürünleri ile ilişkili protozoon, trematoda, nematoda ve cestoda’lar dahil olmak üzere çok fazla parazit türü bildirilmiştir. Küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak bu tür çeşitliliğinin sayısının daha da artması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca bu parazitler arasında Giardia, Toxoplasma, Clinostomum ve Anisakis gibi olanlarının küresel bir dağılıma sahip olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Paraziter hastalıkların halk sağlığı açısından önemi, diğer hastalık etkenlerine kıyasla daha hafife alındığından, su ürünleri kaynaklı paraziter zoonoz etkeninin biyolojleri, bulaşma yolları, yol açtıkları hastalıklar ve kontrolleri konusunda önemli eksiklikler bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme, paraziter balık zoonozlarına dair genel bir değerlendirme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Balık, enfeksiyon, parazit, zoonoz, enfestasyon

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