Investigation of some heavy metal levels of carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) which is hunted in Büyük Menderes River

Abstract

In this study, the heavy metal accumulation Arsenic, Beryllium, Boron, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Iron, Lithium, Lead, Manganese, Nickel, Rubidium, Strontium, Uranium, Vanadium and Zinc (As, Be, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sr, U, V and Zn) in the muscle and liver tissues of Cyprinus carpio fish caught from three different regions of Büyük Menderes River were investigated. Average concentrations of heavy metals in fish muscle tissue samples collected from each region investigated in mg/l were found as As: 0.0267±0.01314, Be: 1.5654±0.04758, B: 1.7020±0.08111, Cd: 0.0944±0.01386, Cr: 1.3272±0.09183, Co: 0.0949±0.02840, Cu: 1.4317±0.25331, Fe: 23.4205±1.55185, Li: 0.2579±0.00933, Mn: 0.3203±0.02315, Ni: 0.6651±0.06915, Pb: 0.4472±0.02485, Rb: 1.4729±0.22366, Sr: 1.1816±0.5771, , U: 0.2225±0.0659, V: 26.0355±1.04913, Zn: 12.5085±1.16400, and the levels of Li, Be, B, Cr, Co, Rb, Cd, V and U were higher than the limit levels. Li, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, V and U heavy metals in liver; Be, B, Co, Rb, Sr and As heavy metals were found to be higher in muscle tissue. Results demonstrate that the third region has the highest levels of heavy metal pollution among the three regions investigated. In addition to that, the source of the heavy metal toxicity determined in the second region was found as the third region. According to obtained results, human consumption of fish caught in all three region may be risky to health.

Keywords

• Bioaccumulation
• Cyprinus carpio
• heavy metal
• pollution.

Büyük Menderes nehrinden avlanan sazan balıklarında (Cyprinus carpio) bazı ağır metal düzeylerinin araştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Büyük Menderes Nehri’nin üç farklı bölgesinden avlanan Cyprinus carpio türüne ait balıkların kas ve karaciğer dokularındaki Arsenik, Berilyum, Bor, Kadminyum, Krom, Kobalt, Bakır, Demir, Lityum, Nikel, Rubidyum, Kurşun, Stronsiyum, Uranyum, Vanadyum ve Çinko (As, Be, B, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Pb, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sr, U, V ve Zn) ağır metal birikimleri incelenmiştir. Analiz edilen üç farklı bölgeye ait balıklarda ortalama ağır metal düzeyleri kas dokuda As: 0.0267±0.01314, Be: 1.5654±0.04758, B: 1.7020±0.08111, Cd: 0.0944±0.01386, Cr: 1.3272±0.09183, Co: 0.0949±0.02840, Cu: 1.4317±0.25331, Fe: 23.4205±1.55185, Li: 0.2579±0.00933, Mn: 0.3203±0.02315, Ni: 0.6651±0.06915, Pb: 0.4472±0.02485, Rb: 1.4729±0.22366, Sr: 1.1816±0.5771, , U: 0.2225±0.0659, V: 26.0355±1.04913, Zn: 12.5085±1.16400 mg/l olarak bulunmuş olup, Li, Be, B, Cr, Co, Rb, Cd, V ve U düzeylerinin sınır değerlerin üstünde olduğu görülmüştür. Li, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, V ve U ağır metalleri karaciğerde; Be, B, Co, Rb, Sr ve As ağır metalleri kas dokusunda daha yüksek düzeyde bulunmuştur. İncelenen üç bölge arasında, ağır metal kirliliğinin en çok ikinci bölgede olduğu, üçüncü bölgenin kirliliğinin temel nedeninin, ikinci bölge olduğu görülmüştür. Her üç bölgeden avlanan balıkların insanlar tarafından tüketilmesinin sağlık açısından riskli olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

• Ağır metal
• biyoakümülasyon
• Cyprinus carpio
• kirlilik.

