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An Investigation of the Effects of Psychological Contract Breach on Organizational Cynicism: A Research Within Call Center Sector

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 399 - 424, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.655988

Abstract

Employees are employed in order to achieve the goals of organizations, but they
work to meet their individual expectations. If organizations do not meet the expectations
of employees, psychological contract breach may occur. At the same time,
employees whose expectations are not met perceive that their organization is not
keeping its promise and may feel anger and disappointment towards their organization.
In addition, they may believe that their organization lacks integrity, and this
may result in organizational cynicism This study has been carried out based on the
view that psychological contract breach may lead to organizational cynicism within
the framework of the aforementioned relationship. Although there are studies on
the concepts of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism in the
literature, it is the originality of this study that there is no study on white-collar
workers in the call center sector. The sample of the study consists of 191 white-collar
employees working in call center sector in Istanbul. In this research, questionnaire
technique which is a data collection method was used. At the same time, the
data obtained in the study were analyzed using the quantitative analysis method in
the SPSS program. According to the results of the research, psychological contract
breach has a significant and positive effect on organizational cynicism. Besides, it
has been observed that psychological contract breach has a significant and positive
effect on the dimensions of organizational cynicism (cognitive cynicism, affective
cynicism and behavioral cynicism).

References

  • Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs. 126 (3), 269-292.
  • Andersson, L.M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework. Human Relations. 49 (11), 1395-1418.
  • Andersson, L.M., & Bateman, T.S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some Causes and Effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior. 18 (5), 449-469.
  • Apaydın, M. (2016). Sosyal Değişim, Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali, Örgütsel Sinizm Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti: Bodrum Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Aykanat, Z. (2014). Psikolojik Sözleşmenin İhlali Algısında Örgütsel Adaletin Etkisi Ve Etik Liderin Aracı Değişken Olarak Rolü: Kalkınma Ajanslarında Uygulama. Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Brandes, P.M. (1997). Organizational Cynicism: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. Unpublished Phd Dissertation. Florida: The University of Cincinnati.
  • Brett, J.M. (1980). Why Employees Want Unions. Organizational Dynamics. 8 (4), 47-59.
  • Conway, N., Kiefer, T., Hartley, J. & Briner, R.B. (2014). Doing More With Less? Employee Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach Via Target Similarity or Spillover During Public Sector Organizational Change. British Journal of Management. 25 (4), 737-754.
  • Coyle‐Shapiro, J. & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the Psychological Contract For the Employment Relationship: A large scale survey. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (7), 903-930.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. psychometrika, 16 (3), 297-334.
  • Çalışkan, S.C. (2014). Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış Değişkenleri İle Yeni Araştırma Modelleri Geliştirme Arayışları: Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış Değişkenlerinin İşe Adanmışlık, Tükenmişlik ve Sinizm Üzerine Etkileri ve Bu Etkileşimde Örgütsel Adalet Algısının Aracılık Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 16 (3), 363-382.
  • Dean Jr, J.W., Brandes, P. & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational Cynicism. Academy of Management Review. 23 (2), 341-352.
  • Durmuş, B., Yurtkuru S.E. & Çinko M. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le Veri Analizi. 4. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2015). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali Algısının Örgütsel Sinizm ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerine Etkisi: Konaklama İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama. Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • George, C. (2009). The Psychological Contract: Managing and Developing Professional Groups. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Houston, B.K., & Vavak, C.R. (1991). Cynical Hostility: Developmental Factors, Psychosocial Correlates, and Health Behaviors. Health Psychology. 10 (1), 9-17.
  • Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Sun, P., & Yang, J. (2017). The Relationship Between Authoritarian Leadership and Employees’ Deviant Workplace Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contract Violation and Organizational Cynicism. Frontiers in psychology. 8, 732.
  • Johnson, J.L., & O'Leary‐Kelly, A.M. (2003). The Effects of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism: Not All Social Exchange Violations are Created Equal. Journal Of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior. 24 (5), 627-647.
  • Kırboğa, R. (2017). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali ve Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki: Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Aracılık Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Balıkesir: Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kickul, J. (2001). When Organizations Break Their Promises: Employee Reactions to Unfair Processes and Treatment. Journal of business ethics, 29(4), 289-307.
  • Kickul, J., Lester, S. W., & Finkl, J. (2002). Promise Breaking During Radical Organizational Change: Do Justice İnterventions Make a Difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior. 23 (4), 469-488.
  • Koçoğlu, M. (2014). Cynicism as a Mediator of Relations Between Job Stress and Work Alienation: A Study From a Developing Country-Turkey. Global Business and Management Research. 6 (1), 24.
  • Nafei, W.A. (2013). Examining The Relationship Between Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Change: A Study From Egyptian Context. Journal of Business Administration Research. 2 (2), 1-12.
  • Naus, A.J.A.M. (2007). Organizational Cynicism: On The Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences of Employee Cynicism toward The Employing Organization. Doctoral Dissertation. Holland: Maastricht University.
  • Özgener, Ş., Öğüt, A., & Kaplan, M. (2008). İşgören-İşveren İlişkilerinde Yeni Bir Paradigma: Örgütsel Sinizm. Örgütsel Davranışta Seçme Konular Organizasyonların Karanlık Yönleri ve Verimlilik Azaltıcı Davranışlar. Ankara: İlke Yayınevi.
  • Özler, D.E., Atalay, C.G., & Şahin, M.D. (2010). Örgütlerde Sinizm Güvensizlikle Mi Bulaşır? Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2 (2), 47-57.
  • Robinson, S.L. & Morrison, E.W. (2000). The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of organizational Behavior. 21 (5), 525-546.
  • Robinson, S.L. (1996). Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract. Administrative Science Quarterly. 41 (4), 574-599.
  • Robinson, S.L., & Morrison, E.W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The Effect of Unfulfilled Obligations on Civic Virtue Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 16 (3), 289-298.
  • Robinson, S.L., Kraatz, M.S. & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Changing Obligations and The Psychological Contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal. 37 (1), 137-152.
  • Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the Psychological Contract: Not the Exception but the Norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245-259.
  • Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. Sage Publications.
  • Rousseau, D.M. (1989). Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations. Employee Responsibilities And Rights Journal. 2 (2), 121-139.
  • Sarıkaya, M. & Kok, S.B. (2017). The Relationship Between Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism. European Scientific Journal. 13 (10), 125-142.
  • Turnley, W.H. & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Re‐examining the Effects of Psychological Contract Violations: Unmet Expectations and Job Dissatisfaction as Mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 21 (1), 25-42.
  • Walker, A. & Hutton, D.M. (2006). The Application of The Psychological Contract to Workplace Safety. Journal of Safety Research. 37 (5), 433-441.
  • Yıldırım, M. (2014). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlallerinin Örgütsel Güven ve Örgütsel Sinizm İle İlişkisi: Otel İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Turizm İşletmeciliği Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı.

Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlalinin Örgütsel Sinizm Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi: Çağrı Merkezi Sektöründe Bir Araştırma

Year 2020, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 399 - 424, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.655988

Abstract

İş görenler örgütlerin hedeflerini gerçekleştirebilmesi amacıyla istihdam edilmesine
karşın bireysel beklentilerini karşılamak için çalışmaktadırlar. Örgütler, iş görenlerin
beklentileri karşılamadığı takdirde psikolojik sözleşme ihlali oluşabilir. Aynı zamanda,
beklentileri karşılanmayan iş görenler örgütlerinin verdiği sözü tutmadığını algılamakta
olup örgütlerine yönelik öfke, kızgınlık ve hayal kırıklığı hissedebilir, örgütünün
dürüstlükten yoksun olduğuna inanabilir ve bu durum örgütsel sinizme neden
olabilir. Bahsi geçen ilişki çerçevesinde psikolojik sözleşme ihlalinin örgütsel sinizme
neden olabileceği görüşünden hareketle bu çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatürde
psikolojik sözleşme ihlali ve örgütsel sinizm kavramlarına yönelik çalışmalar olmasına
karşın çağrı merkezi sektöründe beyaz yakalı iş görenlere yönelik bir çalışmaya
rastlanmaması bu çalışmanın özgünlüğüdür. Araştırmanın örneklemini İstanbul’da
çağrı merkezinde sektöründe görev yapan 191 beyaz yakalı iş gören oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırmada veri toplama yöntemi olan anket tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Aynı
zamanda araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS programında nicel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak
analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre psikolojik sözleşme ihlalinin örgütsel
sinizm üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanı
sıra, araştırmada psikolojik sözleşme ihlalinin örgütsel sinizm boyutları üzerinde de
(bilişsel sinizm, duyuşsal sinizm ve davranışsal sinizm) anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü etkisi
olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs. 126 (3), 269-292.
  • Andersson, L.M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework. Human Relations. 49 (11), 1395-1418.
  • Andersson, L.M., & Bateman, T.S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some Causes and Effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior. 18 (5), 449-469.
  • Apaydın, M. (2016). Sosyal Değişim, Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali, Örgütsel Sinizm Ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti: Bodrum Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Aykanat, Z. (2014). Psikolojik Sözleşmenin İhlali Algısında Örgütsel Adaletin Etkisi Ve Etik Liderin Aracı Değişken Olarak Rolü: Kalkınma Ajanslarında Uygulama. Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Brandes, P.M. (1997). Organizational Cynicism: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. Unpublished Phd Dissertation. Florida: The University of Cincinnati.
  • Brett, J.M. (1980). Why Employees Want Unions. Organizational Dynamics. 8 (4), 47-59.
  • Conway, N., Kiefer, T., Hartley, J. & Briner, R.B. (2014). Doing More With Less? Employee Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach Via Target Similarity or Spillover During Public Sector Organizational Change. British Journal of Management. 25 (4), 737-754.
  • Coyle‐Shapiro, J. & Kessler, I. (2000). Consequences of the Psychological Contract For the Employment Relationship: A large scale survey. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (7), 903-930.
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. psychometrika, 16 (3), 297-334.
  • Çalışkan, S.C. (2014). Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış Değişkenleri İle Yeni Araştırma Modelleri Geliştirme Arayışları: Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış Değişkenlerinin İşe Adanmışlık, Tükenmişlik ve Sinizm Üzerine Etkileri ve Bu Etkileşimde Örgütsel Adalet Algısının Aracılık Rolü Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 16 (3), 363-382.
  • Dean Jr, J.W., Brandes, P. & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational Cynicism. Academy of Management Review. 23 (2), 341-352.
  • Durmuş, B., Yurtkuru S.E. & Çinko M. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS’le Veri Analizi. 4. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Erdoğan, M. (2015). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali Algısının Örgütsel Sinizm ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerine Etkisi: Konaklama İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama. Doktora Tezi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • George, C. (2009). The Psychological Contract: Managing and Developing Professional Groups. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Houston, B.K., & Vavak, C.R. (1991). Cynical Hostility: Developmental Factors, Psychosocial Correlates, and Health Behaviors. Health Psychology. 10 (1), 9-17.
