POST-TRAUMATİC SEİZURE RİSK İN TERMS OF DİSABİLİTY ASSESSMENT: APPROACHES OF NEUROSURGERY SPECİALİSTS
Year 2026,
Volume: 40 Issue: 1
,
19
-
28
,
30.04.2026
Mustafa Babekoğlu
,
Ecesu Ekinci
,
Gönül Güvenç
,
Yasemin Balcı
Abstract
Aim: In the regulations used for disability assessment in Turkey, a 5% disability rate is assigned for the "risk of epilepsy." However, this rate is a subject of debate between insurance companies and physicians. This study aims to elucidate the risk perception and clinical practices of Neurosurgery specialists regarding potential cranial pathologies that may cause epilepsy after head trauma.
Materıals and Methods: A structured survey inquiring about seizure risks in specific cranial pathologies was conducted. The study included 52 participants, consisting of senior residents (>3 years), specialists, and academic staff (associate professors/professors) in Neurosurgery across Turkey.
Results: All participants (100%, n:52) agreed that there is a risk of seizures in cases involving parenchymal damage (contusion, acute/subacute/chronic subdural hematoma) and penetrating gunshot wounds. While the risk perception was 98.1% for intracerebral hematomas and complicated fractures compressing the brain (depressed fractures), it decreased to 65.4% for complicated fractures without brain compression. In patients with normal radiological findings but belonging to specific risk groups (e.g., anticoagulant use, geriatric age), 44.2% of participants predicted a seizure risk. In this specific group, the risk perception of residents was found to be statistically significantly higher than that of specialists and academics (p=0.041).
Conclusıon: There is a complete consensus among neurosurgeons regarding the epilepsy risk in parenchymal damage and penetrating injuries. However, in cranial fractures, the "mass effect" on the brain, rather than the fracture type, is the determinant factor for risk assessment. In patients without radiological findings but with risk factors, risk perception varies with clinical experience. When preparing disability reports, parenchymal involvement and signs of compression should be prioritized over the mere presence of a fracture.
Ethical Statement
Prior to the study, approval was obtained from the Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Medical Sciences Ethics Committee (Approval No: 184, dated September 10, 2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice.
Supporting Institution
No financial support was received for this study.
Project Number
Protokol No : 250024, Karar No : 184
Thanks
The authors would like to thank all contributors for their valuable contributions to this manuscript.
References
-
Agrawal A, Timothy J, Pandit L, Manju M. Post-traumatic epilepsy: an overview. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(5):433–439. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.09.001
-
Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, Rocca WA. A populationbased study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(1):20–24. doi:10.1056/NEJM199801013380104
-
Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24(2):133–150. doi:10.1097/01.WCB.0000111614.19196.04
-
Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury—reply. Neurology. 2003;61(8):1162. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000038908.75282.36
-
Ding K, Selassie AW, Freeman J. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation. 2016;39(3):437–449. doi:10.3233/NRE-161361
-
Englander J, Cifu DX, Diaz-Arrastia R. Epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(18):1645–1652. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3517
-
England MJ, Liverman CT, Schultz AM, Strawbridge LM. Epilepsy across the spectrum: promoting health and understanding. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25(2):266–276. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.016
-
Herman ST. Epilepsy after brain insult: targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology. 2002;59(9 Suppl 5):S21–S26. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.9_suppl_5.S21
-
Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure “provoked” or “unprovoked”? Neurology. 2009;72(2):168–174. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000335760.84455.97
-
Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy after head injury: an overview. Epilepsia. 2009;50 Suppl 2:4–9. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02004.x
Lucke-Wold BP, Nguyen L, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Chen YW, Smith KE, et al. Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: underlying mechanisms leading to seizure. Seizure. 2015;33:13–23. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2015.10.002
-
Mavroudis IA, Angelopoulos E, Fountas KN. Epilepsy after mild traumatic brain injury: prevalence and predictors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;162:113–118. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.11.013
-
Pitkänen A, Bolkvadze T, Immonen R. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and potential treatment targets. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(2):173–186. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70310-0
-
Pitkänen A, Lukasiuk K, Dudek FE, Staley KJ. Epileptogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(10):a022822. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a022822
-
Salazar AM, Jabbari B, Vance SC, Grafman J, Amin D, Dillon JD. Epilepsy after penetrating head injury. Neurology. 1985;35(10):1406. doi:10.1212/WNL.35.10.1406
-
Jones, K. E., Puccio, A. M., Harshman, K. J., Falcione, B., Benedict, N., Jankowitz, B. T., ... & Okonkwo, D. O. (2008). Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgical focus, 25(4), E3. https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC.2008.25.10.E3
-
Zafar, S. N., Khan, A. A., Ghauri, A. A., & Shamim, M. S. (2012). Phenytoin versus leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury–a meta analysis. BMC neurology, 12(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/14712377-12-30
-
Scott R, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Seizures and epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15(2):4. doi:10.1007/s11910-015-0529-3
-
Temkin NR. A randomized double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of posttraumatic seizures. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1991;6(4):67. doi:10.1097/00001199-199112000-00008
-
Temkin NR. Risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in adults. Epilepsia. 2003;44 Suppl 10:18–20. doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.44.s10.6.x
-
T.C. Resmî Gazete. Erişkinler için engellilik değerlendirmesi hakkında yönetmelik. 20 Şubat 2019 tarihli ve 30692 sayılı Resmî Gazete.
