Amerikan Yumuşak Gücü ve Üzerindeki Trump Etkisi

Year 2022, , 249 - 265, 31.12.2022

İbrahim Karataş , Ahmet Hüsrev Çelik

https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.915924

Abstract

Bu çalışma Amerika’nın yumuşak gücünün Donald Trump dönemi öncesi ve sonrasını analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, Amerikan yumuşak gücünün Trump’dan çok önceleri azalmaya başladığını iddia etmektedir. ABD kurumsal ve kültürel bazda halen çok cazibedar bir ülkeyken, dış politikasının yumuşak gücüne çok da bir katkısının olduğu söylenemez. Bunun yanı sıra Trump’ın tahmin edilemez ve çelişkili karakteriyle ‘Önce Amerika’ mottosu Amerika’nın prestijine büyük zarar vermiştir. Ayrıca 6 Ocak 2021’de Amerikan kongresine yapılan baskın önümüzdeki dönemin de yumuşak güç bağlamında sıkıntılı geçeceğinin işaretlerini vermektedir. Ancak bu çalışma her şeye rağmen Trump’ın Irak ve Afganistan’dan asker çekmek gibi verdiği bazı kararların doğru olduğunu ve Amerika’nın imajına pozitif katkı sunduğunu savunmaktadır. Çalışma Amerikan yumuşak gücünü incelerken genel olarak yumuşak gücü de analiz etmekte ve kendi argümanlarını da literatüre kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Makalenin yazımı için literatür taraması yapılmıştır.

Keywords

ABD, Yumuşak Güç, Donald Trump

The US Soft Power and the Trump Effect on It

Abstract

This study analyzes the US soft power before and after President Trump took power. It argues that the US soft power had been waning before the Trump administration due to its foreign policy. While the US is still attractive in many cultural and institutional aspects, its foreign policy no longer contributes much to its soft power. In addition, there was a Trump effect on US soft power as such that his unpredictable and contradictory character and ‘America First’ policy damaged the US image. Besides, the raid into US congress hints that post-Trump period might also be problematic in terms of soft power. Yet, this study asserts that he also gave some correct decisions such as withdrawing troops from battlefields. While analyzing the US soft power, this study also questions the conceptualization of soft power and smart power and introduces new arguments. This study aims to propose new ideas about the US soft power and partly the concept of soft power via reviewing the literature.