  • Jiang, H., Chen, Y., Sun, P., & Yang, J. (2017). The Relationship Between Authoritarian Leadership and Employees’ Deviant Workplace Behaviors: The Mediating Effects of Psychological Contract Violation and Organizational Cynicism. Frontiers in psychology. 8, 732.
  • Johnson, J.L., & O'Leary‐Kelly, A.M. (2003). The Effects of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism: Not All Social Exchange Violations are Created Equal. Journal Of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior. 24 (5), 627-647.
  • Kırboğa, R. (2017). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlali ve Örgütsel Sinizm Arasındaki İlişki: Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Aracılık Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Balıkesir: Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kickul, J. (2001). When Organizations Break Their Promises: Employee Reactions to Unfair Processes and Treatment. Journal of business ethics, 29(4), 289-307.
  • Kickul, J., Lester, S. W., & Finkl, J. (2002). Promise Breaking During Radical Organizational Change: Do Justice İnterventions Make a Difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior. 23 (4), 469-488.
  • Koçoğlu, M. (2014). Cynicism as a Mediator of Relations Between Job Stress and Work Alienation: A Study From a Developing Country-Turkey. Global Business and Management Research. 6 (1), 24.
  • Nafei, W.A. (2013). Examining The Relationship Between Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Change: A Study From Egyptian Context. Journal of Business Administration Research. 2 (2), 1-12.
  • Naus, A.J.A.M. (2007). Organizational Cynicism: On The Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences of Employee Cynicism toward The Employing Organization. Doctoral Dissertation. Holland: Maastricht University.
  • Özgener, Ş., Öğüt, A., & Kaplan, M. (2008). İşgören-İşveren İlişkilerinde Yeni Bir Paradigma: Örgütsel Sinizm. Örgütsel Davranışta Seçme Konular Organizasyonların Karanlık Yönleri ve Verimlilik Azaltıcı Davranışlar. Ankara: İlke Yayınevi.
  • Özler, D.E., Atalay, C.G., & Şahin, M.D. (2010). Örgütlerde Sinizm Güvensizlikle Mi Bulaşır? Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2 (2), 47-57.
  • Robinson, S.L. & Morrison, E.W. (2000). The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of organizational Behavior. 21 (5), 525-546.
  • Robinson, S.L. (1996). Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract. Administrative Science Quarterly. 41 (4), 574-599.
  • Robinson, S.L., & Morrison, E.W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The Effect of Unfulfilled Obligations on Civic Virtue Behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 16 (3), 289-298.
  • Robinson, S.L., Kraatz, M.S. & Rousseau, D.M. (1994). Changing Obligations and The Psychological Contract: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal. 37 (1), 137-152.
  • Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Violating the Psychological Contract: Not the Exception but the Norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245-259.
  • Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological Contracts in Organizations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements. Sage Publications.
  • Rousseau, D.M. (1989). Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations. Employee Responsibilities And Rights Journal. 2 (2), 121-139.
  • Sarıkaya, M. & Kok, S.B. (2017). The Relationship Between Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism. European Scientific Journal. 13 (10), 125-142.
  • Turnley, W.H. & Feldman, D.C. (2000). Re‐examining the Effects of Psychological Contract Violations: Unmet Expectations and Job Dissatisfaction as Mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 21 (1), 25-42.
  • Walker, A. & Hutton, D.M. (2006). The Application of The Psychological Contract to Workplace Safety. Journal of Safety Research. 37 (5), 433-441.
  • Yıldırım, M. (2014). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlallerinin Örgütsel Güven ve Örgütsel Sinizm İle İlişkisi: Otel İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Turizm İşletmeciliği Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Merve Koçoğlu Sazkaya

Özlem Türközü

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Submission Date December 6, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Koçoğlu Sazkaya, M., & Türközü, Ö. (2020). Psikolojik Sözleşme İhlalinin Örgütsel Sinizm Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi: Çağrı Merkezi Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2), 399-424. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.655988

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