Fungus Infections in Fish

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 256 - 266, 01.09.2024

Volkan Kaydu , Banu Yardımcı

https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.1363489

Abstract

Many factors such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi can cause infections in fish. Fungal infections are often overlooked because they are secondary to other infections. However, these infections can cause serious economic losses as they cause problems such as mortality, growth retardation, deformed appearance due to lesions on the skin, and negatively affect hatching rates, especially in farmed fish. In addition, it can cause infections in aquarium fish and the same findings can be seen in them. This article reviews the classification, aetiology, epidemiology, clinical and pathological findings, possible diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fungal infections in fish.

Keywords

Oomycetes, chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes

Balıklarda Görülen Mantar Enfeksiyonları

Abstract

Bakteri, virüs, parazit ve mantar gibi birçok etken balıklarda enfeksiyonlara neden olabilmektedir. Mantar enfeksiyonları, genellikle diğer enfeksiyonları takiben sekonder olarak ortaya çıktığı için gözden kaçabilmektedir. Ancak bu enfeksiyonlar özellikle yetiştiriciliği yapılan balıklarda ölüm, gelişme geriliği, deride meydana gelen lezyonlara bağlı dış görünümde deformasyonlar gibi sorunlara yol açması ve yumurtadan çıkış oranlarını da olumsuz yönde etkilemesinden dolayı ciddi ekonomik kayıplara neden olabilmektedir. Bunların yanı sıra akvaryum balıklarında da enfeksiyonlara neden olabilmekte ve aynı bulgulara onlarda da karşılaşılabilmektedir. Bu makalede balıklarda görülen mantar enfeksiyonları sınıflandırılmış, etiyoloji, epidemiyoloji, klinik ve patolojik bulguları ile olası tanı, tedavi ve koruma yöntemleri derlenmiştir.