-
Verellen RM, Jones SR, Shafer PO. Post-traumatic epilepsy: an overview for clinicians. Brain Sci. 2014;4(4):560–575. doi:10.3390/brainsci4040560
-
Xu T, Brown DM, Redmond KJ. Risk of epilepsy after penetrating traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(1):146155. doi:10.3171/2016.7.JNS16720
Maluliyet Değerlendirmesi Açısından Kafa Travması Sonrası Nöbet Riski: Nöroşirurji Uzmanlarının Yaklaşımları
Year 2026,
Volume: 40 Issue: 1
,
19
-
28
,
30.04.2026
Mustafa Babekoğlu
,
Ecesu Ekinci
,
Gönül Güvenç
,
Yasemin Balcı
Abstract
Amaç: Türkiye'de erişkinler için engellilik değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan yönetmeliklerde, epilepsi geçirme riskine %5 engel oranı verilmektedir. Ancak bu oran, sigorta kuruluşları ile hekimler arasında tartışmalara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kafa travması sonrası oluşabilecek olası kraniyal patolojilerde Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi uzmanlarının epilepsi risk algısının ve klinik yaklaşımlarının ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Kafa travması sonrası nöbet riski oluşturabilecek kraniyal patolojilerin sorgulandığı yapılandırılmış bir anket hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan anket, Türkiye genelinde görev yapan; aralarında kıdemli asistan (3. yıl ve üzeri), uzman ve öğretim üyelerinin bulunduğu 52 beyin ve sinir cerrahına uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların tamamı (%100, n:52); parankimal hasar içeren durumlarda (kontüzyon, akut/subakut/kronik subdural hematom) ve penetran ateşli silah yaralanmalarında nöbet riskinin kesin olduğu yönünde görüş bildirmiştir. İntraserebral hematomlarda ve beyne bası yapan komplike kırıklarda bu oran %98,1 iken; bası oluşturmayan komplike kırıklarda risk algısı %65,4’e gerilemiştir. Radyolojik bulgusu olmayan ancak özellikli grupta (antikoagülan kullanımı, geriatrik yaş vb.) yer alan hastalarda katılımcıların %44,2’si risk öngörmüştür. Bu grupta asistan hekimlerin risk algısının, uzman ve öğretim üyelerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p=0,041).
Sonuç: Nöroşirurji hekimleri arasında parankimal hasar ve penetran yaralanmaların epilepsi riski taşıdığı konusunda tam bir mutabakat vardır. Ancak kranium kırıklarında riskin belirlenmesinde kırığın tipinden ziyade "beyne bası etkisi" belirleyici faktördür. Radyolojik bulgusu olmayan ancak risk faktörü taşıyan hastalarda ise klinik tecrübe arttıkça risk algısının değiştiği görülmüştür. Maluliyet raporları düzenlenirken sadece kırık varlığı değil, parankimal etkilenme ve bası bulguları esas alınmalıdır.