References

1. Akbulut, A., & Akbulut, N. E. (2010) The study of heavy metal pollution and accumulation in water, sediment, and fish tissue in Kızılırmak River Basin in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, August, Volume 167, Issue 1-4, pp 521-526. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10661-009-1069-4
2. Aktaş, H. (2013). AA ile İnsan Tam Kan Örneklerinde Soğuk Buhar ile Atomlaştırma (HVG) Tekniği ile Civa Analizi, Antteknik-Schimadzu. https://www.antteknik.com/Upload/ ProductAppAreasLiteratur/en/a8deaa0ab9f5230b3d3f4d2588824e6c.pdf (accessed 10 February 2019).
3. Arslan, E. (2010). Chemical properties of Alangüllü (Aydin) geothermal resources and the determination of the resource's environmental effect by using remote sensing and GIS, Ege University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, İzmir (Turkey).
4. Beyhan, M., & Algül, F. (2018). Bafa Gölü Sediment ve Su Kalitesinin Ağır Metaller Bakımından Değerlendirilmesi, Bilge International Journal of Science and Technology Research, 2(2), 128-138. https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.413824.
5. Bires, J., Dianovsky, J., Bartko, P., & Juhasova, Z. (1995). Effects on Enzymes and The Genetic Apparatus of Sheep After Administration of Samples from Industrial Emissions, BioMetals, 8(1), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00156158.
6. Cicik, B. , Ay, Ö. & Karayakar, F. (2004). Cyprinus carpio (L.)’da bakırın kas ve karaciğer dokularındaki birikiminin total protein derişimi üzerine etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2) , 26-31. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/egirdir/issue/23069/246521.
7. Çolak Esetlili, B. (2010). Aydın-Germencik Alangüllü Havzası termal su kaynaklarında bulunan radyonüklitlerin ve ağır metallerin toprak, su ve bitkilerde yarattığı kirlilik üzerinde araştırmalar, Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi.
8. Davis, J. A. (1984) Complexation of Trace Metals by Adsorbed Natural Organic Matter, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48(4), 679-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(84)90095-4.