Keywords

USA, Soft Power, Donald Trump

References

• Atlantik-Brücke (2018). Nye: “Nastiness Can Be More Effective Than Soft Power”: https://www.atlantik-bruecke.org/en/interview-nye-2/, [11.02.2021].
• Attias, S. (2019). Is America Still “First”? Besa Center: https://besacenter.org/soft-power-and-global-standing/america-still-first/, [10.01.2021].
• Blackwill, R.D. (2019). Trump’s Foreign Policies Are Better Than They Seem. CFR. Washington.
• Codevilla, A. (2014). While The Storm Clouds Gather. Claremont Review of Books, 14(4).
• Datta, M. (2009). The Decline Of America’s Soft Power in The United Nations. International Studies Perspectives, 10(3), 265-284. DOI: 10.1111/J.1528-3585.2009.00376.X
• Fan, Y. (2008). Soft Power: Power of Attraction or Confusion? Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 4(2), 147-158.
• Fedirka, A. (2017). Hard Power Is Still King. Geopolitical Futures: https://geopoliticalfutures.com/hard-power-still-king/, [12.02.2021].
• Fletcher, T. (2019). Soft Power Is About Attraction Rather Than Coercion. The National: https://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/soft-power-is-about-attraction-rather-than-coercion-1.929442, [12.12.2021].
• Frazee, G. (2018). Is Trump Undermining America’s Most Persuasive Form Of Global Power? PBS: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/is-trump-undermining-americas-most-persuasive-form-of-global-power [05.01.2021].
• Guida, A. (2018). The Soft-Power Benefits Of Educating The World’s Leaders (Policy Note 16). HEPI. Oxford.
• Haiming, C. (2019). America First' Erodes US' Soft Power. China Daily: http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201908/10/ws5d4e36b2a310cf3e35564f77.html, [17.11.2020]
• Hearn, E. (2019). Leadership Credibility And Support For US Foreign Policy: Experimental Evidence From Japan. Research&Politics, 6(3). doi:10.1177/2053168019858047.
• Hirsh, M. (2019). America’s Road To Reputational Ruin. Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/17/americas-road-to-reputational-ruin-donald-trump-moon-landing-anniversary-soft-power/, [24.02.2021].
• Koh, H.H. (2019). Trump Change: Unilateralism And The “Disruption Myth” in International Trade. The Yale Journal Of Internatıonal Law Online, 44(96), 96-103.
• Li, A. (2017). China Facing The Trump Presidency: Opportunities For Global Power Projection? China Perspectives [Online], 2017(2), 69-73. doi : 10.4000/Chinaperspectives.7357
• Mcclory, J. (2019). The Soft Power 30. USC Center on Public Diplomacy. Portland.
• Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. 3-27. Palgrave Macmillan. New York.
• Michel, L. (2017). US “Soft Power” And The Trump Administration. ATLCOM: https://www.atlcom.nl/ap_archive/pdf/ap%202017%20nr.%204/michel.pdf, [12.03.2021].
• Nye, J. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, 80, 153-171.
• Nye, J. (2002). The Information Revolution and American Soft Power. AsiaPacific Review, 9 (l), 60-76.
• Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs. New York.
• Nye, J. (2011). Smart Power. Huffington Post: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-nye/smart-power_b_74725.html, [23.03.2021].
• Nye, J. (2018). Donald Trump And The Decline Of Us Soft Power. Dipublico: https://www.dipublico.org/108741/donald-trump-and-the-decline-of-us-soft-power/, [12.01.2021]
• Nye, J. (2019). American Soft Power In The Age Of Trump. Project-Syndicate: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/american-soft-power-decline-under-trump-by-joseph-s-nye-2019-05?barrier=accesspaylog, [05.02.2021]. O'Sullivan, M. (2017). How Trump Is Surrendering America's Soft Power. Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2017-06-02/how-trump-is-surrendering-america-s-soft-power, [18.12.2020].
• Pallaver, M. (2011). Power and its Forms: Hard, Soft, Smart. London School of Economics MPhil.
• Pew Research Center (20079. America’s Image In The World: Findings From The Pew Global Attitudes Project: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2007/03/14/americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/, [12.02.2021].
• Pew Research Center (2018). America’s International Image Continues To Suffer: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/10/01/americas-international-image-continues-to-suffer/, [15.02.2021].
• Riordan, S. (2005). Dialogue-based Public Diplomacy: a New Foreign Policy Paradigm? In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. (180-195). Palgrave Macmillan. New York.
• Rogin, J. (2019). The Trump Administration Prepares A New Assault On U.S. Soft Power. Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-trump-administration-prepares-a-new-assault-on-us-soft-power/2019/09/19/398c8a9e-db13-11e9-bfb1-849887369476_story.html, [06.03.2021].
• Rose, A. (2019). Agent Orange: Trump, Soft Power, And Exports (Working Paper 25439). National Bureau Of Economic Research. Cambridge.
• Rosenblum, T. (2019). The Demise Of American Soft Power. The Hill: https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/467708-the-demise-of-american-soft-power, [26.03.2021].
• Rugeje, E.A. & Maeresera, S. (2016). The United Nations Force Intervention Brigade: Wither the SADC/ICGLR Synchronized Peace Support Efforts in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Recurring Conflict? Journal of International Studies, (12), 65-79.
• Samei, M. F. (2016). Public Diplomacy and the Clash of Satellites. Media and Communication, 4(2): 55-68.
• Stiglitz, J. (2018). Trump And Globalization. J. Policy Model, 40, 7-14.
• Stokes, D. (2018). Trump, American Hegemony And The Future Of The Liberal International Order. International Affairs, 94(1), 133-150. DOI: 10.1093/İa/İix238.
• Thuy, H.N.T. (2012). The United States: Still a Global Hegemonic Power? Journal of International Studies, (8), 15-29.
• Thompson, J. (2018). Trump’s Middle East Policy (Report No. 233). Center For Security Studies. Zurich.
• US Census Bureau. (2019). Top Trading Partners: https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/toppartners.html#total,[12.02.2021].
• Vuving, A. L. (2009). How Soft Power Works. Soft Power and Smart Power. APCSS. Toronto.
• Yanru, C. (2012). Pros and Cons of Soft Power. China Daily: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2012-08/03/content_15642117.htm, [24.02.2021].