Ethical Statement
Çalışma öncesinde Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıbbi Bilimler Etik Kurulu’nun 10.09.2025 tarih ve 184 sayılı onayı alınmıştır. Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi prensiplerine ve İyi Klinik Uygulamalar ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.
Supporting Institution
Makale için herhangi bir finansal destek alınmamıştır.
Project Number
Protokol No : 250024, Karar No : 184
Thanks
Makalemize katkıda bulunan tüm yazarlarımıza teşekkür ederiz.
References
-
Agrawal A, Timothy J, Pandit L, Manju M. Post-traumatic epilepsy: an overview. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(5):433–439. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.09.001
-
Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Coan SP, Rocca WA. A populationbased study of seizures after traumatic brain injuries. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(1):20–24. doi:10.1056/NEJM199801013380104
-
Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24(2):133–150. doi:10.1097/01.WCB.0000111614.19196.04
-
Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury—reply. Neurology. 2003;61(8):1162. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000038908.75282.36
-
Ding K, Selassie AW, Freeman J. Epidemiology of posttraumatic epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation. 2016;39(3):437–449. doi:10.3233/NRE-161361
-
Englander J, Cifu DX, Diaz-Arrastia R. Epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(18):1645–1652. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3517
-
England MJ, Liverman CT, Schultz AM, Strawbridge LM. Epilepsy across the spectrum: promoting health and understanding. Epilepsy Behav. 2012;25(2):266–276. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.06.016
-
Herman ST. Epilepsy after brain insult: targeting epileptogenesis. Neurology. 2002;59(9 Suppl 5):S21–S26. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.9_suppl_5.S21
-
Hesdorffer DC, Benn EK, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Is a first acute symptomatic seizure “provoked” or “unprovoked”? Neurology. 2009;72(2):168–174. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000335760.84455.97
-
Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy after head injury: an overview. Epilepsia. 2009;50 Suppl 2:4–9. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02004.x
Lucke-Wold BP, Nguyen L, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Chen YW, Smith KE, et al. Traumatic brain injury and epilepsy: underlying mechanisms leading to seizure. Seizure. 2015;33:13–23. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2015.10.002
-
Mavroudis IA, Angelopoulos E, Fountas KN. Epilepsy after mild traumatic brain injury: prevalence and predictors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;162:113–118. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.11.013
-
Pitkänen A, Bolkvadze T, Immonen R. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and potential treatment targets. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(2):173–186. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70310-0
-
Pitkänen A, Lukasiuk K, Dudek FE, Staley KJ. Epileptogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(10):a022822. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a022822
-
Salazar AM, Jabbari B, Vance SC, Grafman J, Amin D, Dillon JD. Epilepsy after penetrating head injury. Neurology. 1985;35(10):1406. doi:10.1212/WNL.35.10.1406
-
Jones, K. E., Puccio, A. M., Harshman, K. J., Falcione, B., Benedict, N., Jankowitz, B. T., ... & Okonkwo, D. O. (2008). Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgical focus, 25(4), E3. https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC.2008.25.10.E3
-
Zafar, S. N., Khan, A. A., Ghauri, A. A., & Shamim, M. S. (2012). Phenytoin versus leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury–a meta analysis. BMC neurology, 12(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/14712377-12-30
-
Scott R, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Seizures and epilepsy after traumatic brain injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015;15(2):4. doi:10.1007/s11910-015-0529-3
-
Temkin NR. A randomized double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of posttraumatic seizures. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1991;6(4):67. doi:10.1097/00001199-199112000-00008
-
Temkin NR. Risk factors for posttraumatic seizures in adults. Epilepsia. 2003;44 Suppl 10:18–20. doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.44.s10.6.x
-
T.C. Resmî Gazete. Erişkinler için engellilik değerlendirmesi hakkında yönetmelik. 20 Şubat 2019 tarihli ve 30692 sayılı Resmî Gazete.
-
Verellen RM, Jones SR, Shafer PO. Post-traumatic epilepsy: an overview for clinicians. Brain Sci. 2014;4(4):560–575. doi:10.3390/brainsci4040560
-
Xu T, Brown DM, Redmond KJ. Risk of epilepsy after penetrating traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(1):146155. doi:10.3171/2016.7.JNS16720