Keywords

Oomycetes, chytridiomycetes, zygomycetes

References

• Ainsworth, G. C. (2002). Introduction to the history of medical and veterinary mycology. Cambridge University Press.
• Arshad, P. E., & Arockiaraj, J. (2020). Pathogenicity and pathobiology of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) causing fungus Aphanomyces invadans and its immunological response in fish. Reviews In Fisheries Science, 28(3), 358-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1753167
• Barde, R. D., Deshpande, M., Nagthane, N., Darak, O., & Baig, M. M. V. (2020). A review of Saprolegnia infection in freshwater fishes and control of the saprolegniosis. Sustainable Humanosphere, 16(1), 702-711. ISSN: 1880-6503
• Bruno, D. W. (2001). Dermocystidium sp. in Scottish Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: evidence for impact on fish in marine fish farms. Bulletin-European Associatıon Of Fish Pathologists, 21(5), 209-213.
• Bruno, D., VanWest, P., & Beakes, G. (2011). Saprolegnia and other oomycetes. Fish Diseases and Disorders: Volume 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections, 2nd Edition. CABI.
• Callinan, R. B., Fraser, G. C., & Virgona, J. L. (1989). Pathology of red spot disease in sea mullet, Mugil cephalus L., from eastern Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases, 12(5), 467-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00558.x
• Carmichael, J. W. (1967). Cerebral mycetoma of trout due to a Phialophora-like fungus. Sabouraudia: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology, 5(2), 120-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/00362176785190211
• Chauhan, R., Lone, S., & Tabbsum, H. G. (2013). Mycotic studies of some freshwater fishes with emphasis on Achlya spp. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 3(4), 165-169. ISSN: 2277-7729
• Chukanhom, K., & Hatai, K. (2004). Freshwater fungi isolated from eggs of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Thailand. Mycoscience, 45, 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-003-0153-9
• Doty, M. S., & Slater, D. W. (1946). A new species of Heterosporium pathogenic on young chinook salmon. The American Midland Naturalist, 36(3), 663-665. https://doi.org/10.2307/2421459
• Egusa, S., & Masuda, N. (1971). A new fungal of Plecoglossus altivelis. Fish Pathology, 6(1), 41-46. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.6.41
• Eli, A., Briyai, O. F., & Abowei, J. F. N. (2011). A review of some fungi infection in African fish saprolegniasis, dermal mycoses; branchiomyces infections, systemic mycoses and dermocystidium. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(5), 198-205. ISSN: 2040-8773
• Ellis, A. E., Waddell, I. F., & Minter, D. W. (1983). A systemic fungal disease in Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L., caused by a species of Phialophora. Journal of Fish Diseases, 6(6), 511-523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1983.tb00105.x
• Fijan, N. (1969). Systemic mycosis in channel catfish. Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association, 5(2), 109-110. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-5.2.109
• Franco‐Sierra, A., Sitj́a‐Bobadilla, A., & Alvarez‐Pellitero, P. (1997). Ichthyophonus infections in cultured marine fish from Spain. Journal of Fish Biology, 51(4), 830-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb02003.x
• Ganguly, S., Wakchaure, R., Praveen, P. K., & Para, P. A. (2016). Fungal infections in fishes: A brief review. Internaltional Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 7(9), 5245-5246.
• Goodwin, A. E. (2012). A. Etiological Agent.
• Gormez, O., & Diler, O. (2014). In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils from Tymbra, Origanum, Satureja species and some pure compounds on the fish pathogenic fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica. Aquaculture Research, 45(7), 1196-1201. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12060
• Hatai, K., Egusa, S., Takahashi, S., & Ooe, K. (1977). Study on the pathogenic fungus of mycotic granulomatosis—I Isolation and pathogenicity of the fungus from cultured-ayu infected with the disease. Fish Pathology, 12(2), 129-133. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.12.129
• Hofer, V. B. (1893). Eine salmoniden-erkrankung. Allgemeine Fischereizeitung, 18, 169-171.
• Howard, R. J., & Gow, N. A. (Eds.). (2007). Biology of the fungal cell (Vol. 8). Springer Science & Business Media.
• Iberahim, N. A., Trusch, F., & Van West, P. (2018). Aphanomyces invadans, the causal agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome, is a global threat to wild and farmed fish. Fungal Biology Reviews, 32(3), 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2018.05.002
• Khoo, L. (2000, April). Fungal diseases in fish. Seminars in Avian and exotic pet medicine, 9(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1053/AX.2000.4623
• Khulbe, R. D., Bisht, G. S., & Joshi, C. (1994). Epizootic infection due to Achlya debaryana in a catfish. Mycoses, 37(1‐2), 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1994.tb00288.x
• Kitancharoen, N., Hatai, K., Ogihara, R., & Aye, D. N. N. (1995). A new record of Achlya klebsiana from snakehead, Channa striatus, with fungal infection in Myanmar. Mycoscience, 36(2), 235-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02268563
• LaDouceur EEB, Leger JS, Mena A, Mackenzie A, Gregg J, Purcell M, Batts W, Hershberger P. (2020). Ichthyophonus sp. infection in opaleye (Girella nigricans). Veterinary Patholology, 57(2), 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985819900015
• Langdon, J. S. (1987). Cranial Exophiala pisciphila infection in Salmo salar in Australia. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 7, 35-37.
• Lilley, J. H., Callinan, R. B., Chinabut, S., Kanchanakhan, S., & MacRae, I. H. (1998). Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) technical handbook. The Aquatic Animal Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand.
• Lone, S. A., & Manohar, S. (2018). Saprolegnia parasitica, a lethal oomycete pathogen: demands to be controlled. Journal of Infecion and Molecular Biology, 6(2), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jimb/2018/6.2.36.44
• Martín-Torrijos, L., Hernández-Pérez, A., Monroy-López, J. F., & Diéguez-Uribeondo, J. (2023). Aphanomyces astaci in Mexico: A new haplotype from dwarf crayfish Cambarellus montezumae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 201, 108000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2023.108000
• McConnaughey, M.B., (2007) Physical and chemical properties of fungi. In Enna, S.J., Bylund, D.B., (Eds.), In XPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference (pp. 1–3). Elsevier Inc.
• McVicar, A.H., Wootten, R. (1980). Disease in farmed juvenile Atlantic Salmon caused by Dermocystidium sp. In Ahne, W. (eds) Fish Diseases. Proceedings in Life Sciences (pp 165-173). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67854-7_27
