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Amerikan Dış Politikasında Bir Süreklilik Unsuru: Liberal Değerlerin Yayılması ve Savunulması

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 125 - 148, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.996977

Abstract

Liberal değerlerin yayılması ve savunulması, Amerikan dış politikasında süreklilik unsurlarından birisidir. Bu makalede ABD’nin geliştirdiği ve izlediği değerlere dayanan dış politikanın beş özelliği incelenmiştir. Birincisi, Amerikan karar vericileri, değerlere dayanan dış politikayı hem ABD’nin hem de insanlığın yararını gözeterek izlediklerini iddia etmişlerdir. İkincisi, karar vericiler, değerleri gerçekleştirmek adına izlenen siyasalar vasıtasıyla çoğu zaman kısa dönem Amerikan çıkarları elde edilebilmişlerdir. Üçüncüsü, değerler siyasetinde izlenirken benimsedikleri yöntem ve araçları, çoğu zaman Amerikan çıkarlarına öncelik verilerek belirlemişlerdir. Dördüncüsü, ciddi maliyetlerle karşılaştıklarında, değerlere dayanan siyasaları gözden geçirmişlerdir. Sonuncusu, değerlere dayanan dış politika, Amerikan siyasal kültürü ile uyumludur. Bu makalede, söz konusu beş özellik dolayısıyla ABD’nin izlediği değerlere dayanan dış politikanın kendine özgü olduğu ve değerlere dayanan dış politikanın sürekliliğinin de bu beş özellik ışığında anlaşılabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Amerikan iç siyasetinde ve dünya siyasetinde ABD’yi daha farklı davranmaya zorlayacak köklü değişiklikler meydana gelmediği müddetçe, ABD’nin değerlere dayanan dış politika anlayışı ve pratiğinde büyük bir değişim yaşanmayacağı beklenebilir.

References

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  • Homolar-Riechmann, A. (2009). The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama. Contemporary Politics, 15(2), 179-196. DOI:10.1080/13569770902858111
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  • Ikenberry G. J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton&Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Kane, J. (2003). American Values or Human Rights? U.S. Foreign Policy and the Fractured Myth of Virtuous Power. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33(4), 772-800.
  • Lasher, K. J. & Rinehart, C. S. (2016). The Shadowboxer: The Obama Administration and Foreign Policy Grand Strategy, Politics & Policy, 44(5), 850-888.
  • McClelland, M. J. L. (2011). Exporting virtue: neoconservatism, democracy promotion and the end of history. The International Journal of Human Rights, 15(4), 520-531.
  • McFaul, M. (2004). Democracy Promotion as a World Value. The Washington Quarterly, 28(1), 147–163.
  • Obama, B. (2007). Renewing American Leadership. Foreign Affairs, 86(4), 2-16.
  • Pee, R.& Schmidli, W. M. (2019a). Introduction. The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion, (1-28). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Pee, R.& Schmidli, W. M. (2019b). Conclusion. The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion, (277-301). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Perkins, B. (1994). Interests, Values, and the Prism: The Sources of American Foreign Policy. Journal of the Early Republic, Winter, 14(4), 458-466.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1997). The Past as Prologue? International Security, 21(4), 89-125.
  • Ryan, M. (2010). “Exporting Democracy”? Neoconservatism and the Limits of Military Intervention, 1989–2008. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(3), 491-515.
  • Singh, R. (2015). ‘Defensive Liberal Wars’: The Global War on Terror and the Return of Illiberalism in American Foreign Policy. Revista de Sociologia e Política, 23(53), 99-120.
  • Smith, T. (1994). America’s Mission: the United States and the world-wide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
  • Søndergaard, R. S. (2019). “A Positive Track of Human Rights Policy”: Elliott Abrams, the Human Rights Bureau, and the Conceptualization of Democracy Promotion, 1981–1984. The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion, (31-50). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Starobin, P. (2019). Indispensable Nation Nostalgia. American Affairs Journal, https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2019/08/indispensable-nation-nostalgia/ [20.06.2021].
  • The House of Representatives. (2018). Democracy Promotion In A Challenging World. Hearing Before The Committee On Foreign Affairs House Of Representatives, June 14, 2018. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg30423/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg30423.pdf [13.01.2021].
  • Thompson, J. A. (2010). Wilsonianism: the Dynamics of a conflicted concept. International Affairs, 86(1), 27-48.
  • Walker, S. (2019). American Foreign Policy and Forced Regime Change Since World War II. Palgrave-Macmillan.
Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 125 - 148, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.996977

