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EGEMEN GÜÇLERİN YÜKSELİŞ VE ÇÖKÜŞÜ ÜZERİNE İBN HALDUN’UN DÖNGÜ TEORİSİ: OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 231 - 266, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.453944

Abstract



İslam düşünce tarihinin öncü teorisyenlerinden biri olarak bilinen İbn Haldun iktisat, tarih, sosyoloji ve felsefeye dair düşünceleriyle bilim dünyasını derinden etkilemiştir. Onun düşünceleri ve bulgularından dolayı Stowasser onu sosyal bilimlerin babası olarak tanımlamıştır. Onun en etkileyici fikirlerinden biri egemen güçlerin (hanedanlıklar, imparatorluklar, uygarlıklar, devletler) yükseliş ve çöküşlerini açıklayan döngü teorisidir. Döngü teorisi egemen güçlerin yaşayan bir organizma olduğunu ve insanlar gibi doğduğunu, büyüdüğünü, olgunlaştığını ve öldüğünü varsayar. Ayrıca bu modeli açıklamak için İbn Haldun asabiyet ve ümran kavramlarını kullanır. Ümran ve asabiyet ulusların döngü teorisinin tutkalıdır ve bu kavramlara göre egemen güçler doğar, gelişir ve ölür.Egemen güçlerin doğuş ve çöküşüne ilişkinArnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler, Giambattista Vico ve Sima Qiangibi tarihçilerin de döngü teorileri vardır. Bu 4 teori İbn Haldun’un döngü teorisiyle karşılaştırılarak bezerlikler ve zıtlıklar irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca, İbn Haldun’undöngü teorisi ışığındaOsmanlı devletinin doğuşu ve yükselişi tartışılarak neden ve nasıl Anadolu’daki birçok güçlü beyliklerin aksine Osmanlıların hayatta kaldığı, basit bir beylik olarak devlet ve imparatorlukları fethettikleri ve yerine geçtikleri, imparatorluk olarak yükseldikleri ve çökmelerinin nedenleri analiz edilmektedir