9. De Conto, C. C., Petit, R. M., Faure R, & Carin D, (1997) Cadmium bioaccumulation in carp (Cyprinus carpio) tissues during long term high exposure analysis by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, Ecotox. Environ. Saf., 38, 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1997.1569.
10. Dittmar, T. (2011). Vorlesung Wasserinhaltsstoffe, Schwermetalle, https://tu-dresden.de/bu/umwelt/hydro/ifw/ressourcen/dateien/lehre/vorlesungwasserinhaltsstoffe/Wasserinhaltsstoffe-Schwermetalle_1.pdf?lang=en (accessed 10 February 2019).
11. Duffus, J. H. (2002). “Heavy metals” A Meaningless Term, IUPAC Technical Report, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5), 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050793.
12. IARC. (2019). Monographs on The Evaluation of The Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes/ (accessed 10 February 2019).
13. Houpert, P., Mehennaoui, S., Federspiel, B., Kolf-Clauw, M., Joseph-Enriquez, B., & Milhaud, G. (1997). Transfer of Cadmium from Feed to Ewe Food Products: Variations in Transfer Induced by Lead and Zinc, Environmental Science, 5, 127-138. http://lab.univ-batna.dz/lespa/images/stories/pub_com/s_mehennaoui/meh_pub_07.pdf (accessed 10 February 2019).
14. Järup, L. (2003). Hazards of Heavy Metal Contamination, Br. Medical Bulletin, 2003, 68, 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032.
15. Kalafatoglu, E., Örs, N., Sahin, S., Yüzer, H., & Erbil, A. Ç. (1997). Bor bileşikleri içeren atık suların arıtılması. TÜBİTAK Marmara Araştırma Merk., Gebze-Kocaeli.
16. Korkmaz, C., Ay, Ö., Dönmez, E., Demirbağ, B., Erdem, C. (2012). Cyprinus carpio'da Kurşunun Üreme Fizyolojisine Etkileri, Mersin: Mersin Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi.
17. Licata, P., Trombetta, D., Cristani, M., Giofre, F., Martino, D., Calo, M., Naccari, F. (2004). Levels of ‘‘Toxic’’ and ‘‘Essential’’ Metals in Samples of Bovine Milk from Various Dairy Farms in Calabria, Environment International, 30, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00139-9.
18. Linde, A. R., Sanchez-Galan, S., Izquierdo, J. I., Arribas, P., Maranon, E., García-Vázquez, E. (1998). Brown trout as biomonitor of heavy metal pollution: effect of age on the reliability of the assessment, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 40(1), 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1652.
19. Melgar, M. J., Perez, M., Garcia, M. A., Alonso, J., & Miguez, B. (1997). The toxic and accumulative effects of short term exposure to cadmium in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 39: 79-83. PMID: 9080631.
20. Ming-Ho, Y., (2005). Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants, Chap. 12, 2nd Edition, Boca Raton: CRC Press.
21. NRC. (2014). DOLT-4: Dogfish liver certified reference material for trace metals.
22. NRC. (2015). DORM-4: Fish protein certified reference material for trace metals.
23. Ozbolat, G., Tuli, A. (2016). Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri, Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi, 25(4), 502-521. https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253562.
24. Petrovic, Z., Teodorovic, V., Dimitrijevic, M., Borozan, S., Beukovic, M., & Milicevic, D. (2013). Environmental Cd and Zn concentrations in liver and kidney of european hare from different serbian regions: Age and tissue differences. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 90, 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0901-7.
25. Piskorova, L., Vasilkova, Z., & Krupicer, I. (2003). Heavy Metal Residues in Tissues of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Central Zemplin Region of the Slovak Republic, Czech Journal of Animal Science, 48(3), 134-138.
26. Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A., & Murtaza, G. (2000). Cadmium concentration in vegetables grown on urban soils irrigated with untreated municipal sewage, Environment, Development Sustainability, 2, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010061711331 .
27. Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. Published in final edited form as: EXS, 101, 133-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.
28. Tekeli, I. O., Yipel, M., & Sakin, F. (2016) Balıklarda Ağır Metal Biyobirikimi, Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences-Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2016, 2(3), 38-42.
29. Tiller, K. G. (1989) Heavy Metals in Soils and Their Environmental Significance, In Advances in Soil Science, New York: Springer, 113-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3532-3_2.
30. TKB. (2002). Fisheries laws and regulations. Ministry of agriculture and rural affairs, conservation and control general management, Ankara, Turkey, 2002.
31. Topcuoğlu, S., Kırbaşoğlu, Ç., & Güngör, N. (2002). Heavy metals in organisms and sediments from Turkish Coast of the Black Sea 1997-1998, Environment International, 1069, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00099-x.
32. Tunca, E. (2012). Ağır Metal Kirliliğinde Kerevitlerin Biyoindikatör Tür Olarak Kullanımı Üzerine Derleme. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 15 (2) , 29-37. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ksudobil/issue/22833/243762.
33. Turkmen, M., Turkmen, A., & Tepe, Y. (2008). Metal Contaminations in Five Fish Species From Black, Marmara, Aegean And Mediterranean Seas, Turkey, Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 53 (1), 1435-1439. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072008000100021.
34. Turkmen, M., Turkmen, A., Tepe, Y., Ateş, A., & Töre, Y. (2009) Determination of Metals in Fish Species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas, Food Chemistry, 113:233-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.071.
35. US EPA. (1986). Quality Criteria for Water, Office of Water Regulation and Standards Criteria and Standards Division, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-10/documents/qual ity-criteria-water-1986.pdf (accessed 10 February 2019).
36. Usero, J., Izquierdo, C., Morillo, J., & Gracia, I. (2003). Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain, Environment International, 29, 949-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00061-8.
37. Uysal, H., Tuncer, S., & Yaramaz, O. (1986). Ege Kıyılarındaki Yenebilen Organizmalarda İz Elementlerin Karsılastırmalı Olarak Arastırılması, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Ege Bölgesi Sanayi Odası, Çevre 86 Sempozyumu, Izmir.