Abstract

References

  • Ahsan, I. B. (2019). Why did the United States Invade Iraq in 2003? Security Studies, 28(2), 250-285. DOI: 10.1080/09636412.2019.1551567
  • Bouchet, N. (2013). The democracy tradition in US foreign Policy and the Obama presidency. International Affairs, 89(1), 31–51.
  • Brancati, D. (2014). The Determinants of US Public Opinion Towards Democracy Promotion. Political Behavior, 36(4), 705-730. DOI: 10.1007/s11109-013-9256-y
  • Chollet, D. & Lindberg, T. (2007). A Moral Core for U.S. Foreign Policy. Policy Review, 146, 3-23.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2020). U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress (R44891). https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R44891.pdf [15.05.2020].
  • Dunne, M. (2000). US foreign relations in the twentieth century: from world power to global hegemony. International Affairs, 76(1), 25-40.
  • Forsythe, D. P. (1995). Human Rights and US Foreign Policy: Two Levels, Two Worlds. Political Studies, XLIII, 111-130.
  • Gherasim, G. C. (2017). Ideological Realpolitik, Euroscepticism And American Exceptionalism In Robert Kagan. Romanian Review of Political Sciences and International Relations, 14(1), 66–80.
  • Glaser, D. (2006). Does Hypocrisy Matter? The Case of US Foreign Policy. Review of International Studies, 32(2), 251-268.
  • Gourevitch, A. (2007). Neo-Wilsonianism: The limits of American ethical foreign policy. Rethinking Ethical Foreign Policy (25-49). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Henriksen, T. H. (2017). Cycles in US Foreign Policy since the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hoffmann, S. (1995). The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism. Foreign Policy, 98, 159-177.
  • Homolar-Riechmann, A. (2009). The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama. Contemporary Politics, 15(2), 179-196. DOI:10.1080/13569770902858111
  • Huber, D. (2015). Democracy Promotion and Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ikenberry G. J. (2011). Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order. Princeton&Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Kane, J. (2003). American Values or Human Rights? U.S. Foreign Policy and the Fractured Myth of Virtuous Power. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33(4), 772-800.
  • Lasher, K. J. & Rinehart, C. S. (2016). The Shadowboxer: The Obama Administration and Foreign Policy Grand Strategy, Politics & Policy, 44(5), 850-888.
  • McClelland, M. J. L. (2011). Exporting virtue: neoconservatism, democracy promotion and the end of history. The International Journal of Human Rights, 15(4), 520-531.
  • McFaul, M. (2004). Democracy Promotion as a World Value. The Washington Quarterly, 28(1), 147–163.
  • Obama, B. (2007). Renewing American Leadership. Foreign Affairs, 86(4), 2-16.
  • Pee, R.& Schmidli, W. M. (2019a). Introduction. The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion, (1-28). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Pee, R.& Schmidli, W. M. (2019b). Conclusion. The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion, (277-301). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Perkins, B. (1994). Interests, Values, and the Prism: The Sources of American Foreign Policy. Journal of the Early Republic, Winter, 14(4), 458-466.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1997). The Past as Prologue? International Security, 21(4), 89-125.
  • Ryan, M. (2010). “Exporting Democracy”? Neoconservatism and the Limits of Military Intervention, 1989–2008. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(3), 491-515.
  • Singh, R. (2015). ‘Defensive Liberal Wars’: The Global War on Terror and the Return of Illiberalism in American Foreign Policy. Revista de Sociologia e Política, 23(53), 99-120.
  • Smith, T. (1994). America’s Mission: the United States and the world-wide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
  • Søndergaard, R. S. (2019). “A Positive Track of Human Rights Policy”: Elliott Abrams, the Human Rights Bureau, and the Conceptualization of Democracy Promotion, 1981–1984. The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion, (31-50). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Starobin, P. (2019). Indispensable Nation Nostalgia. American Affairs Journal, https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2019/08/indispensable-nation-nostalgia/ [20.06.2021].
  • The House of Representatives. (2018). Democracy Promotion In A Challenging World. Hearing Before The Committee On Foreign Affairs House Of Representatives, June 14, 2018. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg30423/pdf/CHRG-115hhrg30423.pdf [13.01.2021].
  • Thompson, J. A. (2010). Wilsonianism: the Dynamics of a conflicted concept. International Affairs, 86(1), 27-48.
  • Walker, S. (2019). American Foreign Policy and Forced Regime Change Since World War II. Palgrave-Macmillan.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Muhammet Faruk Çakır

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date September 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çakır, M. F. (2021). Amerikan Dış Politikasında Bir Süreklilik Unsuru: Liberal Değerlerin Yayılması ve Savunulması. Adam Academy Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 125-148. https://doi.org/10.31679/adamakademi.996977

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