References

  • Ágoston G. and Masters B. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York USA, Infobase Publishing
  • Akkaş, S.Ö.(2003). Giambattista Vico'nun ' Yeni Bilim' Adli Eserinin Felsefe Tarihindeki Yeri. Phd thesis. Ankara.
  • Alatas,S.,F.(2014). Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology.Routledge,New York.
  • Al Tarawneh, F.(2017). The Collapse of Western Civilization: A Comparative Study through the Theories of Challenge and Response to the Philosopher Arnold Toebney and the Theory of the Collapse of Western Civilization of the Philosopher Oswald Spengler Study. Asian Social Science; Vol. 13, No. 7; 2017. Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.
  • Avcı, A. (2008). İbni Haldun Ve G. Vico Karşilaştirmasinda Doğalci Ve Tinselci Tarih Felsefesi.Phd Thesis. Antalya.
  • Barkey, K. (2007) Islam and Toleration: Studying the Ottoman Imperial Model. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, The New Sociological Imagination II (Dec., 2005), pp. 5-19, Published by Springer
  • Borthwick, S.M.(2011). The Decline Of Civilization: W.B. Yeats’ and Oswald Spengler’s New Historiography of Civilization Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 64 : No. 64, Article 4.
  • Chang, S. H.-L. (1990) History and Legend: Ideas and Images in the Ming Historical Novels, USA, the University of Michigan press.Compofee en Anglous par une Societe de Gens de Lettres, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Trans: Şair Yalçın, Sarmal, Istanbul
  • Çetin, A. And Çağ. G.(2015) Ibn Haldun Umranında Osmanlı Devleti`nin Kuruluşu. Lotus, Istanbul.
  • Dunn,R.,E.(2012) The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century, University of California press,United States of America
  • Dudley, L. (2017) The Singularity of Western Innovation: The Language Nexus. Montreal/Canada,Palgrave Macmillan
  • Galtung , J. and Inayatullah. S.(1997). Macrohistory and Macrohistorians: Perspectives on Individual, Social, and Civilizational Change. Praeger Publishers. USA.
  • Gibbons, H. A(1998). “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluşu”, (trans. Ragıp Hulusi), 21. Yüzyıl Publisher. Ankara .
  • Ibn Haldun (2016) Ibn Khaldun Mukaddime I. İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık (trans. Arslan Tekin) Istanbul, İlgi Kültür Sanat
  • Ibn Haldun (2015). Ibn Haldun ve Mukaddime.Yason Yayıncılık (Editor:Taşkın Köksal) Ankara.
  • Inalcık, H. (2016). Devlet-I `Aliye Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar- 1 klasik dönem (1302-1606) siyasal,kurumsal ve ekonomik gelişim. 57. edition. Istanbul, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür
  • Inalcık, H. (2016). Devlet-I `Aliye Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar- IV âyânlar, tanzimat ve meşrutiyet, I.edition Istanbul, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür
  • Inalcık, H. (2008).Osmanlı Beyliği`nin kurucusu Osman Bey, Belleten,CLXXI,No:261 Ankara
  • Irwin, R. (1997). Toynbee and Ibn Khaldun. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.33, No:3, pp. 461-479
  • Köprülü, F.(1991). Osmanlı Devleti`nin kuruluşu, TTK, Ankara
  • Köprülü, F. (1999), Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluş ve Gelişmesinde itici Güçler, Osmanlı Siyaset, V. 1, Yeni Türkiye Publisher, Ankara.
  • Lewis, Bernard, (1958). “Some Reflections of the Decline of the Ottoman Empire”, Studia Islamica, No. 9.
  • Muhammad, M. (1980). Ibn Khaldun And Vico: A comparative study. Islamic Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 195-211
  • Nizamülmülk (1999).Siyasetname,Trans:Mehmet Altay Köymen,Ankara
  • Okumus, E.(2006). Ibn Haldûn’un Osmanlı Düşüncesine Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Islamic Studies, no 15, 2006, 141-185.
  • Onder, M. (2011). “What Accounts for Changing Public Trust in Government? A Causal Analysis with Structural Equation Model” Journal of US-China Public Administration, 8:2, (154-165).
  • Onder, M. (2006). How Local Conditions Affect the Existence and Capacity of the Nonprofit Sector: A Test of Competing Theories. Florida State University unpublished doctoral thesis.
  • Onder, M. & Brower, R. S. (2004). Nonprofit Lifecycles: Stage-Based Wisdom for Nonprofit Capacity. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33:1, (171-175).
  • Onder, M. & Memis Z. (2017). “Abdusselam El-Amasi’nin Siyasetnamesi: Tuhfetü'l Umera ve Minhatü'l Vüzera/Siyaset ve Yönetim Ahlaki (The Politics of Abdusselam El-Amasi: Tuhfetu'l Umera ve Minhatu'l Vuzera/Political and Administrative Ethics)” Uluslararası Amasya Alimleri Sempozyumu /International Amasya Scholars' Symposium, (Amasya, 21-22 Nisan: 253-266).
  • Poston, D.L., Lee,C.-F.,Chang C.F., Mckibben S.H.,Walther C.S.(2006) Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China, USA and Canada, Routledge
  • Quito, E.S. (1929).Critique of Historical Theory. Digital edition (2012). Anvil Publishing. Philippines .
  • Sakaoğlu, N. (2014). Bu Mülkün Sultanları 36 Osmanlı Padişahı. 20.edition, Istanbul Beyoglu, Oglak
  • Spengler, O. (1926). Decline of the West. Volume I: “Form and Actuality.” Translated by Charles Francis Atkinson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
  • Spengler, O. (1928). Decline of the West. Volume II: “Perspectives of World History.” Translated by Charles Francis Atkinson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1928.
  • Sumer, B. (2012). Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya for Social Cohesion. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. Vol: 11(41).
  • Tok, N. (2003). An Essay on Gramsci's Concept of Civil Society. İktisadi ve idari Bilimler Dergisi . Issue: 3-4
  • Toynbee, A. (1956), A Study of History, Vol.3, Vol.10, Oxford University Press, New York & London, 1956
  • Toynbee, A.(1962) A Study of History, Vol 5. Oxford University Press,England
  • Turner, H.(2015). A Comparison of the Historical Worldviews of Oswald Spengler And Ibn Khaldun. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University.Alliance of Civilization Institute. M.A Course of History of Comparative Thought. Presentation paper
  • Uludağ, S.(2013), Ibn Haldun Hayatı Fikirleri Eserleri Biyografi. Ankara, Harf Eğitim.
  • Vico, G. (1984). The new science of Giambattista Vico (T. G. Bergin & M. H. Fisch, Trans.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Yalman, S. (2002) “The Art of the Ottomans before 1600.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto1/hd_otto1.htm (October 2002) taken on January 9, 2017