• Metın, S., Dıler, O., Dıdınen, B. I., Terzıoglu, S., & Gormez, O. (2015). In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Satureja cuneifolia ten essential oil on Saprolegnia parasitica strains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) eggs. Aquaculture Research, 46(6), 1396-1402. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12293
• Meyer, F. P., & Robinson, J. A. (1973). Branchiomycosis: a new fungal disease of North American fishes. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 35(2), 74-77. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1973)35[74:BNFDON]2.0.CO;2
• Micheli, P. A. (1729). Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita quibus plantae 1900 recensentur, scilicet fere 1400 nondum observatae, reliquae suis sedibus restitutae; quarum vero figuram exhibere visum fuit, eae ad 550 aeneis tabulis 108 graphice expressae sunt; adnotationibus, atque observationibus, praecipue fungorum, mucorum, affiniumque plantarum sationem, ortum,[€ t] incrementum spectantibus, interdum adiectis... Typis Bernardi Paperinii.
• Noga, E. J. (2010). Fish disease: diagnosis and treatment: John Wiley & Sons.
• Noga, E. J., & Dykstra, M. J. (1986). Oomycete fungi associated with ulcerative mycosis in menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe). Journal of Fish Diseases, 9(1), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1986.tb00978.x
• OIE, & OIE. (2009). Epizootic ulcerative syndrome. In: Office Internationale des Epizooties Paris.
• Oidtmann, B. (2012). Review of biological factors relevant to import risk assessments for epizootic ulcerative syndrome (Aphanomyces invadans). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 59(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01241.x
• Öge, H., & Öge, S. (2020). Mantar (mikotik) hastalıkları. In Yarsan, E. (Eds.), Balık hekimliği (pp. 295-306). Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Özcan, F., & Arserim, N. B. (2022). Fungal diseases in fish. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 5(1), 48-52. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.983345
• Öztürk, T., Özer, A., Taskaya, G., Öz, M., & Aral, O. (2010). Japon balığında (Carassius auratus) Ichthyophonus hoferi enfeksiyonu. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 4(4), 304. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2010033
• Patel, A. S., Patel, S. J., Bariya, A. R., Pata, B. A., & Ghodasara, S. N. (2018). Fungal diseases of fish: A review. Journal of Veterinary Science & Research, 3(3), 000164.
• Peyghan, R., Rahnama, R., Tulaby Dezfuly, Z., & Shokoohmand, M. (2019). Achlya infection in an Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) with typical symptoms of saprolegniosis. Veterinary Research Forum, 10(1), 89-92. https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2019.34315
• Plehn, M. & Mulsow, K. (1911). Der erreger der “taumelkrankheit” der salmoniden. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 59, 63– 68.
• Ramaiah, N. (2006). A review on fungal diseases of algae, marine fishes, shrimps and corals. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 35(4), 380-387.
• Roberts, R. J. (2012). Fish pathology. John Wiley & Sons.
• Ross, A. J., & Yasutake, W. T. (1973). Scolecobasidium humicola, a fungal pathogen of fish. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 30(7), 994-995. https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-161
• Ross, A. J., Yasutake, W. T., & Leek, S. (1975). Phoma herbarum, a fungal plant saprophyte, as a fish pathogen. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 32(9), 1648-1652. https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-193
• Sarıözkan, S. (2016). Türkiye’de balıkçılık sektörü ve ekonomisi. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 31(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.18864/TJAS201602
• Sarkar, P., Raju, V. S., Kuppusamy, G., Rahman, M. A., Elumalai, P., Harikrishnan, R., Arshad, A., & Arockiaraj, J. (2022). Pathogenic fungi affecting fishes through their virulence molecules. Aquaculture, 548(1), 737553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737553
• Schrimpf, A., Schmidt, T., & Schulz, R. (2014). Invasive Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) transmits crayfish plague pathogen (Aphanomyces astaci). Aquatic Invasions, 9(2), 203-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2014.9.2.09
• Siddique, M. A. B., Bashar, M. A., Hussain, M. A., & Kibria, A. S. M. (2009). Fungal disease of freshwater fishes in Natore district of Bangladesh. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 7(1), 157-162. https://doi.org/ 10.22004/ag.econ.208354
• Smith, S. A. (Ed.). (2019). Fish diseases and medicine. CRC Press.
• Spanggaard, B., Skouboe, P., Rossen, L., & Taylor, J. W. (1996). Phylogenetic relationships of the intercellular fish pathogen Ichthyophonus hoferi and fungi, choanoflagellates and the rosette agent. Marine Biology, 126, 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571382
• Steckert, L. D., Cardoso, L., Tancredo, K. R., Martins, M. L., & Jeronimo, G. T. (2019). Dermocystidium sp. in the gills of farmed Oreochromis niloticus in Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 91(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920180959
• Stueland, S., Hatai, K., & Skaar, I. (2005). Morphological and physiological characteristics of Saprolegnia spp. strains pathogenic to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases, 28(8), 445-453. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00635.x
• Van Den Berg, A. H., McLaggan, D., Diéguez-Uribeondo, J., & Van West, P. (2013). The impact of the water moulds Saprolegnia diclina and Saprolegnia parasitica on natural ecosystems and the aquaculture industry. Fungal Biology Reviews, 27(2), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2013.05.001
• Woo, P. T., Leatherland, J. F., & Bruno, D. W. (2006). Fish diseases and disorders (Vol. 3). CABI.
• Wood, J.W. (1968) Diseases of Pacific salmon, their prevention and treatment. Olympia, Washington: Department of Fisheries, Hatchery Division, State of Washington.
• Yanong, R. P. (2003). Fungal diseases of fish. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice, 6(2), 377-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1094-9194(03)00005-7
• Yardımcı, R., & Turgay, E. (2020). Diagnosis of Aeromonas sobria and Saprolegnia sp. co-infection in rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Research, 4(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21006
• Zhang, Q., & Wang, Z. (2005). Dermocystidium sp. infection in cultured juvenile southern catfish Silurus meridionalis in China. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 65(3), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao065245