IBN KHALDUN’S CYCLICAL THEORY ON THE RISE AND FALL OF SOVEREIGN POWERS: THE CASE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 231 - 266, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.453944

Abstract



Ibn Khaldun, who is known as one of the 14th century leading theorists in Islamic political thought, has highly influenced the scholars with his thoughts on economics, history, sociology and philosophy. Due to his opinions and findings, Stowasser regarded him as a father of social sciences. One of his most impressive ideas is the cyclical theory which defines the rise and fall of sovereign powers (dynasties, empires, civilizations, states). The cyclical theory assumes that sovereign powers are like living organisms, they are born, grow up, mature, and die. To explain this pattern, Ibn Khaldun uses his umran and asabiyya concepts. Umran and asabiyya are the glue of the cyclical theory which explains the birth and death of sovereign powers. There are other cyclical theories focused on the rise and fall of sovereign power used by Arnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler, Giambattista Vico and Sima Qian. These four theories will be compared to Ibn Khaldun’s cyclical theory with similarities and differences. Also, in the light of Ibn Khaldun’s cyclical theory, the reasons why and how Ottomans could survive, unlike a lot of strong dynasties in Anatolia, conquered and replaced states and empires as a simple beylik (principality), rose as an empire and later collapsed have been analyzed. 

References

  • Ágoston G. and Masters B. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York USA, Infobase Publishing
  • Akkaş, S.Ö.(2003). Giambattista Vico'nun ' Yeni Bilim' Adli Eserinin Felsefe Tarihindeki Yeri. Phd thesis. Ankara.
  • Alatas,S.,F.(2014). Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology.Routledge,New York.
  • Al Tarawneh, F.(2017). The Collapse of Western Civilization: A Comparative Study through the Theories of Challenge and Response to the Philosopher Arnold Toebney and the Theory of the Collapse of Western Civilization of the Philosopher Oswald Spengler Study. Asian Social Science; Vol. 13, No. 7; 2017. Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.
  • Avcı, A. (2008). İbni Haldun Ve G. Vico Karşilaştirmasinda Doğalci Ve Tinselci Tarih Felsefesi.Phd Thesis. Antalya.
  • Barkey, K. (2007) Islam and Toleration: Studying the Ottoman Imperial Model. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, The New Sociological Imagination II (Dec., 2005), pp. 5-19, Published by Springer
  • Borthwick, S.M.(2011). The Decline Of Civilization: W.B. Yeats’ and Oswald Spengler’s New Historiography of Civilization Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 64 : No. 64, Article 4.
  • Chang, S. H.-L. (1990) History and Legend: Ideas and Images in the Ming Historical Novels, USA, the University of Michigan press.Compofee en Anglous par une Societe de Gens de Lettres, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Trans: Şair Yalçın, Sarmal, Istanbul
  • Çetin, A. And Çağ. G.(2015) Ibn Haldun Umranında Osmanlı Devleti`nin Kuruluşu. Lotus, Istanbul.
  • Dunn,R.,E.(2012) The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century, University of California press,United States of America
  • Dudley, L. (2017) The Singularity of Western Innovation: The Language Nexus. Montreal/Canada,Palgrave Macmillan
  • Galtung , J. and Inayatullah. S.(1997). Macrohistory and Macrohistorians: Perspectives on Individual, Social, and Civilizational Change. Praeger Publishers. USA.
  • Gibbons, H. A(1998). “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kuruluşu”, (trans. Ragıp Hulusi), 21. Yüzyıl Publisher. Ankara .
  • Ibn Haldun (2016) Ibn Khaldun Mukaddime I. İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık (trans. Arslan Tekin) Istanbul, İlgi Kültür Sanat
  • Ibn Haldun (2015). Ibn Haldun ve Mukaddime.Yason Yayıncılık (Editor:Taşkın Köksal) Ankara.
  • Inalcık, H. (2016). Devlet-I `Aliye Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar- 1 klasik dönem (1302-1606) siyasal,kurumsal ve ekonomik gelişim. 57. edition. Istanbul, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür
  • Inalcık, H. (2016). Devlet-I `Aliye Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar- IV âyânlar, tanzimat ve meşrutiyet, I.edition Istanbul, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür
  • Inalcık, H. (2008).Osmanlı Beyliği`nin kurucusu Osman Bey, Belleten,CLXXI,No:261 Ankara
  • Irwin, R. (1997). Toynbee and Ibn Khaldun. Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.33, No:3, pp. 461-479
  • Köprülü, F.(1991). Osmanlı Devleti`nin kuruluşu, TTK, Ankara
  • Köprülü, F. (1999), Osmanlı Devleti’nin Kuruluş ve Gelişmesinde itici Güçler, Osmanlı Siyaset, V. 1, Yeni Türkiye Publisher, Ankara.
  • Lewis, Bernard, (1958). “Some Reflections of the Decline of the Ottoman Empire”, Studia Islamica, No. 9.
  • Muhammad, M. (1980). Ibn Khaldun And Vico: A comparative study. Islamic Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 195-211
  • Nizamülmülk (1999).Siyasetname,Trans:Mehmet Altay Köymen,Ankara
  • Okumus, E.(2006). Ibn Haldûn’un Osmanlı Düşüncesine Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Islamic Studies, no 15, 2006, 141-185.
  • Onder, M. (2011). “What Accounts for Changing Public Trust in Government? A Causal Analysis with Structural Equation Model” Journal of US-China Public Administration, 8:2, (154-165).
  • Onder, M. (2006). How Local Conditions Affect the Existence and Capacity of the Nonprofit Sector: A Test of Competing Theories. Florida State University unpublished doctoral thesis.
  • Onder, M. & Brower, R. S. (2004). Nonprofit Lifecycles: Stage-Based Wisdom for Nonprofit Capacity. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33:1, (171-175).
  • Onder, M. & Memis Z. (2017). “Abdusselam El-Amasi’nin Siyasetnamesi: Tuhfetü'l Umera ve Minhatü'l Vüzera/Siyaset ve Yönetim Ahlaki (The Politics of Abdusselam El-Amasi: Tuhfetu'l Umera ve Minhatu'l Vuzera/Political and Administrative Ethics)” Uluslararası Amasya Alimleri Sempozyumu /International Amasya Scholars' Symposium, (Amasya, 21-22 Nisan: 253-266).
  • Poston, D.L., Lee,C.-F.,Chang C.F., Mckibben S.H.,Walther C.S.(2006) Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China, USA and Canada, Routledge
  • Quito, E.S. (1929).Critique of Historical Theory. Digital edition (2012). Anvil Publishing. Philippines .
  • Sakaoğlu, N. (2014). Bu Mülkün Sultanları 36 Osmanlı Padişahı. 20.edition, Istanbul Beyoglu, Oglak
  • Spengler, O. (1926). Decline of the West. Volume I: “Form and Actuality.” Translated by Charles Francis Atkinson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
  • Spengler, O. (1928). Decline of the West. Volume II: “Perspectives of World History.” Translated by Charles Francis Atkinson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1928.
  • Sumer, B. (2012). Ibn Khaldun's Asabiyya for Social Cohesion. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. Vol: 11(41).
  • Tok, N. (2003). An Essay on Gramsci's Concept of Civil Society. İktisadi ve idari Bilimler Dergisi . Issue: 3-4
  • Toynbee, A. (1956), A Study of History, Vol.3, Vol.10, Oxford University Press, New York & London, 1956
  • Toynbee, A.(1962) A Study of History, Vol 5. Oxford University Press,England
  • Turner, H.(2015). A Comparison of the Historical Worldviews of Oswald Spengler And Ibn Khaldun. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University.Alliance of Civilization Institute. M.A Course of History of Comparative Thought. Presentation paper
  • Uludağ, S.(2013), Ibn Haldun Hayatı Fikirleri Eserleri Biyografi. Ankara, Harf Eğitim.
  • Vico, G. (1984). The new science of Giambattista Vico (T. G. Bergin & M. H. Fisch, Trans.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Yalman, S. (2002) “The Art of the Ottomans before 1600.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto1/hd_otto1.htm (October 2002) taken on January 9, 2017
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Murat Önder

Fatih Ulaşan

Publication Date December 30, 2018
Submission Date August 16, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Önder, M., & Ulaşan, F. (2018). IBN KHALDUN’S CYCLICAL THEORY ON THE RISE AND FALL OF SOVEREIGN POWERS: THE CASE OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 8(2), 231-266. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.453944

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